2023年12月英語六級考試真題及詳細(xì)答案第一套

2０23年12月大學(xué)英語六級考試真題(第１套)PａｒtIWriting(30miｎｕtｅs)Dｉｒecｔiｏns:Forthispaｒt,youareallowｅd30miｎutestowｒｉtｅａshoｒtesｓayｂaｓeｄonthepiｃｔuｒｅbeloｗ．Ｙoｕsｈｏｕｌdfocｕsoｎtheimpactofsｏcｉａlnetwoｒkingweｂsｉtesonｒｅadｉng.Ｙoｕａrｅreauiredtoｗritｅatｌｅast1５0woｒdsbutｎomoｒethan200wｏｒdｓ．?＿_(dá)__＿_(dá)__＿＿_(dá)＿＿_(dá)＿_(dá)＿_(dá)_____＿_(dá)＿_(dá)_＿_(dá)_____＿＿_(dá)＿_(dá)_＿_(dá)_＿_(dá)＿_(dá)__________＿＿＿_(dá)__＿＿＿_(dá)＿_(dá)________＿_(dá)_____＿_(dá)＿_(dá)＿_(dá)＿_(dá)＿_(dá)__________＿_(dá)___＿_(dá)__＿_(dá)_＿_(dá)_＿_(dá)_______________＿_(dá)__＿_(dá)__＿_(dá)＿_(dá)___＿_(dá)_＿_(dá)__＿＿_(dá)＿＿＿_(dá)＿_(dá)____＿＿_(dá)＿_(dá)＿_(dá)＿_(dá)__＿_(dá)_＿_(dá)_____＿_(dá)__＿_(dá)＿_(dá)_＿＿_(dá)＿_(dá)__＿_(dá)_＿_(dá)＿_(dá)______＿＿_(dá)＿_(dá)__________PaｒｔIILiｓtｅnｉngComｐrehenｓiｏn（30minutes）聽力音頻地址:HＹPERLINK＂"SectiｏnＡDirectｉｏns：Inｔhissecｔion,yｏｕwｉｌlhear8sｈｏrtconversａt(yī)iｏnｓaｎd２lｏngconveｒsaｔiｏns．Attheendofeachconversation,oneｏrｍoreｑuestｉonswiｌlｂeaskeｄaｂoｕｔwhatwａssaｉd.Bｏththecoｎｖeｒｓatｉonandｔｈequeｓtionｓwｉllbesｐoｋenonlyoｎｃe.Afteｒｅacｈquestiｏｎthｅreｗilｌbeapauｓe．Ｄuｒinｇｔｈepａuse,ｙoumuｓtｒeadthefoｕｒchoiｃeｓmarkeｄＡ.,B．,C．a(chǎn)nd.D.,aｎdｄecｉｄｅwｈichiｓｔheｂeｓtａｎswer．ＴｈenmarktheeorresｐondinglettｅｒonAnｓｗerSheｅt1witｈasｉngｌeｌｉneｔｈrｏｕgｈtｈeceｎｔrｅ.1.A.Tｈerｅstaｕrantoｆｆerssomespeciaｌseａchdａｙ.B.Tｈｅｒｅsｔａｕｒａntisｋnownforiｔsfoodvａrieｔｉes.C．Theｄressingmａkestheｍixedsａlａdveryinｖitｉng．Ｄ.Theｗｏｍａnshｏuldmixtheiｎgreｄientstｈorｏugｈｌy.2.A.HｅtoｏkovｅrthefiｒmfromMary.C．Hefaｉleｄtoforeseｅbｌems．Ｂ.Hｅisrunｎｉngasuｃcesｓfulbｕsiness.Ｄ．Hｅｉsｏpeｎiｎgａneｗconsｕltingfirm．3.Ａ.Someonesｈｏuldbepuｔiｎｃhａrgｅｏfoｆficeｓupｐｌies．Ｂ．Themａncanｌeavｅtｈｅdisｃｓｉnthｅoffｉcecａbiｎｅt.C．Themanmayfindthesuｐｐliesｉntｈecabineｔ.Ｄ．Ｔhｅｐrｉnterintheofｆicehａsrunoｕtofpａpeｒ．A．Hehａｓtoｕseamagnifyiｎgglasｓｔｏｓｅｅclearly．B.Ｔhewｏmancanusehisｇlaｓsestoread.C.Ｈehasthedictionarｙthｅwomanｗａnｔs．D.Thｅdictｉonaryiｓnoｔoｆmucｈｈｅlｐtoｈim．A.Reｄeｃoratingheｒoffice.Ｂ.Maｊorinｇｉnintｅｒｉｏｒdesign.C.Seekiｎgprofｅｓsｉｏnaladvice.D.Ａdｄｉngsomeofｆｉceｆurniｔｕre．Ａ.Proｂｌemｓiｎportmanagemenｔ.B.Ｉmproｖeｍentｏfportfaｃｉliｔies.C．Delａyｅdshipmentoｆgooｄs.Ｄ.Shorｔageofcontaｉｎeｒshｉps.A.Theirboｓｓ．B．Ａcollｅague.C．Theｉrworklｏａd.D.Ａcｏffｅemacｈinｅ.Ａ．Calltｈehｏtelmanagerforheｌp.B.Poｓtponetheeｖentｕntｉlａlａt(yī)erdate.Ｃ.Holdtｈebａnqｕｅtａt(yī)adiｆferｅｎｔpｌａcｅ.Ｄ.Getanexｐｅrttｏｃoｒｒecｔtheｅrror.Quesｔioｎｓ9ｔo11arebａseｄoｎtｈeconvｅｒsaｔionyｏuｈaｖejustｈearｄ．A.Heｓharｅｓsomeｏfｔhehouseｈolddutｉes.B．Hｅoftｅngoesｂacｋｈｏmｅlａt(yī)eｆｏrdinｎer.C.Hｅcooksdｉnneｒｆortｈｅfamilｙｏｃcasiｏnally.D.Ｈeｄｉneｓoutfromtｉmｅtoｔimeｗithｆrｉｅnds.A.Tｏtａkehimｔoｄｉnｎer.B．Totａlkabouｔabｕｄgｅtplaｎ.C.Todｉscussanurｇｅｎtprｏblｅｍ.D.Topassｏｎaｎimpoｒtantｍesｓagｅ.11．A.FoｒeiｇninｖｅsｔoｒsａrｅlosingcoｎfidenceinInｄia'ｓecoｎomy.B.ManymuｌｔｉnaｔiｏnalenｔerpｒisｅsarewithdｒaｗiｎgfromInｄiａ.C.Theｒｅarewildfｌuｃtuaｔionsiｎtheinｔernatioｎalｍｏｎeyｍａｒｋet．D.TherｅｉsａshaｒpincｒeaseinIndia'sbａlanceofpａymｅｎtdｅficit.Queｓｔｉoｎｓ12tｏ15areｂasedｏntｈecoｎｖersａt(yī)ionyouhavｅｊustheard.１2.A.Thｅyhaveunreaｌｉsｔicexpectaｔionｓabouｔtheothｅrhalf.B．Theymaｙnoｔｂeprｅpａredｆoralｉfeｌongｒｅlatiｏnship.Ｃ．Thｅyforｍａmorerealｉsticpｉｃtｕreoｆlife.Ｄ.Theytrytoａdapttoｔhｅirchａｎgｉｎgroles.１3.A.Hｅｉslucｋyｔohａvｅvisitedｍanyexoｔicpｌacｅs.B.Heiｓabletofoｒｇetallthｅtroubｌesinhｉslife.C.Heiｓaｂｌetoｍｅeｔmanyiｎtereｓtiｎgpeople．Ｄ.Ｈeisｌuckyｔｏbeａbletoｄoｗｈatheloｖｅs.A.Itisstｒeｓｓｆul.B．Ｉtiｓｆulloftim.Ｃ.Itｉｓaｌｌglamour．Ｄ．Itischａｌleｎgｉng1５.A.Botｈｅrｅd.B.Amazed.Ｃ.Puzzｌeｄ.D.Ｅｘcitｅd.SecｔiｏnBDirｅcｔioｎs:Ｉnｔｈｉsseｃtiｏｎ,yｏuｗillhear3sｈｏrtpassages.Atｔｈｅendｏfeaｃhpasｓage,youwillhearsomeｑuestionｓ.Bｏththｅｐａssageanｄｔheｑuesｔｉｏnswillbeｓpokｅnｏnlyｏnce.Afteryoｕheａｒaｑuesｔｉon,yｏumｕstｃhoｏseｔhebｅｓtaｎsｗerfrｏmthefourchｏｉcesmarｋｅdＡ.,B.,Ｃ.andＤ.TheｎmaｒkthecｏrｒeｓｐoｎｄｉngleｔterｏｎA(yù)nsweｒSｈeetIwithaｓｉｎgleｌinethroｕgｈthecenｔｒe.ＰassａgeOｎeQueｓtiｏns１6tｏ18areｂasｅｄontｈepａsｓageyouhavejusｔhearｄ.16.A.Ｍａｉｎｔainthetｒaditｉoｎalorｇaｎizａt(yī)ionalｃｕltｕre.Ｂ.Learｎnewwaｙsoｆrelatinｇaｎdwoｒｋinｇtogetｈer.C.Ｆollowclｏselｙthefastdeveloｐｍｅntofteｃhｎology.D.Leａrnｔoｂerｅsｐectfｕｌinahiｅrarｃhicaloｒgaｎizａt(yī)ion.１７.A.Howｔheteamｉntegratｅｓwiｔhwhatitisｓｕpposedｔｏsｅrｖｅ．B.Howthｅteamisbuiltｔokeeｐｉｍproｖinｇitspeｒfｏｒｍａnce.C．Wｈattypeofpersoｎnelｔheｔeaｍｓhouｌdbeｃomposｅdof．D.Ｗｈaｔquaｌｉficａt(yī)ｉｏｎｓtｅａmmembersshouldbeｅqｕippeｄｗｉｔh.1８．A.Ａｔeammanagermustseｔveｒｙｃleaｒandhigｈobｊectivｅs．B.Ｔeaｍsmｕstconsiｓtｏfmｅmbersfrｏｍdｉfｆerｅnｔculturｅs.Ｃ.Teａｍmｅmbersｓhouldbeknｏwleｄgeabｌeaｎdｃreaｔive.Ｄ．Ateamｍａnａgershｏulddevelｏpａcｅrtaiｎsetofskｉllｓ.PasｓａgeTwoＱuｅsｔｉoｎｓ19ｔo22ａrebａｓedoｎｔｈepassageyoｕｈavｅｊuｓtheａrｄ.１9.A．ＩtiｓaplaｔforｍforshariｎｇideasｏｎteacｈｉｎgattheUniversityofIlｌinois.B.Iｔｗasｍａinlyusｅｄbyｓｃienｔiｓtｓandtechnicalｐeopleｔoexchaｎｇetext．C.Itstarｔedoffaｓasuｃcesｓｆulprｏｇrambutwａsunａblｅｔolastlｏｎg.D.ItisaproｇramａllowｉngｐeopｌｅtoshareinforｍationontheWeb.20.A．Hevｉsitedanumｂerofｆａmoｕscomputersｃiｅｎtｉsｔｓ.B.HemｅtwitｈanentrepｒeｎeurｎａmeｄJiｍClark.C.Hesｏldaｐｒoｇraｍdｅveloｐeｄbyｈisfriｅnｄs.D.Ｈｅinvestｅdｉnaleadｉｎgcomputｅrbusineｓs.A.Theyhaｄｃｏｎfidenceiｎhisneｗidｅaｓ.B.Ｔheｙtrusｔedｈiｓcoｍputerｅxpｅｒtiｓe.Ｃ.Ｔheyｗerevｅryｋｅｅnｏnnewｔeｃhｎology.D.Theｙbｅlievedinhiｓbusinesscｏnｎeｃtions．PaｓsageThｒeｅQuestions22tｏ2５aｒebａsｅdｏnｔheｐassageyouｈavejuｓtｈｅａrｄ.A．Prestigeadvｅrtｉsinｇ.B．Iｎstitutｉonalａdvertiｓiｎg．C．Wordofmouthaｄverｔｉsing．D.Distrｉbuｔiｎgfreｅtriaｌｐroductｓ.A.Ｔosellａparticuｌarｐrodｕｃt.Ｂ.Ｔobuｉldｕｐtheirｒepuｔaｔiｏｎ.Ｃ.Ｔopromoteaspecificsｅrvice.D.Toaｔtracthｉgh-eｎdcoｎsuｍers.24.Ａ.Byusinｇｔhesｅrviceｓoflargeadvｅrtｉｓｉnｇageｎcies．Ｂ.Byhｉｒiｎgtｈeiｒownprofessiｏnａladveｒｔisingstaｆｆ.Ｃ．Bybuｙingｍedｉasｐaｃeｉｎleaｄingnewspapers.D.Ｂycreatiｎｇｔheiｒｏｗnadｓandｃommｅricais.25．A.Ｄeｃideｏnwhatspecifiｃmeａnsｍunicａｔｉｏntoeｍpｌｏy.Ｂ.Coｎｄuｃtalaｒｇe-scaｌｅｓuｒveyｏｎcustｏｍｅrnｅeｄs.C.Spｅｃifｙthｅoｂｊectivｅｓofthecａmpaigｎiｎdetail.Ｄ.Pre-ｔestalteｒnａｔiveadｓorcomｍｅｒｃiaｌｓincｅrtaｉnｒegiｏnｓ.SeｃtionＣDirｅctionｓ:Inthisseｃtiｏn,youｗillｈoarａpａsｓagethｒeeｔimes.Whenｔhepassaｇeisrｅａdfｏrthｏfｉrsｔtｉme，ｙoushouldｌistｅnｃａrefullｙｆoritsgeｎerａlidｅa.Whenthoｐassａgeｉｓreaｄｆoｒthｅsecondtｉme,youarerequirｅdtofiｌliｎthoblankswithｔhｅexactwｏrdsyoｕｈaｖｅｊusthoard.Fｉｎally,whenｔｈoｐassageiｓreadｆortｈetｈirdtime,youshouldcｈocｋwhatyouhａｖewｒｉtten.Ｅxtinctionisdｉfficｕｌtｃｏncepttｏgrasｐ.Ｉtisaｎ26ｃoncｅpt.It'snotａｔａｌlｌikethekｉlｌingofｉnｄividuaｌlifeｆormsｔhatcanberｅneｗedthrouｇhnormａｌprocesｓeｓofreｐrodｕction．Norisｉtsimplｙ27ｎumｂｅrs．Ｎｏｒisitdamａgｅｔhatｃaｎsoｍehowberemｅdiedorfｏrｗhichsomesｕbstｉtuｔecanｂeound.Norisｉtsomｅthiｎｇthａｔｓimplyａｆfectsｏurowngｅneraｔion.Nｏｒisitｓoｍeｔhiｎgｔhａt(yī)couｌdberemｅｄieｄbｙsomesｕpeｒnaturalpｏwｅr.Iｔiｓｒａｔheｒan２8andfｉnalactforwhiｃｈtｈeｒeisnoremeｄyｏnearthorinｈeaveｎ.Ａspeciesoｎceｅxtinctisgonｅｆoｒeｖｅｒ.Hoｗｅvｅrｍａnygeｎｅratｉons２9ｕsｉncomingcenｔurｉeｓ,noneofｔheｍwilｌeｖｅrseethiｓｓpeciesｔhatｗeextinguｉsh.Notｏｎlｙarewebrｉｎgiｎgａbouttｈｅextinctiｏnｏfliｆe３0,wｅａrｅaｌｓｏｍaｋingｔhelandandｔheairaｎdtheseaｓotoxicthatｔheveryｃonditioｎsofliｆeaｒebeinｇdｅstroyeｄ.31ｂasicｎaturalreｓｏuｒces,ｎoｔｏｎlｙarｅthｅnｏnreｎｅwａｂlereｓourcｅｓbeiｎg32inａfreｎzy（瘋狂)ofprｏcessｉng,consｕming,and３3,bｕtｗearealsｏmiｎｉｎｇmuchoｆourrｅnewａbｌｅresourcｅs,sｕchaｓtheverysoilｉtｓelfoｎwｈｉcｈｔerreｓtriａl(地球上的)lifｅdepends.Thechａngethatistakｉnｇplaceonthｅｅaｒthａndｉnouｒmindsisoneｏfthｅgreaｔｅstchanｇesevｅrtotaｋeｐlａｃeinhumaｎaffairs,pｅrhapsthｅgreａt(yī)eｓt,siｎｃewhatｗearｅtaｌkingaboutisnotsｉmplyａnｏｔhｅｒhｉstorｉcalchａｎgeorcuｌtural34,butaｃhanｇeｏfgeolｏｇｉcalanｄbiologｉｃalaswellasｐsyｃhｏlｏgicalordｅrof35PａrtIIIRｅａdingComprｅｈｅnsioｎ(4０ｍinｕｔes)SectioｎＡDｉｒｅctioｎs:Ｉnｔhｉssectｉｏn，theｒeiｓａpassagｅｗithtenblanｋｓ.Yｏｕareｒeｑｕiｒedtｏsｅlｅctoneｗordforeachbｌaｎｋｆｒomalistｏfcｈoicｅｓgiveniｎawordbankfollowingthepａssagｅ.Rｅaｄthoｐassagethrｏughcareｆulｌyｂｅforｅmａｋingyourchｏicｅs．Eａchchoｉｃｅintｈebankｉｓidentifiedｂyaletter.PleaｓemａrkthocorrespｏndingleｔterforｅａchiｔemonAnswerShｅeｔ2ｗｉthaｓinｇleｌiｎethroughｔhｏｃentre.Ｙoumaynotｕｓｅａnyoｆtｈoｗorｄsiｎthebankmｏrｅthanonce．Queｓtｉons3６tｏ45arebasedonthefｏllｏwingpａｓｓａｇe.Itseemstobealawiｎｔhｅｔechnolｏgyinｄusｔｒytｈatleadingｃｏｍpanieseｖentuaｌlｙlosetheirpoｓｉtｉons,oftenｑuickｌyandbrutａｌly.ＭobilｅｐhｏｎeｃhampioｎNoｋia,ｏneoｆEｕｒope＇sbiｇｇesttechnｏlogysucceｓsstorｉes,wasｎｏ36,ｌosingitsmarｋeｔｓhareinjｕstａfｅwyｅars．In２02３,Ｎokiaacｃountｅｄformoreｔhan40％oｆmobilephｏnesaｌｅs37Butconsumers'pｒefｅrｅncｅｓｗｅreａlready３8towardtoｕch-sｃreeｎsmａｒtphonｅs.WｉtｈrodｕctionoｆＡｐplｅ'siPｈonｅintheｍｉddleoｆthatyｅar,Nokｉａ＇ｓmarketshａre39rａpidlｙandｒｅvｅnueplunged.Bytｈeｅｎdof2023,NｏkｉａhａdsoｌditsphｏnebusineｓsｔoMicrosofｔ．WhaｔsealedNｏkiａ'sｆaｔeｗasａseriｅsofｄeciｓionsmadebyStｅpｈenEｌopinｈispｏsitiｏnasCEO,whiｃhhe4０iｎOctoｂer2０23.EachdaythaｔＥｌopspｅｎｔinｃhargeoｆNoｋｉa,tｈecｏｍｐａｎy'smaｒkｅtｖaｌｕｅdeclinｅdｂy$23ｍiｌlion,mａkinghim，bythenumbｅrs,oneoｆｔheｗｏrstＣEOsinhistoｒy.ButEｌｏｐwaｓnｏtthｅonlｙpersonat41Nｏｋiａ'sboardresiｓtedｃｈaｎｇｅ,mａｋingｉｔimpossｉｂleｆorthecompanytoadapttorapｉdｓhiftsｉｎthｅindustry．Ｍost4２,JormaOlliｌa,ｗｈohaｄleｄＮｏkiａ'sｔransitiｏnfromanｉｎduｓtｒｉaｌcomｐanytｏaｔecｈnｏloｇｙgｉant，wasｔooｆａscｉnａｔeｄbythecompａnｙ's43sｕｃcesstorecognizethecｈanｇｅｔhatｗaｓneededtｏｓustａinpeｔiｔiｖeness．Thｅcompanｙalsoembaｒｋｅdｏna４４ｃost-cutｔingpｒｏgｒaｍ,wｈicｈincludｅdｔhｅelimｉnationofwhｉchhadmotiｖatedeｍplｏyeestoｔakｅｒiｓkｓanｄmaｋemiraclｅs.Goodleａderslｅftthecｏmpaｎy,takinｇNokｉa'ssensｅoｆｖisiｏnａnｄdiｒｅctionswithtｈem．Notｓｕrprisinｇly,muｃｈoｆＮokia'sｍostvaluabledesignandprｏｇraｍｍingtａlentleftasｗeｌｌ.assumedI）pｒeｖiousB.ｂｉａsJ)relayｅdC.desperａｔeK)ｓhiｆtｉｎｇＤ．dｅterioratiｏnL)ｓhraｎkE)ｅxcｅptionM）sｕbtｌeF)faultN)transmittｉｎgＧ)ｉncｉdenｔalｌyO）worｌdｗｉdeH）noｔablｙSectiｏｎＢDirections:Ｉnthｉssectｉon，youaregoingtｏｒeaｄａｐassaｇewithtｅnstatementsaｔｔaｃhedtoit.Eａchstａt(yī)eｍentcontａｉnsiｎｆoｒmａt(yī)ioｎgiveninｏｎeoftheparagrａphs.Ｉdentifytheparagraphfrｏｍｗhiｃhｔheinfｏrmａt(yī)ｉonisderived．Yｏuｍaychooseaparagraｐｈｍoｒetｈanｏnｃe.Ｅａchparagraphismarｋedwithalｅtter.Answｅｒtheqｕestionsbｙ．ｍarkingthｅcorrｅspoｎdinｇｌｅｔtｅronAｎsweｒＳheｅt２.First-Generａt(yī)ionＣollege-Goers:UnpｒepａrｅdａnｄBehindKidｓｗhoaｒethefｉｒstiｎtｈeirｆａmｉliｅｓtoｂrａveｔheｗorldofhiｇｈerｅducａt(yī)ｉｏncomeoｎcａmpuswithlittleacaｄemicknow—howandareｍuｃhmｏreliｋelyｔhａntheirｐｅersｔodropoutbeforｅgrａｄuation．[Ａ]WhenNijaｙWｉlliamsenteredｃollegelastfａllasａfiｒst—geｎeratiｏnstｕdentanｄJａｍａｉcａniｍmigｒaｎt,heｗasacａdeｍicａlｌyuｎprｅｐaredｆortｈｅrigorｓｏｆhighｅreducation.Lｉkemanｙfirｓｔ—genｅraｔｉonｓtudeｎts,heｅnrolｌeｄinameｄiuｍ-sizedstatｅｕｎiveｒsｉtymanyofhishighｓchoolpeｅrswereaｌsｏａt(yī)teｎding,receivedaＰeｌｌGｒaｎt,ａnｄｔｏokouｔsomesmallfｅdｅrａllｏanstｏｃoｖerｏtheｒｃostｓ．Giｖentheｈiｇｈpriｃeofroｏｍaｎdｂｏａrdaｎｄｔheclｏsｅnessｏｆthｅschooltohisfamｉly,heｃhoｓeｔolｉveathomeandwoｒｋedbeｔween30and40hoursａweekｗhileｔakiｎgafullｃlaｓｓsｃhedule．[Ｂ]WｈａｔNｉjａydiｄｎ'trealizeaboｕthｉsschoｏl—ＴｅnｎesseeStaｔeＵnivｅrsitｙ—ｗasｉtｓfrｉgｈteｎingｌylｏwgraduatｉoｎratｅ:ａmerｅ２9percentforitsfiｒｓt-generaｔiｏnstｕdenｔｓ.Aｔthｅenｄofhｉsｆiｒstyeａｒ,NijａylostｈｉsPｅlｌＧｒantoｆｏver$５,00０ａfteｒnarrowlｙmｉｓｓinｇｔhe2.０GPＡcｕt-ofｆ，makingiｔｉmｐｏssiblｅforhiｍtocontinuepayiｎgｆoｒschｏoｌ.[C]ＮijaｙrepresentsalaｒgeaｎdgｒｏwinｇgrｏupｏfＡmeriｃaｎs：ｆirｓt—ｇｅneraｔioncolｌegestｕdentswｈoeｎｔerｓchoｏlunpreparｅdｏrbehｉnd.Toｍakｅｍattersworｓe，tｈｅseschoolｓareill－equｉpｐeｄｔogｒaduaｔeｔheseｓtudentｓ—yｏunｇadulｔswｈofａceｓｐeciｆiccｈallｅngesandｏbｓtａcｌｅs.Ｔｈeytypicallyｃarryfinanciａlburdｅnsthatoutweighｔhoseｏｆtheirpｅers,aremｏrｅlikｅlytoworｋwhiｌｅaｔtenｄｉｎｇscｈoｏｌ,andofteｎrequｉresignｉfｉｃanｔaｃaｄemｉcreｍｅdiatioｎ(補(bǔ)習(xí)）．［D]MaｔtRubｉnoｆfdｉreｃtｓI'mＦiｒｓt,aａnｉｚａt(yī)ｉonlauncｈedlａstOctobertoreachoｕttothｉsspeciｆiｃpoｐulationofstudents.Ｈehｏpesｔodisｔｒiｂutethisinformatioｎａｎdhelpｐrospectivecolｌeｇe-goerｓｆmdthｅbesｔpost-seｃondａryfｉt.AnｄwhileRｕbinoffbelieｖestheｒeareagooｄnumｂeroffour—yｅarschoｏｌsｔhattｒuｌycaｒeaboｕtｔhesestudeｎtsａｎdｓｅtasｉdesｉｇnｉficanｔreｓｏuｒｃｅsandｐｒoｇrａmsforthｅm，heｓaysthａｔｎuｍberiｓn'tｈｉghenough.[E］"Iｔ＇snotonlytheselｅcｔiveandeliteiｎstｉtuｔionｓtｈviｄethoseopｐortuｎitiesforaｓｍａlｌsuｂｓｅtoｆｔhiｓpopulatiｏn,＂Ｒubinoffｓaｉd,ａddｉngtｈａt(yī)aｍaｊorityoffiｒst-generatiｏnｕndergraｄuａt(yī)esｔｅｎdtoｗaｒdoptｉｏnsｓucｈasｇraｍs,two—yｅarcｏｌleges，ａndcomｍutｅｒstateｓcｈｏols."Uｎfortunatelｙ，theretｅnｄstｏbealackｏfｉｎformatｉonａndsｕppoｒｔｔohelｐsｔｕdｅｎtstｈｉnkbiggeraｎdbroader．＂[F]Despiteｂleｍ,ｍａnysｔudenｔsaｒestilldrａwntotheseiｎstitutionｓ-－andtwo-yｅarschｏoｌsinpａrticulａr.Asａfｏｒmerｈighscｈoolteachｅr,Ｉsawstｕdentsｃｈoｏｓｅｆamiliａr,cheapeｒopｔionｓyearａfteｒｙeaｒ.Ｉｎsteadofｓkiｐｐiｎgoutonhigherｅdｕcａt(yī)ｉonａltogether,muｎitycｏｌlegesorstａt(yī)esｃhｏolswｉｔhlowbarsfoｒaｄmittanｃｅ.［G］"Ｔheyｕndｅｒestimａt(yī)etheｍselvｅswhｅnselｅｃtiｎgaunｉvｅrsity,"ｓaidDaveJarrａt(yī)，aｍaｒｋｅtｉngｅｘｅcｕtiｖｅforInsidｅTrack,afor—ｐrofitｏrｇａnizａｔiｏｎthatｓpecializｅsincｏaｃhingｌow－ｉnｃomｅsｔudentsaｎdsupportinｇｃｏllegesiｎoｒdｅrｔoｈeｌpstudeｎtsthｒive."Therｅａｌityofｉtisthａt(yī)ａlｏtofｌｏw-iｎｃomeｋiｄsｃoｕldbegoingtoelitetufivｅｒｓitｉesｏnａｆullriｄｅｓcholarｓｈｉpanddoｎ＇ｔevｅnreａliｚeiｔ."［H]"Mａnysｔuｄｅntsareｃoｍiｎｇfromasituaｔionwhereｎooｎeaｒoundthemhastheeｘpeｒｉenceofｓuｃceｓsfｕllycoｍｐletiｎghｉcation,sｏｔｈeｙareｃｏmｉnｇinquesｔｉonｉngｔheｍｓｅlvesａｎｄtheiｒcｏllegeｗorthiｎess,"Jarｒａt(yī)cｏntｉｎｕed.Tｈａt(yī)helｐｓexplainwｈy,asＩ＇mＦirst'sRubinofｆinｄｉｃated,ｔhesｃhoolｓｔowhichtheseｓｔudeｎtsenｄupreｓortiｎgcａnenｄuｐbeingsｏmeｏfｔhepoorestｍatｃｈeｓforｔｈem．TheUniverｓｉtyｏfTeｎneｓseｅiｎKnoxvｉlｌｅoｆｆeｒｓoneexａｍpleofthｉsｄilemma．AfｌagsｈｉpunｉverｓityinｔheSouth,tｈｅschoolgraduatesjusｔ1６pｅrcentｏfitsｆｉrst—generａt(yī)ｉｏnstｕｄentｓ,despiteitsoｖeｒalｌｇｒaduaｔionraｔeｏf71ｐｅrcent．Ｌｏｃateｄｏnｌyafewhoursaｐart,ＴheUｎiｖersｉtyofTeｎｎesseeandTennesseeStatｅarewｏrtｈｃoｍｐaｒing.TeｎnｅｓｓeeＳtａt(yī)e'ｓｏvｅralｌgraｄｕaｔiｏnｒａｔeiｓatｉny39pｅｒceｎt,butａｔleasｔiｔhａsａsmallｅrgaｐbetｗｅentheｏutcｏmesforfiｒst—gｅneｒat.ioｎstｕｄentsandｔhoseofthｅirｐｅers.[I]Still,thｅUnivｅrsｉtyoｆＴｅnnesseｅdｅserｖeｓcreｄｉｔforbｅingtｒａｎsｐａrent．Maｎｙｌaｒgeinstitｕtiｏnskeepthiskｉｎdｏfｄataseｃret—ｏratleaｓtmａkeｉtiｎｃｒedｉblydifｆicultｔofiｎdＴheUniversitｙofNorthCarolinaaｔＣhａｐelHill,forinstａｎce，aｄmｉtsｏnlythaｔthｅgｒaduａt(yī)ionｒateｆoritsfirst—generatioｎpupｉlｓis＂ｍuchｌｏweｒ"ｔhanｔhｅpｅrcentageofallｓtuｄeｎtswhｏgｒaduatewｉthinfｏuryeａrs(8１ｐeｒｃent).［Ｊ］Itisａcｔｕａllyquiteｄｉfficulttｏfｒedreliablestaｔisｔicsｏｎtheiｓsueforｍaｎyｓｃhｏｏｌs．Hｉｇｈｅreduｃaｔioninsｔｉｔutｉonsａre，undeｒfederallaw，reｑuiｒedtoｒeportgrａduａt(yī)ｉoｎraｔｅｓ，butｔheserepｏrｔｓｔypicalｌyｏnｌyincｌuｄePelｌrecipientｎｕｍbers—notneｃessarilyｒatesspecifictoｆLrｓt—geｎｅrationｓtudenｔs．Otheriｎｉtｉativeｓｆailｔｏｂreakｄowntheｄata,too．Imagiｎeｈｏwｉｎtｉmidaｔiｎgitcａnbefｏｒｐｒoｓｐecitｉvｅsｔudentsunｆａmｉliarwiｔhｔｈecｏmplexｉｔiｅsofhigherｅｄucａt(yī)iontonavｉgatethiskindｏｆinformatiｏnandthｅnｉｄenｔｉｆyｗhichschoolsarｅｔｈeｂeｓｔｆiｔ．［Ｋ]IｔｗａｓthｉslacｋｒmatioｎthaｔproｍｐtｅｄｔhelaunchofＩ＇mFiｒsｔiｎ２0２3,oｒigｉｎaｌlyasananｎofitsumbrｅｌlaoｒgａｎｉzatiｏｎ，tｈeＣenｔerFoｒStuｄentOppｏrtunity.＂Ifwｅcanｈeｌptodiｒectｓtｕdenｔstomoreｏfthesｅtｙpeｓｏfcamｐusesandｈｅｌpstudentstounderｓtanｄthemｔobｅｒeａｌisｔicａnｄaｃcｅssiｂlｅpｌaces,havｅtｈｅmapplytothｅｓesｃhoolｓatｇreａt(yī)ｅrfrequencyandultiｍatelygｅtｉnandｅnrｏll,wearｅｇｏｉngtorａｉｓethesuccessratｅ,＂Ｒubinoｆｆsａid,cｉｔingaｖａrietyoｆcｏllegesrangingfrｏｍlａrｇｅstaｔeｉｎstitｕtiｏnstosｍallerprivateschoｏlｓ.[L]ChｅlsｅaＪones，ｗhonｏwｄirecｔsstudentprｏgｒammingａt(yī)I'mFirst，wasafirsｔ—generationcollｅgestudentaｔHoｗａrd.Likeotherｓtuｄentｎewtｏtｈimidatiｎｇhiｇher—edｕｃａt(yī)iｏnｗｏrlｄ,ｓｈｅoftenstｒuggledonhｅrｐａt(yī)htocoｌleｇe,"Thereｗａsn'ｔreallｙacoｌlegｅ—bouｎdcnｌｔureaｔmyhighsｃhoｏl,"ｓheｓaｉｄ．"IwａnｔeｄｔogotocolｌegebｕｔIｄidn'trｅaｌlyknowｔheｐｒoceｓｓ.＂Jｏneｓbecamｅｉnvolｖedｗitｈacollege—ａcceｓgramthrouｇhPrinceｔonUniverｓiｔyｉnhighｓcｈool.Nｏw,sheattｒｉｂutesmuchofherundｅrstａｎｄinｇofcｏllｅｇetotｈat:＂ＢｕtoｎcｅＩgoｔtocampus,ｉｔｗａｓacomplｅｔｅｌyｄifferentballgaｍethatnoonｅｒeａllypｒeparedｍeｆor."[M]Sｈewaｓｆortuｎate，though．Howａｒｄ,awell—ｒeｇaｒdｅｄhisｔorｉcａｌlyblaｃkcollegｅ,haｄaｎａrｒayofresourcesｆoriｔsfirst—gｅｎerａt(yī)ionstudｅnｔs，ｉnclｕdinｇmatcｈｉｎgkｉdswithcounseｌors,comectinｇfiｒst—geneｒaｔionstｕdｅｎｔstooneanｏthｅr,aｎdTRIO,ａｎａｔｉonaｌprogramｔhatsupｐorted200sｔudenｔsonHowarｄ'ｓcamｐus.Ｓtｉlｌ,Jonesreprｅsｅｎtsasmallpeｒcｅｎtageofｆirst-geｎerationstudeｎtsｗhoarｅableｔogａinｅnｔryintｏｍoｒeｅｌiteunｉveｒsitｉes,whicｈarｅoftｅｎknｏwnforｒｏｂuｓtfinａnciａlaiｄpａckａgesａndremaｒkaｂlyhighgraduａｔionratｅsfoｒｆirｓt—geneｒationstudents.(Harｖaｒd,ｆorｅxamｐle,ｂｏaｓtsasiｘ—yeargｒaduatｉonraｔeforundeｒrｅpｒesentedminｏritygroupsof98perceｎt.)[N]ChｒｉstianVazquez,afｉｒｓｔ—ｇeneraｔioｎYalegradｕate，isａnｏthｅrexcepｔion,hｉssuccｅｓsstorysetｔinｇhimfａrａpaｒtｆｒomｓtuｄeｎtssｕchａsNiｊay．"ThｅreisalotoｆｓupportaｔＹale,toanextｅｎt,afｔerａwhiｌe，thｅreistoomuｃｈｓupport,"heｓaid,hａｌｆ—jokｉngaboutthecoｕnｔleｓsresourcｅｓavａilabｌeattheschool.Sｔudentsａｒｅplａｃｅdiｎsmaｌlgｒoupswithｃounselorｓ(traineｄseｎioｒsｏncampｕs);ｔheyhaveａｃｃesstocｕltｕｒalanｄethnｉcaffinitｙ(聯(lián)系)ｇｒｏups，tuｔｏringceｎtersandaｌsohａveａsummｅｒorientaｔionｓpeｃｉｆicaｌｌyｆorfirsｔ—generａt(yī)ionｓtｕdentｓ(thｅｌａt(yī)terbｅiｎｇｏｎeｏｆthemostcｏｍmｏgｒａmsfoｒstudents).[Ｏ]＂Oursuｐportｓtrucｔuｒewasmorelike:'YouaregoiｎｇtogｅtｔhrougｈYａlｅ;ｙoｕarｅｇoｉｎgｔodｏwell,＇"hesaｉd,hintｉnｇaｔmentoｒs(導(dǎo)師),staｆf，ａndprｏfｅsｓorｓwｈoaｌlprｏｖiｄedｓｉgｎificantsupporｔforstudｅnｔswholacｋedconfidｅnceabout"bｅlonｇing＂ａt(yī)suchａt(yī)ｏpinstiｔution．46.Mａnyfirst—ｇeｎerationcoｌleｇｅ—goeｒsｈavedoubtｓaｂouｔｔｈeiraｂiliｔｉestogeｔacollｅｇedｅgrｅｅ.4７.First—gｅnerａｔioncoｌlｅgeｓtuｄeｎtｓｔenｄｔohａｖemuchheavierfinaｎｃialburdｅnstｈantheiｒpeｅrs.48.Tｈｅgradｕationrateofｆｉrｓt—ｇｅnｅrａt(yī)ionｓtudeｎtsatＮijaｙ'sｕｎiｖｅｒsｉｔｙｗａsｉncrｅdｉblylｏw.49.ＳｏmetopｉnstｉtuｔiｏnslｉkｅYaleseemtoｐrovｉｄｅfirst—geneｒatiｏｎstudｅnｔswithmｏresuppｏrtthantheyacｔuａｌlyneeｄ.5０.Oneｎtｅringｃoｌlege，ＮijayWilｌiamｓhａｄｎoideahoｗchａllenginｇcolｌegeｅducationwas.51.Mａnyuｎivｅrsiｔiessiｍｐｌｙrefusetoｒeleasetheirｅxａctｇraduatioｎrateｓforfirｓｔ-generatｉonｓtudeｎts．5２.Accorｄiｎgｔｏａmarketiｎgeｘeｃutｉve,ｍaｎystuｄenｔsfroｍlow-ｉｎcoｍefaｍｉｌiesdｏn＇tknｏwｔheycｏuldhａveａchａｎceoｆgｏinｇtｏaneliteuniverｓitｙ.５3．Ｓoｍeeliｔeｕniversｉｔieｓatｔachgrｅatimportancｅtｏbｕildｉnｇｕpｔｈeｆirst—ｇｅnｅrａt(yī)ionstuｄents'serf—ｃoｎfiｄenｃe．54.Ｉ'mFiｒstｄiｓtributｅsiｎformａt(yī)iontoｈｅlpfiｒst-gｅｎeraｔｉoncollege-ｇｏersfindschoｏlstｈaｔaremｏstｓuitabｌｅfｏrthｅm.５５．Elｉｔeuｎiｖersｉtｉesｔendtｏgｒadｕａt(yī)ｅｆn'sｔ－ｇenｅｒａt(yī)ionｓtudｅntｓatahigherrate.ＳecｔionCDiｒeｃtｉons:Tｈｅrｅaｒｅ2pａｓｓagｅｓinthｉｓsｅction.Ｅaｃhｐaｓsaｇeisｆoｌlowedｂysoｍeｑuestionsｏrunfinisｈedｓtaｔemｅnts.ＦoreachofthemtherearefourchoiｃesmarｋedA.,B.，C.aｎdD.YouｓｈoｕldｄｅｃｉｄeｏnｔhebesｔcｈoiceandmａrktheｃｏrrespondiｎｇletteroｎA(yù)nswerSｈｅeｔ２withaｓiｎgｌｅlｉｎethroughthｅcentｒe.PaｓsageOneQuestｉｏｎs5６to60arｅｂａsｅdｏnthefollowｉngｐasｓａｇe．Ｓａyｉngtheｙcａnnoｌonｇｅｒignｏｒetherisingpriｃesoｆhealthcare,someofthemosｔiｎfluentiaｌmediｃａlｇroｕpsｉnthenａｔiｏnarereｃommｅndingｔｈaｔｄｏｃtoｒｓweightｈecosts,nｏｔjｕstｔheｅffeｃｔivenesｓｏftrｅatｍents,ａstheyｍakedeｃisionsabｏuｔｐatienｔｃare.Ｔhｅｓhｉｆt，liｔtlenotiｃedouｔsｉdｅthemedicaｌestaｂlishｍentbuｔａｌreａdycoｎtroveｒｓialinsidｅit，ｓuｇgeststhatdoctｏrsarestａrtingtorｅdｅfinetｈeirroｌes,fromｂeingconcernedexclusivelyaboutindividualｐａt(yī)ｉeｎｔsｔoexｅrtiｎginｆluenｃeｏnhowhｅａltｈcareｄollａｒsarｅspeｎｔ．Ｉnpｒaｃtｉcａlterms,thｅnewｇｕidｅｌｉnesbｅingｄevｅlｏpedcｏuldｒesuｌtinｄoctｏｒschoosiｎgonedｒuｇoveｒaｎoｔheｒfｏｒcｏstreasonsｏrｅｖｅｎｄecｉdingthaｔapａrtｉculartreatｍent—attheendoflife,forexamplｅ—iｓtoｏｅｘｐensive．Ｉnｔhｅｅxｔremｅ，somecritiｃshaｖesaidｔhatmaｋingtｒｅatmeｎtdecｉsionsbasedoncostisａformｏfrａt(yī)ｉoｎinｇ.Tradｉｔionａlly,ｇｕidelinｅｓhaveｈeaｖｉlyinfluenｃeｄｔhepraｃtiｃeofmeｄiｃinｅ,andtｈelatestonesaｒeeｘpectedtomaｋedｏｃtoｒsmｏrｅcｏｎsｃｉousｏftheeconｏmｉcconseｑuenｃesoｆtheiｒdｅciｓioｎs,eｖenｔhoughthere'snｏoｂligationｔofoｌlowtｈem．Mｅdicalsociｅtyguiｄｅlinｅｓareaｌsouｓedｂｙinsurancecomoanｉｅｓtohelpdｅｔｅrmｉnereimbuｒsement(報銷)ｐolicｉeｓ.SomedｏcｔorsseeapoｔentiａlcｏnflictｉntryｉngtｏbebothprovidｅｒｓofｐatientcarｅａndfmaｎciaｌOverseers."Ｔherｅｓｈouｌｄbeforｃesinsocｉetywhｏshouldbeconcernedaboutthｅbｕdｇｅt，buttｈｅyshouldn'tbefunctionｉｎgsimultaneoｕｓlｙaｓｄｏｃtoｒs,"saiｄDｒ．MａrtinＳaｍuｅｌsataBoｓｔonhosｐital.Ｈeｓaｉddｏｃtorsｒiskedlｏsiｎgthetｒuｓｔofｐatientsiftheｙtoldpatｉenｔs,"I'mnotgoｉngtｏdowhatＩｔhinkiｓbestfoｒyｏubｅcauseItｈinｋit'sbadfortheｈｅalthcarｅｂudgetｉnMａsｓacｈuｓetts.＂Dｏcｔoｒｓｃaｎfacｅｓoｍeｇｒimtrａde—ofｆs．Stｕｄｉｅｓhavｅｓhown,foreｘaｍple,ｔhattwｏdruｇｓareaboｕｔeqｕallｙｅffectiｖeintrｅaｔiｎgmaculaｒdegeneｒａt(yī)ion,andeyediseaｓe.Bｕtonｅcosts$50adoｓeaｎｄthｅothercloｓeto$2,000.Ｍedicａrｅcｏuldsaｖｅhｕndredsofmｉllionsoｆｄｏlｌaｒsaｙｅarｉfevｅryoｎeuseｄthechｅapeｒdruｇ，Avａｓtｉn，inｓtｅaｄｏfthｅcoｓtlieｒone，Lucenｔｉｓ.ＢuttheＦoodａｎdDrugAdminｉstratiｏnhasｎotapprｏveｄAvａｓｔｉnfｏｒuseintheeye．a(chǎn)ndｕsiｎgitｒatheｒthanthealtｅｒnaｔive，Lucｅntｉs,ｍiｇｈtcａrrｙanａｄditiｏnal，ａlthouｇhｓliｇht,ｓafｅｔyrｉsk.ShouｌddoctorｓｃoｎsiｄerMedｉcare'sbudgｅｔindecｉdinｇwhattoｕｓe？"Ｉthiｎkethｉcally(在道德層面上)wearｅjusｔｗｏrｒieｄａbｏuttｈepatientｉnfｒｏntoｆusａndｎottryinｇｔｏｓａvemoneｙforthｅinsｕranceｉnｄusｔryｏrｓociｅtyａsawholｅ，"saiｄDr.DonaｌｄJensen.Sｔｉlｌ,someａnaｌysｔssaｙthａt(yī)ｔherｅ'saroleforｄoｃtｏrstｏｐｌayｉncｏstａnalysisbｅcausenotｍａｎyothｅｒsarｅdｏｉngｓo."Iｎｓomewayｓ,"sａiｄＤr.DaｎielSulmasy,＂itｒeprｅsentｓafaｉluｒeofwｉdｅｒsｏcietｙtｏtakｅｕｐthｅissｕe.＂５６.Whaｔｄosｏmemoｓtinfluenｔiaｌｍeｄｉｃａlgｒoｕpｓrecomｍendｄoｃtｏｒsdo？A．Reｆlectontｈｅrespｏｎｓｉbｉlｉｔiestheyaresupposedtｏtａke．Ｂ.Pａymoｒeａｔteｎｔioｎtotheeffeｃtivenessoｆtｈeirtｒeatmｅntｓ．C.Takecoｓｔsintｏacｃountwhenｍaｋinｇtreaｔmeｎtdecisiｏns．D.Readjustｔheirpraｃticeｉnviｅwoｆｔhecuｔｓinhealthcarｅ.5７.Whaｔwerｅdoｃtorsｍainｌyｃonｃeｒｎedabouｔintheｐａsｔ?Ａ.Sｐｅcｉfiｃmｅdiｃｉnestobｅused.B.Efｆecｔｓｏfｍeｄicaltｒeatment.C.Professioｎaｌaｄvaｎｃemｅnｔ.D.Ｐaｔients'trust.58.Whatmayｔｈenewｇuideｌiｎesbeingdevｅlｏpedlｅadｔo?A.Tｈereｄefｉnｉｎgofdocｔｏrs＇ｒoles.Ｂ.Overuｓeofleｓsｅffectiｖｅmｅｄｉｃines．Ｃ.Conｆlｉctsｂｅtｗeenｄｏctoｒsandpａt(yī)ients.D．Ｔheｐrolongingofpatients＇sufferｉng.5９.Ｗhaｔriskdoｄoｃtoｒssｅeintheiｒduaｌｒoｌeaｓｐaｔieｎtcareproｖiderｓａndfinanｃｉalｏvｅrseeｒs？A．Ｔheｙmaybeiｎvolvedinaｃonflicｔｏfintｅrest.B．Thｅymaybeｆoｒcｅdtoｄｉｖideｔheirattenｔiｏn.C.Ｔｈeymayhavetousｅｌesseffecｔiveｄrugs.D.Ｔheymaylｏｓetheresｐectofｐａｔients.60.Whａt(yī)ｄosomｅexｐertssａｙabｏutdｏcｔors'iｎｖolveｍｅｎtinmeｄicaｌcoｓtanalyｓis?A.Iｔmaｙａddｔｏｄoctors＇aｌreadyhｅavｙworkloads.B.Iｔwiｌlhelｐtosavｅmｏneyｆｏｒsociｅtyａｓawholｅ．C.Itreｓｕltsｆｒomsocieｔy＇sfaｉｌuretotacｋleｔhｅpｒobｌｅm.D.Iｔｒaiseｓdｏctoｒs＇awａrｅｎessoftheirsｏcialresponｓibiliｔieｓ.ＰassａｇeTｗoＱｕestions61ｔo65areｂasedoｎthefollowingpaｓsage.Ｅcｏｎｏmicｉnequａlｉtyｉsthｅ＂dｅfiningchallｅｎgｅofoｕrtimｅ，"PresidenｔBaraｃｋObａmadeclaｒedinａspeecｈｌastmonthtoｔhｅCeｎterｆorAmeriｃanPｒｏgrｅss.Inequalityisｄangerous，heargued,ｎｏtｍｅrｅlybecauseitdoesｎ'tｌｏokgｏodtohavｅａｌargegapｂetｗeｅntherｉｃhanｄthｅpｏｏr,bｕtbecauｓｅinequaｌｉｔｙitseｌfｄeｓtrｏysupwaｒdｍobilｉｔy，ｍａkｉngｉｔhａｒｄerforthｅｐoｏrtoｅｓcapeｆｒompｏvertｙ．"IncｒｅａsedｉｎeqｕalitｙanddｅcｒeasｉngmoｂilｉtｙposｅａfuｎdamentaltｈrｅattｏｔｈｅＡmｅricａnDrｅａm，＂hesaid．ＯbamaiｓoｎｌythemosｔｐｒominentpｕblicｆiguretodeｃlarｅｉｎｅqｕaｌｉtyＰublｉcEｎｅmyNo．1aｎｄthegreatestｔhreaｔtｏrｅducｉngpovertyinAｍｅriｃａ.Anumbｅｒoｆprｏminentecｏnomiｓtｓhaｖeａlsoａrgｕedthatit'shａｒdｅrfｏｒｔhepoｏｒｔｏcliｍbｔheeｃonomicladdertodaｙbｅｃauseｔherｕｎgs(橫檔)inthatｌadderhavegrｏwnfａrtheｒapaｒt.Ｆoｒalltheneｗattentionｄevｏtｅｄtｏthｅ１percｅnt，anｅwdamｓetfromｔhｅEquaｌiｔyofＯpporｔuｎiｔyProjectａt(yī)HaｒvａrdandBerkeleｙsuｇgesｔsthａt(yī),ifwecareａbｏuｔupｗａｒdｍobilityｏveｒalｌ，wｅ'revａstlｙexａｇgeratingtｈedanｇersoftheriｃh—ｐooｒｇap．Iｎｅｑualityiｔselｆｉsnoｔapａｒtｉcｕlaｒlyｓｔrｏnｇpｒediｃtorofｅconoｍicmobility,assｏciologistScｏtｔWｉnsｈiｐnotediｎarｅcentａrｔiclebaseｄｏnhisａnａｌysisofthｉｓdａt(yī)a．Ｓowhａt(yī)faｃtorｓ,ａt(yī)ｔmunｉｔyleｖeｌ,dｏpreｄictifpｏorchiｌｄreｎwiｌlmoveuptheｅｃｏｎｏmicｌadderasadtdts?whatexplaｉｎs,forｉnｓtanｃｅ，ｗｈytｈeSaｌtLakeCｉtymｅtｒｏarｅaisonｅoｆthe１00largesｔmetrｏpｏlitａnareasmostｌiｋelｙtoliftthｅfortunesoftｈepooｒandｔhｅAtｌanｔaｍｅｔroareaisoｎeｏfthｅlｅaｓtliｋelｙ?HaｒvardeｃonｏmiｓｔRａｊCｈertｙhaｓpoｉnｔedtｏeconｏｍicandraｃialsegrｅgation,ｃoｍmuｎitydensiｔy,tｈesiｚeofａcomｍｕnｉty'ｓｍiddlｅclasｓ,tｈequalityofschｏｏls,coｍｍtmityrｅｌigiositｙ,ａndｆamilｙstructure,whiｃｈhecalｌstｈe"sinｇｌestrongestｃｏｒreｌateofupｗarｄmobilｉtｙ."ＣhｅttyfｉndsthaｔcｏmmｕｎitieslikeSaｌtLaｋeCiｔy,wｉthhighlevelｓｏｆtｗｏ-pａrｅntｆａmiliesaｎdreligｉositｙ,ａｒemｕchmｏrｅlikｅｌytoseｅpｏorchilｄrｅnｇetaheadthanｃｏｍmunitiｅslikeAｔlａnｔa,witｈhighｌevelsofｒacialandecoｎoｍｉcsegregaｔiｏn.Ｃhｅｔtyhasnotyetissuedacoｍprehｅnsｉveanalyｓｉsoｆtherelatｉvepredｉctiveｐowerｏfｅａcｈoｆtｈeｓｅfaｃｔoｒｓ.Bａsｅdoｎmyanalｙｓesｏfthedaｔａ.ｏftｈefaｃtｏrsｔhatＣhettyhasｈighｌigｈteｄ，ｔhefollowinｇthｒｅesｅemtｏbemosｔｐrediｃtivｅoｆｕｐｗａrdｍobｉlitｙinagivencoｍmunity:1.Ｐｅｒ-caｐita（人均)iｎcomeｇrowth2.Prevａｌｅｎｃeoｆsinglｅmｏｔhers(ｗｈｅrecorrｅlationiｓstronｇ，buｔneｇaｔiｖe)3.Pｅｒ-cａpitａloｃａlgｏｖerｎmｅnｔsｐendingIｎotｈｅrｗｏrds,communitieｓｗｉthhighlevelsofpｅｒ-capitainｃｏmｅｇrowth,higｈpeｒcｅntagｅsｏｆtwo-ｐarenｔfａｍilies，andｈｉghlｏｃalgｏvernmeｎtspｅnｄinｇ-whichｍaysｔanｄfｏrgoｏｄscｈoolｓ-aretｈemoｓtliｋelytohｅlppｏorｃhiｌｄreｎreｌiveＨoraｔiｏＡlgeｒ'srags-tｏ-ｒｉcｈｅsstoｒy.61．ＨowｄoesObａmavｉeweconomiciｎeqｕａliｔy?A.Itｉｓthebｉggeｓtｏbsｔacletosocialmobilitｙ.B.Iｔistｈｅgrｅatｅsｔtｈreａt(yī)tosocｉalstability.C.IｔiｓtｈeNo.1eｎemyofinｃomegroｗth．D.Itｉsｔhemoｓtmaliciousｓoｃialｅｖiｌofｏｕrｔimｅ.62.WｈａｔdowelｅａｒnaｂouttheｉｎｅqualiｔygapfromScoｔtＷinｓhip'sｄaｔaanａlysis？Ａ.IｔisfastwiｄeningaｃrossmostpartsofAmeｒicａ.