跨文化交際實(shí)訓(xùn)講義

跨文化交際實(shí)訓(xùn)講義

Chapter2

VerbalCommunication

LearningObjectivesInthischapter,youshouldbeableto

UnderstandsomecommonlyobserveddifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseverbalcommunication.Learntomakecross-culturalcomparisonsandanalysisinthefollowingaspects:?Culturaldifferencesonlexicalsemanticslevel?CulturaldifferencesonpragmaticlevelLearntocarryoutoralcommunication.Learntocarryoutwrittencommunication.Howdopeoplecarryouttheircommunication?Whatisverbalcommunication?Whatdoplumblossom,orchid,bamboo,andchrysanthemumstandforinChinese?DotheyhavethesamemeaningsinEnglish?HowmanytermsdoyouknowwhenyouexpressthanksinChinese?WhattopicsdoyouthinkisappropriatewhenyoufirstmeetaforeignerfromAmerica?Warm-upI.VerbalCommunication言語(yǔ)交際Languageandculture語(yǔ)言和文化I.VerbalCommunication言語(yǔ)交際High-contextandLow-contextlanguage高語(yǔ)境和低語(yǔ)境語(yǔ)言

HighContextLessverballyexplicitcommunication,lesswritten/formalinformationMoreinternalizedunderstandingsofwhatiscommunicatedMultiplecross-cuttingtiesandintersectionswithothersLongtermrelationshipsStrongboundaries-whoisacceptedasbelongingvs.whoisconsideredan"outsider"Knowledgeissituational,relational.Decisionsandactivitiesfocusaroundpersonalface-to-facerelationships,oftenaroundacentralpersonwhohasauthority.Examples:Smallreligiouscongregations,apartywithfriends,familygatherings,expensivegourmetrestaurantsandneighborhoodrestaurantswitharegularclientele,undergraduateon-campusfriendships,regularpick-upgames,hostingafriendinyourhomeovernight.I.VerbalCommunication言語(yǔ)交際LowContextRuleoriented,peopleplaybyexternalrulesMoreknowledgeiscodified,public,external,andaccessible.Sequencing,separation--oftime,ofspace,ofactivities,ofrelationshipsMoreinterpersonalconnectionsofshorterdurationKnowledgeismoreoftentransferableTask-centered.Decisionsandactivitiesfocusaroundwhatneedstobedone,divisionofresponsibilities.Examples:

largeUSairports,achainsupermarket,acafeteria,aconveniencestore,sportswhererulesareclearlylaidout,amotel.I.VerbalCommunication言語(yǔ)交際TheRelationshipBetweenLanguageandCulture語(yǔ)言與文化的關(guān)系

Languageandculturearelikealivingorganism.Languageisflesh,whilecultureisblood.Withoutculture,languagewouldbedead;withoutlanguage,culturewouldhavenoshape.Languageandculturearelikeaniceberg.Thelanguageisthepartabovewaterwhilethegreaterpartwhichishiddenbeneaththesurfaceistheinvisibleaspectofculture.I.VerbalCommunication言語(yǔ)交際Culturaldifferenceonlexicalsemanticslevel詞匯語(yǔ)義學(xué)層面上的文化差異CulturaldifferencesindenotativemeaningCulturaldifferencesinconnotativemeaningsI.VerbalCommunication言語(yǔ)交際Culturaldifferenceonpragmaticslevel語(yǔ)用學(xué)層面上的文化差異AddressingpeopleShowinggratitudeBeingmodestKeyTermslexicalmeaning詞匯意義詞匯意義錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜，具體表現(xiàn)在其多樣性、層次性和可變性。它不僅涉及到詞自身的含義，還涉及到詞與詞之間的關(guān)系，也涉及到詞與外部世界的關(guān)系。詞匯語(yǔ)用學(xué)研究者認(rèn)為要以語(yǔ)境為基礎(chǔ)動(dòng)態(tài)地研究詞語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)用意義。對(duì)詞匯意義的解釋、使用和理解不僅僅是一個(gè)語(yǔ)言問(wèn)題，更是一個(gè)語(yǔ)用與認(rèn)知的問(wèn)題。KeyTermsHigh-contextculture高語(yǔ)境文化高語(yǔ)境文化是指，在傳播過(guò)程中，絕大部分信息或者已經(jīng)存在于傳播雙方的物質(zhì)語(yǔ)境中，或者已經(jīng)內(nèi)化于個(gè)人內(nèi)心，而極少存在于雙方所運(yùn)用的語(yǔ)言和信息之中，換言之，語(yǔ)言和信息是模糊而不充分；高語(yǔ)境文化強(qiáng)調(diào)含蓄,重視交流雙方的互動(dòng)。KeyTermsLow-contextculture低語(yǔ)境文化“低語(yǔ)境文化”正好相反，即在傳播過(guò)程中，溝通交流雙方主要依賴(lài)他們所運(yùn)用的語(yǔ)言，換言之，語(yǔ)言和信息是清晰而充分的。舉例而言，對(duì)于朝夕相處的家庭成員來(lái)說(shuō)，長(zhǎng)期共同生活使他們形成了許多默契，因此，他們?cè)诮涣髦?，直接通過(guò)語(yǔ)言或動(dòng)作來(lái)表達(dá)的成分較少，更多的內(nèi)容，存在于由雙方共同生活體驗(yàn)形成的心靈感應(yīng)；而兩個(gè)初次見(jiàn)面陌生人的交流，卻要花費(fèi)更多的口舌。denotation字面意義connotation隱含意義Glossaryverbaladj.言語(yǔ)的attributen.價(jià)值explicitadj. 清楚明白的,易于理解的interlocutorn. 對(duì)話(huà)者tabooadj.禁忌的encodevt.把…編碼interwinevt. 纏繞boundaryn.分界線(xiàn)congregationsn.教區(qū)教友clientelen.委托人，客戶(hù)Confuciusn.孔子Glossarymetaphorn.隱喻lexicaladj.詞匯的semanticsn.語(yǔ)義學(xué)perceptionn.認(rèn)識(shí)，觀念，看法hierarchicaladj.分等級(jí)的auspiciousadj.吉利的Cantonesen.廣東人disciplen.門(mén)徒，信徒betrayvt.背判，出賣(mài)deficientadj.有缺點(diǎn)的Whataresomeofthehelpfulfactorsfordevelopingthetopicandwhataresomeofthemajorobstacles?2.Whatistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture?Trytooffertwoorthreeexamplesinyourdiscussion.3.Useoneortwoexamplestoclarifyyourunderstandingofculturaldifferencesindenotativemeaning.ComprehensionQuestionsComprehensionQuestions4.UseoneortwoexamplestoclarifyyourunderstandingofCulturaldifferencesinconnotativemeanings.5.Chinesepeoplelikebeingmodest.Howdoyouexplainthisphenomenon?II.OralCommunication口頭交際

Generalguidelinestofollowwhenconversingwithsomeonefromanothercultureinclude：Avoiddiscussingpoliticsorreligionunlesstheotherpersoninitiatesthediscussion.Avoidhighlypersonalquestionsincluding“Whatdoyoudo?”Conversationtaboos談話(huà)禁忌II.OralCommunication口頭交際Keeptheconversationpositive.Avoidaskingquestionsthatwouldimplycriticisms;phrasequestionssotheycanbeansweredinapositivemanner.Avoidtellingethnicjokesbecauseofthepossibilityofoffendingsomeone.II.OralCommunication口頭交際CountryAppropriateTopicsTopicstoavoidGreatBritainhistory,architecture,gardeningmoney,politics,religionCanadatravel,job,food,music,customsmoney,salary,religion,andpoliticsespeciallytheseparatistmovementtheUSAcompliments,job,travel,foods,religion,politics,raceGermanytravelabroad,internationalpolitics,hobbies,soccerWorldWarII,questionsaboutpersonallifeFrancemusic,books,sports,thetheatrejob,income,price,ageJapanHistory,culture,artWorldWarIICountryAppropriateTopicsTopicstoavoidII.OralCommunication口頭交際MakingTelephoneCalls打CountrywaysofbeginningthecallllFrancemakinganapologyfordisturbingtheanswerer,checkingwhethertheyhavedialedtherightnumberandidentifyingthemselves,conversingwithwhoeveranswersthephoneonconditionthattheanswererisknowntothemandonlyaftersomeconversationmaycallersexpresstheirwishtospeakwiththepersontheyactuallycalltospeakto

theUSAaskingfortheintendedaddresseewithoutidentifyingthemselvesorchattingwiththeanswerer,evenwhenthatpersonisknowntothem

Chinasaying“Hello”withoutidentifyingthemselvesKeyTermsConversationtaboos談話(huà)禁忌談話(huà)禁忌作為一定社會(huì)的文化現(xiàn)象,其背后所依托的是一個(gè)民族深厚的文化蘊(yùn)藏。文化的所指極其廣泛,人類(lèi)所創(chuàng)造的所有的物質(zhì)文明和精神文明均屬文化之列。人們?cè)谌粘＝浑H中并不是可以涉及任何話(huà)題,也不是可以隨便地使用語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)中的任何詞匯。在一定的文化中,參與交際的人們都會(huì)不約而同地對(duì)某些話(huà)題和語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)中某些詞匯表現(xiàn)出“回避”行為。人們不愿、不能或不敢隨便談?wù)撃切┰?huà)題或使用那些詞匯。于是,語(yǔ)言中便出現(xiàn)了諸如此類(lèi)的禁忌現(xiàn)象。

KeyTerms

英語(yǔ)中有些禁忌和漢語(yǔ)是一致的,但由于中西方的歷史發(fā)展?fàn)顩r、社會(huì)制度和價(jià)值觀念等方面的差異,也使語(yǔ)言禁忌的內(nèi)容和形式在許多方面存有不同。了解并掌握一些談話(huà)禁忌可以保證交際的順利進(jìn)行。KeyTerms

personalquestions私人問(wèn)題西方人非常注重個(gè)人隱私權(quán)。在日常交談中，大家一般不會(huì)涉及對(duì)方的“私人問(wèn)題”。這些私人問(wèn)題包括：年齡、婚姻狀況、收入、工作、住所、經(jīng)歷、宗教信仰、選舉等。同時(shí)，人們還特別注重個(gè)人的私人生活空間。別人房間里的壁櫥、桌子、抽屜，以及桌子上的信件、文件和其他文稿都不應(yīng)隨便亂動(dòng)、亂翻(如果需要借用別人物品，必須得到對(duì)方的許可)。假如別人在閱讀或?qū)懽?，也不能從背后去看?duì)方閱讀和寫(xiě)作的內(nèi)容，即使對(duì)方只是在閱讀報(bào)紙或雜志。KeyTerms

空間距離上也很在意。即使在公共場(chǎng)所，大家都十分自覺(jué)地為對(duì)方留出一定私人空間。比如，排隊(duì)的時(shí)候他們總是習(xí)慣和別人保持1米以上的距離。我們的個(gè)人隱私觀念比較淡薄。特別是在親朋好友之間，大家喜歡不分你我，共同分享對(duì)方的私人生活。另外，長(zhǎng)者往往可以隨意問(wèn)及晚輩的私人生活，以顯示關(guān)心。Glossarylandscapen.風(fēng)景，景色encountern.小組聚會(huì)controversialadj.有爭(zhēng)議的,引起爭(zhēng)議的erroneouslyadv.錯(cuò)誤地，不正確地intellectuallyadv.知性上,智力上orientationn.方向；態(tài)度Irann.伊朗SaudiArabian.沙特阿拉伯Glossaryinitialadj.開(kāi)始的，第一的conversevi.交談，會(huì)話(huà)initiatevt.發(fā)起ethnicadj.種族的cuen.暗示，提示architecturen.建筑風(fēng)格separatistn.分離主義者ComprehensionQuestionsGiveexamplesofconversationtaboosinyourhomeorgroupoffriends.2.Describebothyoursuccessfulandunsuccessfulexperienceincarryingoutconversationsortalkswithforeigners.Whataresomeofthehelpfulfactorsfordevelopingthetopicandwhataresomeofthemajorobstacles?3.Whydowesaybeingagoodlistenercanfacilitatecommunication?III.WrittenCommunication書(shū)面交際Businessletters商務(wù)信函

ElementsinbusinesslettersInstructionsinwritingbusinesslettersTypesofbusinesslettersIII.WrittenCommunication書(shū)面交際Resume簡(jiǎn)歷

UnitedStatesGreatBritainCanadaAustraliaKeyTermsBusinessletters商務(wù)信函書(shū)信是日常生活中常用的文體，是用以交涉事宜、傳達(dá)信息、交流思想、聯(lián)絡(luò)感情、增進(jìn)了解的重要工具。書(shū)信一般可分為商務(wù)信件或公函（BusinessLetterorOfficialCorrespondence）和私人信件（PrivateLetter）兩大類(lèi)。需要注意的是，英語(yǔ)書(shū)信的寫(xiě)法與漢語(yǔ)書(shū)信有一些明顯區(qū)別，應(yīng)特別加以區(qū)分。英語(yǔ)書(shū)信通常包括下面幾個(gè)組成部分：發(fā)信人地址及相關(guān)信息、寫(xiě)信日期、主題、收信人姓名及地址、稱(chēng)呼、正文、結(jié)束語(yǔ)、簽名、附件、再啟等。KeyTermsdanglingparticiples垂懸分詞一般的分詞(短語(yǔ))有意義上的邏輯主語(yǔ)，它或是句子的主語(yǔ)，或者另有自己的主語(yǔ)，如果沒(méi)有，就稱(chēng)這種分詞為“懸垂分詞”，這樣的句子一般認(rèn)為是不能接受或錯(cuò)誤的。例如，在“Sittingunderanappletreeonenight,anideacametoNewton.”句子中的“Sittingunderanappletree”就是垂懸分詞。KeyTermsresume簡(jiǎn)歷，顧名思義，就是對(duì)個(gè)人學(xué)歷、經(jīng)歷、特長(zhǎng)、愛(ài)好及其它有關(guān)情況所作的簡(jiǎn)明扼要的書(shū)面介紹。簡(jiǎn)歷是個(gè)人形象，包括資歷與能力的書(shū)面表述，對(duì)于求職者而言，是必不可少的一種應(yīng)用文。KeyTermsletterofapplication求職信是商業(yè)信函，同向“客戶(hù)”發(fā)出的其它信函一樣，要求規(guī)范、專(zhuān)業(yè)，足以吸引招聘者的目光，說(shuō)服他去看你的簡(jiǎn)歷以獲得更多信息。它不同于可以一稿多投的簡(jiǎn)歷，求職信必須量身定做。要針對(duì)不同企業(yè)、不同職位，在內(nèi)容和風(fēng)格上稍做調(diào)整，有所側(cè)重，讓招聘者覺(jué)得求職者的工作經(jīng)歷和綜合素質(zhì)與應(yīng)聘職位完全吻合或非常接近，并且期望從簡(jiǎn)歷中得到更加肯定的答案以便安排面試。某種程度上來(lái)講，求職信來(lái)源于簡(jiǎn)歷，又高于簡(jiǎn)歷，具有對(duì)簡(jiǎn)歷內(nèi)容進(jìn)行綜合介紹、補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明和深入擴(kuò)展的作用。Glossarysalutationn.信函中的稱(chēng)呼語(yǔ)enclosuren.附件alternateadj.代替的maximumadj.最大值的,最大量的compoundadj.復(fù)合的eligibilityn.合格promon.商品推銷(xiāo);商品廣告,廣告片refundvt.退還，退（款）legislationn.法律，法規(guī)recruitvt.招聘discriminatev.歧視ComprehensionQuestionsHowmanypartsdoesabusinessletterusuallyhave?Andwhatarethey?2.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenaresumeandaletterofapplication?3.DoesanapplicantneedtoencloseacopyofhisorherphotographswhenheorsheappliesforanAmericancompany?Whyorwhynot?CaseAnalysis

Case1Theconversationbelowisaninvitationtodinner.Readitandthenanswerthequestions.A:AreyoufreethisSunday?B:Yes,I’mfree.A:Iwouldlikeyoutocomeoverandhaveadinnertogether.B:No,itistoomuchtroubleforyoutopreparethedinner.A:Notroubleatall.Wecanjustordertake-out.B:Butit’llcostyoutoomuch.Don’tbother.A:It’sacasualdinner.Let’sjusthaveachatandrelaxalittlebit.Besides,therearen’tanyotherpeople.B:Butyouarebeingtoopolite;youalwaysinvitemetodinner.A:That’snottrueatall.OK,it’ssettledthen.Docome,please,orI’llbeoffended.B:Allright.Questions:1.Inwhichculturebackgrounddoestheconversationmostprobablytakeplace?2.Whataretheculturalfactorsbehindtheconversation?Case2

OnenightaChinesestudentmajoringinEnglishsatonthestepsoftheforeignstudents’residenceandtalkedwithtwoyoungmaleforeignstudents,oneGermanandoneAmerican.Theydidnotspeakawordtoherontheirowninitiative,butsheaskedmanyquestionstogetaconversationstarted.Everytimetheyansweredherwithonlyoneortwowords.ButshewasdeterminedtopracticeherEnglishsoshetriedtokeeptheconversationgoing.

“Howdoyouspendyourweekend?”sheasked.TheGermanboyansweredimmediately,“Fishing,”andthetwoboyslookedateachothermeaningfully.

“Fishing?”Shewasreallyconfused.“Butwheredoyoufish?”sheasked.

“Fishinghastwomeaning.Oneistheliteralmeaning.Theotherisjustsittinghereorwalkingonthestreetandwaitingforsomegirlstocomeuptous.”Thentheybothburstoutlaughing.Shewasannoyed.Shesattheresilent