INDIA印度政治制度分析

INDIA

MEMBER:呂雪嬌唐金鳳鄧婕楊文輝

CONTENTSSeymourLipsetHypothesisEconomicprosperitypromotesdemocracyISINDIAAREALDEMOCRATICSTATE?AINDIAstagesIndia'sIndependence1One-PartyDominantSystem2Thetwopartiescompetition3UPA4

India'sIndependence

IndiawasledbyJawaharlalNehru'snationalcongressNehruhadavisionofdemocraticgovernment,hesaidin1950:Idon'twantIndiatobecomesuchacountry,whichmillionsofpeoplesubmittoapersonorders,Iwanttoapowerfulopposition.Before1964congress’sstatusStronglocalpowerbase1Powerfuicohesiveforce2Far-reachinginfluence3After1964congress’sLeaderdiedFocusonpower1Relyonfewcronies2Fallapart3IndianNationalCongress

Thetwopartiescompetition

Bharatiya

JanataPartyIndianNationalCongress

UPAlocalpartieslocalpartiesBharatiyaJanataParty

VSNehru(congress)Yingandhi(congress)Lagandhi(congress)grandfatherCroniesandmembersofministry維·普·辛格(setupBJP)ThecampaignbetweenGandhifamilyandhistrustedfollowermohandaskaramchandgandhi(setupnationalcongress)DemocracyinIndiaCONTENTSForm

of

government1Legislature2Executive3Judiciary4Electoral

system5Parties6Afederalandparliamentaryliberaldemocracy.

Thelowerhouse（下議院）,theLokSabha(HouseofthePeople)人民院,consistsof545members,nearlyalldirectlyelected.Thelesssignificantupperchamber,theRajyaSabha(CouncilofStates)印度的聯(lián)邦院,contains245members,mostlyindirectlyelectedbystateassemblies.

TheprimeministerselectsandleadsthelargeCouncilofMinisters(cabinet).內(nèi)閣

Thepresident,indirectlyelectedforafiveyearterm,islesssignificantbutformallyasksapartyleadertoformthegovernmentandcantakeemergencypowers.

Theindependent,respectedSupremeCourt

（最高法庭）defendsandinterpretstheconstitution.Itconsistsof31judgesappointedbythepresidentfollowingconsultation.

ElectionstotheLokSabhaarebysinglememberplurality.Theturnoutin2009was417million.ThepowerfulElectionCommissionofIndia,establishedbytheconstitution,superintends

（監(jiān)督）nationalandstateelections.

ThetwomajorpartiesinamultipartysystemaretheoncedominantCongressPartyandtheHindunationalistBharatiyaJanataParty(印度人民黨）.In2009,Congressretainedpowerasthemajorforceinacoalitionincludingseveralregionalparties.

VSIndiaChina

India:federalrepublicChina:people'scongresssystem

Indianshavetherighttomovefromoneplaceofresidencetoanotherwithouttemporaryresidentialpermit.HoweverChinesepeoplecan't.

TheGDPofChinaistwicethesizeofIndia,butitisdifficultforChinesepeopletobenefitfromit.Onthecontrary,Indianpeoplecanfullyenjoythewealthofnations.

UptothepresidentanddowntothedepartmentinIndia,theyareofficialswheninofficeandenjoythevarioustreatmentofstate,buttheyjustlikeciviliansafterabdicate.ThesituationinChinaistotallydifferent,oncesteppedintoofficialcircles,unlesstheywerearrestedbecauseofcorruption,otherwise,countryshouldkeepthemforalifetime.CasteSysteminIndiaLEVELSCONTENTSBrahmin1Intheworshipofthereligiousandculturalrights,enjoyingahighstatusCONTENTSKshatriya2Masterchiefmilitarysamurai,including"King"CONTENTSVaishya3GenerallyciviliansAgriculture,animalhusbandry,industry,commerceasacareerMostpeoplehavenopoliticalrightsItisthesubjectofsocialproductionCONTENTSSudra4Engagedinvariousmenialoccupations,includingfishingandhunting,heavymanuallaborandsoondonotenjoyanypoliticalrightsAboutCasteSystemAfteraperson’sfamily,thecastecommandsanindividual’smajorloyalty.Indiansstilloftenidentifythemselvesbythecommunitytheybelongtoandcasteisstillafactorinmarriageselection.Inaddition,castehasallowedcountlessgroupsthathavemigratedintoIndiatofindaplaceandtoplayanimportantrole.Varna（瓦爾納制度）inIndiaTheVarnaisbasedonritualpurityandnon-purity.Therearethreemainsignsofpurityandtheyare:

VegetariandietAbstainfromalcoholRestrictionsonwomen,restrictionsondivorceandthequestiononremarryingwidowsCasteDiscriminationCastediscriminationisnotpermittedingainingemploymentandaccesstoeducationalandotheropportunities.Butthisdoesnotmeanthatcasteisillegalorhasfadedaway.Castegroupsaspoliticalpressuregroupsworkverywellinademocraticsystem.Castemayprovidepsychologicalsupportthatpeopleseemtoneed.Economistsandpoliticalscientistsarefindingthatcasteisnorealbarriertoeconomicdevelopmentorpoliticaldemocracy.WhyCasteSystemexistinIndia?Theso-calleddemocraticcountriesmeansthewillofpeopledecidingsystemofthecountry.Thecastesysteminauthoritariancountriescanbeeasilyeradicated,butdemocracyissuchagoodsystem,naturallyalsocanbeeasilyeradicatedindemocraticcountries,butonlyifpeoplearewillingtoeradicatethissystem.BecauseofIndiandemocracy,peopledonotwanttoeradicatethecastesystemtheythinkvaluable,soitisreasonablethatcastesystemexistinIndia.WhyCasteSystemexistinIndia?Indianpeopleenjoyahappydemocratic,authoritariancountryispeoplecannotunderstand.EvenIndia'selectedleader,butalsoinothercountrieshadbeenbrainwashed,thatthecastesystemisunreasonable,evenworkedoutavarietyofpoliciestoeradicatethecastesystem,butinademocraticcountry,watercancarryaboatcancapsize.Inademocracy,publicopinionisthegreatest,publicopinioncanmakeapolicyimplementation,butalsomakethepeopledonotsupportadictatorialpolicyfailure.SoalthoughIndia'sleadersworkedoutregulationstoeradicatethecastesystem,butstillcannotstopthemajorityofpublicopinioncouldnotresist.WhyCasteSystemexistinIndia?Therebesomerationalitywhyasystemexists.ThecastesystemisacentralfeatureofHinduismflourishedinIndia,topromoteBuddhismallbeingsareequalbutthedecadent.VisibleonthehistoricaldevelopmentofthecastesysteminIndiahasaveryimportantrole.Thesimplestisfixedsenseofsocialstratificationcausedbypeoplebeingaskedtoliveaccordingtotheirroles,formanagersisuseful,forpeoplelivingintheinstitutional,therulescanbringasenseofsecurity.SocialIssuesandprospectsSocialIssuesCorruption1Femalesecurityissues2Thegapbetweenrichandpoor3Reasons(1):Nobilitycapitalistdemocracy(2):Monopolyofsocialresourcesandpoliticalrights(3):Bureaucraticabuse,nepotism,corruptionproblemsSocialIssuesCorruption1Femalesecurityissues2Thegapbetweenrichandpoor3FemalesecurityissuesDomesticViolenceSocialviolencemainlyreferstorape(India,every20minutesawomanisraped)Reasons(1):Combiningreligionandpatriarchy,andstrengthentheconstructionofinequality(2):Developmentandimplementationoflawsandregulationsarenotinplace(3):Lowefficiencyofadministrativebodiesandthepolicesystembehindthedevelopmentandimplementationoflawsandregulationsarenotinplace(4):incomelevel,educationlevel,etc.SocialIssuesCorruption1Femalesecurityissues2Thegapbetweenrichandpoor3ThegapbetweenrichandpoorIndianeconomicprospectsIndiahasbecomeoneofthefastestdevelopingeconomiesintheworld,thistrendwillbecontinuedinthefuture.AccordingtoGoldmanSachspredictedthatthenext50years,India'sannualeconomicgrowthratewillreach5.8%ofGDPin2015tomorethanItaly,in2020overFrance,in2025surpassedGermanytobecomesecondonlytotheUnitedStates,Japan,thefourth-largesteconomy;to2032,India'sGDPgrowthratewillreach6percentandexceededJapan;2050,India'seconomicgrowthstillreached5percent,andhopetobecometheworld'slargesteconomybody.IndianeconomicprospectsAlthoughIndiahasbecomeanimportantpoleoftheworldeconomybasicallybeenuniversallyrecognized,butduetoinsufficientinvestmentinagricultureisslowagriculturalgrowth,infrastructureisweakcomparedtotheruralpopulationbaseistoolargeandtheliteracyrateislow,rich-poordivideseriousemploymentpressure,highfiscaldeficits,domesticdebtistooheavy,theshortageofenergy,localforcesandtheseparationfactorofterroristactivities,coupledwiththeglobalfinancialcrisisondevelopingeconomiesexacerbatedtheimpactbroughtaboutbytheinherentcasteinIndia,religious,ethnicandotherconflictsupgradeevenintensify,ernmentefficiencyandcontrolovertheeconomyinvestmentandeconomicenvironment

InfrastructureOpen-doorpolicyCompareIndiaandChina’sdevelopmentprospectsgovernmentefficiencyandcontrolovertheeconomyChina:GovernmentcontroloftheeconomyarestrongThegovernment'seconomicdecision-makingefficiencyisrelativelyhighGovernmentisanactivepromoterofreformIndia:Toointensepartisanstruggle,sothatthegovernmentcannotconcentrateontheimplementationofastableeconomicpolicyIndiangovernment'seconomicreformisstillnotenough,notenoughopeneconomicandsocialpoliciesInadequateinfrastructuregovernmentefficiencyandcontrolovertheeconomyinvestmentandeconomicenvironment

InfrastructureOpen-doorpolicyCompareIndiaandChina’sdevelopmentprospectsinvestmentandeconomicenvironmentChina:Currentinvestmentismainlyindustrialcapital(Weaknessofthissystemisthatblindnessisstrong,theriskoflargecapitalinvestmentrateofreturnislessthanthefinancialcapital)India:Mainlyintheindependentinvestmentbank(Thisinvestmentsystemdoesmoreadvancedfeaturesbelongtowesternpost-industrialera,itisaveryrationalinvestmentsys