化學實驗室致癌物質和誘發(fā)畸變物質

HAZARDOUSSUBSTANCES

(TOXIC,DANGEROUS,CARCINOGENIC,ANDMUTAGENIC/TERATOGENIC)

有害物質

(有毒的、危險的、致癌的、導致體內突變(tūbiàn)或者畸變的物質)1.TOXICSUBSTANCES（有毒物質）Anyvolatilesubstanceswhicharedangerouswheninhaledmustbehandledonlyinanadequatelyventilatedareaorinafumehood.嚴格的講，任何可揮發(fā)性、吸入時有害的藥品，都必須在通風性好的地方或者是通風櫥中處理。a)Benzene：Benzeneisparticularlydangeroussinceitcausesblooddiseases.Avoidusingitasasolvent.Clongedinhalationofminutequantitiesofbenzene.Avoidskincontact.Itisaknowncarcinogen.避免(bìmiǎn)用苯作溶劑，避免(bìmiǎn)皮膚接觸，它是已知的致癌物質之一。有害物質精品資料b)CarbontetrachlorideandchloroformCarbontetrachlorideandchloroformhavespecificdangers:Theycanbeabsorbedthroughtheskin.Thesesubstancescaneventuallycausefunctionaldisordersofthekidneyandtheliverevenatlowconcentrations.Theyaresuspectedcarcinogens.CCl4和CHCl3在很低的濃度下就容易引起腎和肝臟的失調，并且它們也是被懷疑(huáiyí)為可致癌的物質之一。有害物質精品資料c)CyanidesandNitrilesCyanidesandNitrilesaresomeofthemostacutelytoxicsubstancesknown;theyreactveryquickly“invivo”whentheyarepresentintheambientenvironment.Symptomsofpoisoning(weakness,difficultyinbreathing,nausea)appearassoonasthesesubstanceshavebeenabsorbed,inhaled,oringested.Contactwithacidliberatesahighlytoxicgas.Theinhalationofaveryminuteamountofhydrogencyanide(HCN)canbefatal.氰化物和氰是已知最毒的物質(wùzhì)之一，氰化物在體內反應很快，中毒的癥狀表現(xiàn)為虛弱、呼吸困難、惡心，而且當你吸入或者咽下以后癥狀出現(xiàn)很快。與酸性物質(wùzhì)接觸以后放出高毒性的氣體(HCN)，吸入一定在數(shù)分鐘內將會死亡。有害物質精品資料d)PhenolsSolutionsofphenolsareverydangerous.Phenolsareabsorbedrapidlythroughtheskinduringcontact.Ifrapidandcompletedecontaminationisnoteffectedimmediately,seriouspoisoningandevendeathcouldoccur,dependingontheconcentrationofthesolventandtheamountofbodysurfacethatiscontaminated.苯酚很溶液通過皮膚滲入，如果沒有及時的清洗，嚴重中毒或者(huòzhě)死亡都可能發(fā)生。有害物質精品資料e)HydrogenfluorideHydrogenfluorideisextremelycorrosive.Duetotheabsenceofimmediatepain,penetrationcanbeextensiveandleadtoseriousinjury.Itcancausesevereeyeirritationandskinburns.HF酸，有很強烈的腐蝕性，不是馬上就能感覺到疼痛，所以它很容易擴散開，導致皮膚(pífū)和眼睛的受傷。有害物質精品資料f)HydrogensulfideHydrogensulfideisverytoxic.Inhalationcausesrespiratoryparalysis.Itcanalsodamagetheeyesandmucousmembranes.Smallcylindersofitarecommerciallyavailableforlaboratoryuse.CAUTION:Thegascanbeeasilysynthesizedbyactionofdiluteacidsonsulfides.Wastegasshouldbepassedthroughscrubbersbeforeventing.H2S也是非常毒的，吸入是有麻醉作用。H2S其他在含硫物質與稀酸作用的時候(shíhou)很容易生成。有害物質精品資料2.DANGEROUSSUBSTANCESPerchloricacid高氯酸Perchlorateesters,whenexposedtoimpact,behaveinthesamemannerasnitroglycerine.高氯酸酯受到沖擊時與硝化甘油類似會爆炸。b)OrganicPeroxides有機過氧化物Someorganicperoxidesareveryunstableandverydangerous.Duetotheirhighsensitivitytoheat,friction,impact,sparks,light,andoxidizingandreducingagents,theycancauseviolentexplosions.有機過氧化物對熱、摩擦、沖擊、火花、氧化和還原性試劑很敏感(mǐngǎn)，可能產生爆炸。有害物質精品資料Tominimizetherisksofsuchperoxides,thefollowingprecautionsmustbetaken:Buyonlythenecessaryquantitiesofperoxidesneeded.Useonlytheminimumamountnecessary.Neverreplaceunusedperoxideintheoriginalcontainer.Immediatelycleanupspilledperoxide.Ifavolatilesolventmustbeused,avoidlossesduetoevaporationwhichcouldincreasetheperoxideconcentration。當使用揮發(fā)性溶劑時，避免蒸發(fā)以免使過氧化學濃度(nóngdù)增加。Avoidflames,sourcesofheat,anddirectsunlight.Storeperoxidesataslowatemperatureaspossibleabovethefreezingpoint,soastominimizetherateofdecomposition.過氧化物應該在低溫(0度以上)保存，以減小分解反應的速率。Donotcoolliquidperoxides,orthoseinsolution,totemperatureswheretheycouldsolidifyorprecipitatebecauseinthisformtheyareextremelysensitivetoimpactandtoheat(在此狀態(tài)對溫度和沖擊敏感).有害物質精品資料3.CARCINOGENS致癌物質Carcinogensandsubstancescapableofinducingcancer.ThesesubstancesmustbesubjecttostrictguidelinessuchasthosepublishedbytheInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancerwhentheyarestored,used,anddisposedof.Avoidexposurewhereexposureisunavoidable,keepitaslowasreasonablyachievable.Thelistofknowncarcinogensiscontinuallyupdated.(Seenextpageforsomeexamplesofcarcinogens).致癌類物質要避免直接暴露在空氣中，其名單以國際癌癥(áizhènɡ)研究中心公布的數(shù)據(jù)為準。有害物質精品資料a)KNOWNHUMANCARCINOGENS對氨基聯(lián)苯砒霜五氧化砷三氯化砷石棉三氧化砷對二氨基聯(lián)苯苯并芘1.4－丁二醇二甲黃酸酯

砷酸鈣

氯甲基甲基醚有害物質精品資料鉻酸鹽煤焦油中可揮發(fā)性瀝青環(huán)磷酰胺砷酸鉛2-萘胺N,N-雙(2-氯乙基)-2-萘胺對硝基聯(lián)苯砷酸鈉亞砷酸鈉過氧化釷硫烷氯乙烯有害物質精品資料b)SUSPECTEDHUMANCARCINOGENS未有(wèiyǒu)定論的癌癥引發(fā)物質丙烯酰胺丙烯腈丁二烯鎘氯化鎘硫酸鎘鈹四氯化碳二甲硫酸酯2-硝基丙烷Ni的硫酸鹽苯肼β-丙內酯丙烯亞胺2-甲基苯胺4-甲基苯胺溴乙烯有害物質精品資料1.2-二溴乙烯甲醛六氯丁二烯六甲基磷酰胺肼醋酸鉛磷酸鉛堿式乙酸鉛甲肼碘甲烷鎳碳酸鎳羰基鎳氧化鎳氫氧化鎳有害物質精品資料4.MUTAGENSANDTERATOGENS

Mutagensaresubstancescausingpermanenttransmissiblealterationsingeneticinformation.Teratogensareagentsinterferingwithnormalprenataldevelopmentcausingabnormalitiesinthefetus.Exposuretomutagensandteratogensshouldbekeptaslowaspossible.誘發(fā)突變性物質，是指那些引起在基因(jīyīn)中的可遺傳的變化的物質。誘發(fā)畸變性物質，是指可以引起胎兒在出生前產生