材料科學與工程 專業(yè)英語 Unit 4 Chemistry and Advanced Materials

Unit4ChemistryandAdvancedMaterialsBeingcloselyrelatedtomaterialsscience,chemistryfocusesontheatomicormolecularlevel,andmaterialssciencedealswithmacroscopicproperties,howeverbothtogetherprovideaproperunderstandingofhowchemicalcomposition,structureandbondingofmaterialsarerelatedtotheparticularproperties.berelatedtofocuson....譯文：和材料科學緊密相關(guān)的化學，關(guān)注原子或者分子水平，材料科學處理宏觀性質(zhì)，然而，兩者一起可以理解材料的化學組成、結(jié)構(gòu)和鍵如何同具體的性質(zhì)聯(lián)系起來。Butmanyarisingproblemslikepollutionoftheenvironmentorthetoxicityofdifferentmaterialsnowadaysclearlyrevealtheneedofabetterunderstandingofthebasicchemistry.Itisbecomingwidelyrecognizedthatnonewmethodforextractingorprocessingamaterialcanbeconsideredwithoutgoodunderstandingoftherealcostsaswellasitsfateafteritslifetime.like..itisbecomingwidelyrecognizedthat.aswellas..譯文：但是許多出現(xiàn)的問題，象現(xiàn)在的環(huán)境污染、不同材料的毒性，清晰地顯示需要很好地理解基礎(chǔ)化學。如果不能很好的理解產(chǎn)品的真實成本和用完以后的處置，那么就不能考慮出新的提取或者加工材料的方法，這一點已經(jīng)為大家所公認。Anumberofimportantaspectshavetobeinvestigatedforexamplewhethertherequiredpropertiescanbeachievedandmaintainedduringtheuseofamaterial,whetherthematerialiscompatiblewithotherpartsofanassembly,whetheramaterialcanbeeasilyrecycled,whetheramaterialcausesenvironmentalproblem,andwhetheramaterialcanbeproducedeconomically.anumberof..whether...whether.whether.譯文：許多重要的方面必須加以調(diào)查，比如:是否材料要求的性質(zhì)能否達到并且在使用過程中得到保持，是否材料同組裝的其他部分相協(xié)調(diào)，是否材料能夠容易地回收，是否材料會導致環(huán)境問題，是否材料可以很便宜的生產(chǎn)。Takingthefactintoaccountthatmostoftheprocessesduringthelife-cycleofaproductaretypicallychemicalreactions，itbecomesobvious，thatthesolutionoffundamentalmaterialsscienceproblemisintimatelyinterconnectedwithourknowledgeinchemistry.take-^.intoaccountisintimatelyinterconnectedwith譯文：在產(chǎn)品的一生中，大多數(shù)加工工藝是典型的化學反應，很明顯，解決基本材料科學問題的方法緊密的同我們在化學方面的知識緊密地聯(lián)系起來了。Ingeneral,researchinsolidstatechemistryisconcernedwithinvestigationsofsynthesis,structuresandpropertiesofsolids.Themostimportantmotivationistounderstand,topredict,andtodesignthepropertiesofsolidswithrespecttoboth,chemicalcompositionandtheircrystalandelectronicstructures.beconcernedwith...參與干預todosth.withrespectto..譯文：通常,在固體化學中的研究是參與研究固體材料的合成、結(jié)構(gòu)和性質(zhì)。最重要的目的是根據(jù)化學組成和它們的晶體和電子結(jié)構(gòu),去理解、預測和設(shè)計固體材料的性質(zhì)。Thus,solidstatechemistryismainlyconcernedwiththedevelopmentofnewsynthesismethods,newwaysofidentifyingandcharacterizingmaterialsandofdescribingtheirstructure.Inthelastfewyears,thekeydirectionofsolidstatechemistrylayinthesearchfornewstrategiesoftailor-makingmaterialswithdesiredandcontrollableproperties.solidstatechemistry…..layin在于tailor-making特制的譯文：這樣，固體化學主要參與開發(fā)新的合成方法、新的識別和表征材料的方法和描述它們的結(jié)構(gòu)的新方法。在最近幾年，固體化學的重點方向在于找到具有預期的和可控制的性能的特制材料的新的手段。Inthelastfewyears，solidstatechemistsstartedtoexploitacombinationofcovalentandnon-covalentinteractions,i.e.theystartedtoconnectmolecularchemistry,thechemistryofthecovalentbond,withsupramolecularchemistry,basedonnon-covalent,intermolecularforces(electrostaticinteractions,hydrogenbonding,vanderWaalsforces).譯文：過去幾年間，固體化學家開始開發(fā)以共價鍵和非共價鍵結(jié)合的化合物，比如，他們開始把分子化學，共價鍵化學同基于非共價鍵、分子間作用力(靜電作用、氫鍵、范德華力)的超分子化學連接起來。Molecularchemistryisconcernedwithuncoveringandmasteringtherulethatgovernthestructure,properties,andtransformationsofmolecularspecies,whereasthesupramolecularchemistryiscoveringthestructuresandfunctionsoforganizedentitieshighercomplexityformedbyassociationoftwoormorechemicalspeciesheldtogetherbyintermolecularforces.that..限制性定語從句..修飾rule.譯文：分子化學主要參與揭露和掌握控制結(jié)構(gòu)、性質(zhì)和分子式樣轉(zhuǎn)變的規(guī)則，然而，超分子化學含蓋了兩種或兩種以上化學物質(zhì)通過分子間作用力連接起來的高度復雜的組織實體的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。Thenanochemist'sfuturegoalistobuiltandorganizenanoscaIeobjectsundermildandcontrolledconditionsfinalIyofoneclusterofatomsorevenoneatomatatimeinsteadofmanipulatingthebulk,thus,providingareproduciblemethodofpreparingmaterialsthatareperfectinsizeandshape.譯文：納米化學家將來的目標是在溫和的和控制的條件下，一次而不是成批的操作建立和組織一團原子或者一個原子的納米分子水平物體，這樣，提供了一個可重復的材料制備方法，這些材料在尺寸和形狀上都有很好的性質(zhì)。Atpresent，nanochemistryisconcernedwiththedevelopmentofnovelmethodsforthesynthesisandcharacterizationofchemicalsystemswithinthesizerangeofabout1nmto100nm．withinthesizerangeof....譯文：目前，納米化學家參與開發(fā)新的制備和表征化學系統(tǒng)的方法，這些化學系統(tǒng)在1納米到100納米尺寸范圍內(nèi)。TheinterestinnanoscaIeobjectsisduetotheexhibitionofnovelelectronic，optical，magnetic,transport，photochemical,electrochemical，catalyticandmechanicalbehaviors，dependingoncomposition，size，andshapeoftheparticles．Dueto..譯文：納米尺度物體的興趣在于：它們顯示出新的電的、光的、磁的、傳輸?shù)?、光化學的、電化學的、催化的和機械性能，取決于粒子的組成、尺寸和形狀。Itisastonishing,thatmanyrelevantphenomenaatnanoscalearecausedbytheorganizedstructureandbyinteractionsattheirpredominantandcomplexinterfaces.It是形式主語，真正的主語是后面的that從句譯文：在納米尺度的許多相關(guān)的現(xiàn)象由有組織的結(jié)構(gòu)、它們最主要的和復雜界面上的相互作用引起的，這點是特別驚奇的。Eachchangeinboth，compositionorsizecanleadtodifferentphysicalandchemicalproperties，providingalargenumberofnewmaterials.Interestingly，itistruethattheproductofnanochemitryexhibitnewandusefulproperties,butatthesametimeitisnotnecessarilyaneedfornewstartingmaterials:newapplicationsandpropertiesareratheraresultoftailoringmatterandsubsequentlyarrangingthecomponentsbymeansofchemicalinteractions，so，ideally,newpropertiescanarisefromacombinationofinexpensiveandenvironmentallyharmlesscomponents.譯文：在組成或者尺寸上的每一個變化可以導致不同物理和化學性質(zhì)，這就提供了大量的新材料。有趣的是，納米化學的產(chǎn)品顯示出新的和有用的性質(zhì)，但是同時，又不需要開發(fā)新的材料：借助于化學相互作用，通過特制物質(zhì)和排布相應的組成，就可以得到新的應用和性質(zhì)，理想狀況下，把便宜的和環(huán)境無害的成分組合起來，就可以出現(xiàn)新的性質(zhì)。Butthechemistnotonlyhastobeabletosynthesizeperfect，i.e.,monodispersedandshape-definedobjectshavingnanometerdimensions,butalsomayhavetopositiontheseobjectsinappropriatelyorganizedarrays.Thismaybetackledeitherbyusinglithographictechniqu