國際商法第一章ppt

InternationalBusinessLawSuperTengIntroductionSuperTengContentInternationalPersonsLegalSystemsScopeDefinitionSources1.DefinitionInternationalLawThebodyoflegalrulesandnormsthatregulatesactivitiescarriedonbeyondthelegalboundariesofasinglestate.Dealingwiththreekindsofinternationalrelationships:BetweenstatesandstatesBetweenstatesandpersonsBetweenpersonsandpersons1.DefinitionHowtounderstandinternationallaw?Cosmopolitans:InternationallawisbasedonuniversalhumanrightsPositivists:InternationallawisbasedonThesovereignequalityofallstatesintheinternationalsystemStateconsenttoindividualinternationallaws,eitherthroughtreatiesorcustomsHobbesians:stateswillmakeagreementsandabidebyinternationallawonlywhenitsuitstheirself-interest.1.DefinitionPublicInternationalLawDealingprimarilywiththerightsanddutiesofStatesIntergovernmentalOrganizationsAsbetweenthemselves.1.DefinitionPublicInternationalLawCoveringthefollowingsubjectsSourcesofinternationallawInternationalpersonalitiesStateterritoryStatesuccession1.DefinitionPublicInternationalLawCoveringthefollowingsubjectsStateresponsibilitytoaliensLawoftheseaInternationaldisputesettlementLawofwar1.DefinitionPrivateInternationalLawDealingprimarilywiththerightsanddutiesofIndividualsNongovernmentalorganizationsIntheirinternationalaffairs.1.DefinitionPrivateInternationalLawDealingprimarilywiththerightsanddutiesofIndividualsNongovernmentalorganizationsIntheirinternationalaffairs.1.DefinitionPrivateInternationalLawCoveringthefollowingsubjectsTortsInheritancesMoneyandbankingIntellectualpropertyCommercialContractsandsales1.DefinitionPrivateInternationalLawCoveringthefollowingsubjectsTransportationFinancingSecuritiesregulationsAntitrustTaxation1.DefinitionInternationalBusinessLawThebodyoflegalrulesandnormsthatregulatesactivitiesrelatedwithinternationalbusinesstransactions,orinotherwords,allkindsofinternationalcommercialrelationships,especiallytheperson-to-personrelationshipbetweentwopartiestransactingbusinessacrossnationalborders.InternationalcommercialtradeInternationalbusinessorganizations1.DefinitionInternationalBusinessLaw:InternationalLegalPerson:ThepartieshavetheirplacesofbusinessindifferentstatesorcountriesNaturalPerson:Thepartieshavetheirnationalitiesfromdifferentcountries1.DefinitionInternationalBusinessLaw:InternationalThecommercialactivitiesareperformedinastateordistrictoutsidethecountryorcountriesofoneormorepartiesTheobjectofthecommercialrelationshipislocatedinastateordistrictoutsidethecountryorcountriesofoneormoreparties1.DefinitionInternationalBusinessLaw:CommercialGivenawideinterpretationCoveringmattersarisingfromallrelationshipsofacommercialnature,whethercontractualornotEXAMPLE:p.32.SourceTreaties&Conventions:DefinitionTreaty:LegallybindingagreementbetweentwoormorestatesConventions:Legallybindingagreementbetweenstatessponsoredbyaninternationalorganization,suchasUN2.SourceTreaties&Conventions:DefinitionArticle2(1)(a)ofthe1969ViennaConventionontheLawofTreaties:“Treaty”meansaninternationalagreementconcludedbetweenstatesinwrittenformandgovernedbyinternationallaw,whetherembodiedinasingleinstrumentortwoormorerelatedinstrumentsandwhateveritsparticulardesignation.2.SourceTreaties&Conventions:DefinitionExcludingcertainagreementsOralpromisesUnilateralpromisesAgreementsrelatingtointernationalorganizations2.SourceTreaties&Conventions:DefinitionExcludingcertainagreementsAgreementsgovernedbymunicipallawAgreementsthatwereclearlynotintendedtocreatealegalrelationship2.SourceTreaties&Conventions:EffectThedoctrineofpactasuntservanda

(Latinfor“agreementsmustbekept”)BasedongoodfaithTherefore,treaties&conventionsarebindinguponthesignatoryparties.2.SourceTreaties&Conventions:EffectThedoctrineofInternationaljuscogens(Latinfor“compellinglaw”)UndertheinfluenceofnaturallawconceptsAperemptorynormofgeneralinternationallaw,recognizedbytheinternationalcommunityofstatesasanormfromwhichnoderogationispermitted.

2.SourceTreaties&Conventions:EffectThedoctrineofInternationaljuscogens(Latinfor“compellinglaw”)Article53ofthe1986ViennaConventionontheLawofTreatiesTreatiesConflictingwithaPeremptoryNormofGeneralInternationalLaw(JusCogens):(IBLp.8)2.SourceTreaties&Conventions:EffectThedoctrineofpartyautonomy

Undersomecircumstances,thetreatyisbindinguponthelegalrelationshipbetweenthepartiesofaninternationalbusinesstransactiononly

whentheyhavewillinglychosenit.2.SourceCustom:DefinitionGeneralrulesandpracticeshavebecomegenerallyadoptedthroughunvaryinghabitandcommonuseGeneralrulesandpracticeshavebeenaroundforsuchalongtimeoraresogenerallyacceptedthattheyaredescribedasCustomaryLaw.2.SourceCustom:DefinitionAlong-establishedtraditionorusagethatbecomescustomarylawifitisConsistentlyandregularlyobserved&Recognizedbythosestatesobservingitasapracticethattheymustobligatorilyfollow2.SourceCustom:DefinitionArticle38(1)(b)oftheStatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJustice:“Internationalcustom”is“asevidenceofageneralpracticeacceptedaslaw”.2.SourceCustom:EffectTWOelementsBehavioral:ususconsistentandrecurringaction(orlackofactionifthecustomisoneofnoninvolvement)NotmeanlengthyNotmeanthatitmustbefollowedbyallstates2.SourceCustom:EffectTWOelementsPsychological:opiniojurissivenecessitatisStatesobservingthecustommustregarditasbinding2.SourceNationalbusinesslaw3.InternationalPersonsPersonalitiesofInternationalLawStatesandtheirsubdivisionsInternationalorganizationsBusinessesIndividuals3.InternationalPersonsStates:DefinitionPoliticalentitiesthathaveAterritoryApopulationAgovernmentcapableofenteringintointernationalrelations&controllingitsterritoryandpeoples3.InternationalPersonsStates:TypesIndependentstatesSovereignsthatoperateindependentlyinternationallyFreefromthepoliticalcontrolofotherstates&Freetoenterintoagreementswithotherinternationalpersons3.InternationalPersonsStates:TypesDependentstatesFormallysurrenderedsomeaspectoftheirpolitical&governmentalfunctionstoanotherstateSurrendereditsrightstoconductinternationalaffairstoanotherstate3.InternationalPersonsStates:TypesInchoatestatesBegunbutnotcompletedImperfectlyformedordeveloped3.InternationalPersonsStates:RecognitionDefinition

Forastatetoexistintheinternationalcommunity,itmustberecognizedbyotherstates.AunilateraldeclarationCanbeeitherexplicitorimplicit3.InternationalPersonsStates:RecognitionDefinition

Oncegiven,itimpliesthattherecognizedstateorgovernmentisentitledtotherightsandprivilegesgrantedbyinternationallaw.3.InternationalPersonsStates:RecognitionTheoriesforwhenagovernmentshouldberecognized

DeclaratoryDoctrineThelegalexistenceofagovernmenthappensautomaticallybyoperationoflawwheneveragovernmentiscapableofcontrollingaterritoryanditspeople.3.InternationalPersonsStates:RecognitionTheoriesforwhenagovernmentshouldberecognized

ConstitutiveDoctrineThelegalexistenceofagovernmentisdependentonrecognitionbyotherstates.3.InternationalPersonsStates:RecognitionTheoriesforwhenagovernmentshouldberecognized

EstradaDoctrineRemainneutralinforeigncontroversiesbyrejectingtheusualpracticeofstates,namely“recognizing”foreigngovernments.3.InternationalPersonsStates:TerritorialSovereigntyDefinition

TherightofagovernmenttoexclusivelyexerciseitspowerwithinaparticularterritoryTherightMAYNOTbeabsolute.3.InternationalPersonsStates:TerritorialSovereigntyServitudes

OtherstatesMAYobtainservitudes,eitherbytreatyorpractice,toalimiteduseofcertainterritory.NegativeServitudes:airandwaterpollutionNegativeservitudesMAYpreventonestatefromdoingsomethingwithinitsterritorythatcausesinjurytoasecondstate.3.InternationalPersonsStates:TerritorialSovereigntyAcquisition(IBLp.17)BytheoccupationoflandnotclaimedbyanothersovereignBythevoluntarytransferofterritoryfromonesovereigntoanotherBytheconquestandcontinuedoccupationoftheterritoryofanothersovereign3.InternationalPersonsStates:TerritorialSovereigntyChanges(IBLp.18)DispositiveTreatyMergerRuleMovingboundariesRuleCleanSlateDoctrineSuccessionofStates3.InternationalPersonsInternationalOrganizations:Types

PublicorIntergovernmentalOrganizationsApermanentorganizationsetupbytwoormorestatestocarryonactivitiesofcommoninterest.3.InternationalPersonsInternationalOrganizations:Charter

PublicorIntergovernmentalOrganizationsAdocumentoutliningtheprinciples,functions,andorganizationofajuridicalentity.3.InternationalPersonsInternationalOrganizations:LegalCapacity

PublicorIntergovernmentalOrganizationsForanIGOtohavethelegalcapacitytodealwithotherinternationalpersons—includingthecapacitytocarryondiplomaticrelationswithastateortosueorbesuedinaninternationalormunicipalcourt—itmustberecognized.3.InternationalPersonsInternationalOrganizations:Types

PrivateorNongovernmentalOrganizationsAninternationalorganizationmadeupoforganizationsotherthanstatesNonprofitNGOsNonprofitNGOsserveascoordinatingagenciesforprivatenationalgroupsininternationalaffairs.3.InternationalPersonsInternationalOrganizations:Types

PrivateorNongovernmentalOrganizationsAninternationalorganizationmadeupoforganizationsotherthanstatesFor-profitNGOsAlsoknownastransnationalcorporationsormultinationalenterprises(MNEs)Businessfirmoperatingbranches,subsidiaries,orjointventuresintwoormorestates.4.MunicipalLegalSystemTheAnglo-AmericanCommonLawSystemsReferringtolawandthecorrespondinglegalsystemdevelopedThroughdecisionsofcourtsandsimilartribunals,ratherthanThroughlegislativestatutesorexecutiveaction.4.MunicipalLegalSystemTheAnglo-AmericanCommonLawSystemsBasedlargelyoncaselaw,thatis,oncourtdecisions(court-maderulesorprecedents)THUSmadebyjudgesJudgesbasedtheirdecisiononlegalprecedents,thatis,onearliercourtrulingsinsimilarcases,but4.MunicipalLegalSystemTheAnglo-AmericanCommonLawSystemsBasedlargelyoncaselaw,thatis,oncourtdecisions(court-maderulesorprecedents)THUSmadebyjudgesJudgescouldexpandlegalprecedentsthattheyconsideredtobeinerrororoutdated.4.MunicipalLegalSystemTheAnglo-AmericanCommonLawSystemsOrigin:tracedbacktotheNormanConquestoftheyear1066Name:derivedfromthetheorythattheking’scourtsrepresentedthecommoncustomoftherealm,asopposedtothelocalcustomarylawpracticedinthecountyandmanorialcourts.4.MunicipalLegalSystemTheAnglo-AmericanCommonLawSystemsAllcountriesandregionsoncecolonizedbyEnglandbasedtheirnationallegalsystemsonthecommonlaw.4.MunicipalLegalSystemTheAnglo-AmericanCommonLawSystemsCaselawisstillimportantincommonlawcountries.HOWEVER,Thelawmakingroleoflegislaturesincommonlawcount