成人學(xué)士學(xué)位英語1

成人學(xué)士學(xué)位英語輔導(dǎo)講座主講教師：許峰stephenxucz@東南大學(xué)遠(yuǎn)程教育第01講學(xué)位英語考試內(nèi)容與形式1.聽力(20%)SectionA完成對(duì)話（5%）

SectionB簡短對(duì)話（10%）SectionC對(duì)話與短文(5%)形式：選擇題2.閱讀理解（30%）四篇文章，每篇長度約300字，每篇文章后有5個(gè)選擇問題，共20題。文章題材廣泛，難度中等。體裁為記敘文，議論文，說明文等。學(xué)位英語考試內(nèi)容與形式3.完形填空（10%）一篇約200字的短文。文中留有20個(gè)空格，每個(gè)空格為一題，每題四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)。4.詞匯與語法（15%）SectionA詞匯（10%）20題選擇題，包含詞匯與短語選擇SectionB語法（5%）10題填空題，涉及英語中的各類基本語法知識(shí)學(xué)位英語考試內(nèi)容與形式5.英譯漢(10%)5題，英文句子均選自閱讀理解中劃線句子。要求：表述通順，理解正確，譯文達(dá)意。6.寫作（15%）按要求寫一篇不少于100字的英語作文，體裁為記敘文，議論文，說明文，應(yīng)用文。要求：內(nèi)容切題，語言通順，結(jié)構(gòu)完整，用詞恰當(dāng)，語義連貫。

語法概要：名詞

普通名詞(man,city)

集體名詞(staff,team)物質(zhì)名詞(water,iron)抽象名詞(fear,joy)專有名詞(Tom,China)不可數(shù)名詞在特定場合可轉(zhuǎn)換為可數(shù)名詞,但詞義會(huì)發(fā)生變化。aniron(熨斗)ayouth(青年人)可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式１.大多數(shù)名詞在詞尾加–s

desksdayshouses２.以o,s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞加-esheroes

bushes

boxes

watchestomatoes

注：如果詞尾ch發(fā)k音,要加–s如stomachs字母o結(jié)尾的外來詞,縮寫詞的復(fù)數(shù)只加–spianoskilosphotostobaccoso前面是元音字母也只加–s,studioszoos

3.以輔音加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i再加–esfamily–familieslady–ladies4.有十三個(gè)名詞以f或fe結(jié)尾,復(fù)數(shù)要去掉f或fe,再加-ves.calf,half,knife,leaf,life,loaf,self,shelf,thief,wife,wolf,elf,sheaf.life–livesleaf–leaves不規(guī)擇名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式1.有些名詞以改變?cè)舻姆椒ㄗ優(yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，有些輔音也有變化。foot–feetmouse–micegoose–geesechild–children2.有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同

sheepfishdeermeansworks

3.外來詞有獨(dú)特的變化形式Criterion–criteriacrisis–crisesdatum--data復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式1.有連字符的復(fù)合名詞的中心詞加–sbrother-in-law--brothers-in-laweditor-in-chief–editors-in-chief2.沒有連字符的復(fù)合名詞最后一個(gè)構(gòu)成部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)bookshelf–bookshelvespathfinder–pathfindersbrainpower–brainpowers3.由man,woman構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí)，兩個(gè)詞均變?yōu)?/p>

復(fù)數(shù)womandoctor--womendoctorsmandriver–mendrivers

名詞的所有格構(gòu)成：1.大多數(shù)名詞所有格是由名詞加’s構(gòu)成

theboy’sbookmen’swork2.以-S結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞加（’）構(gòu)成所有格

thestudents’reading-roomtheSmiths’house3.并列名詞表示所有關(guān)系時(shí)，在各個(gè)名詞之后加’s

Mary’sandBob’sbooks

如果僅在第二個(gè)名詞后加’sMaryandBob’sbooks，則表示兩人共有的書用法：1.表示人名和有生命物的名詞thecat’spawMike’sbike

2.表示時(shí)間，距離anhour’sdriveamile’sjourney3.表示重量apound’sweigh4.表示價(jià)值

adollar’sworth5.表示城市，國家Nanjing’sweatherChina’spopulation6.用于一些習(xí)語之中atdeath’sdoorforGod’ssakeatwit’sendExercises1.Some________wereseenloafinginthestreets.(youth)2.Therearemorethan100___________ontheairport.(aircraft)3.Thereisno________offindingoutwhathappenedinthegovernment.(means)4.Several_________wereinjuredwhenviolencebrokeout.(police)5.Inthegardenshetookalotof__________.(photo)6.Chinesetoysaresoldat__________.(Smith)7.Thisshopsells____________clothingonly.(woman)8.Allthe________________inthehospitalwillgetarisenextmonth.(womandoctor)9.Shetookgreat______tocompleteherworkaheadoftime.(pain)

youthsaircraftmeanspolicephotosSmith’swomen’swomendoctorspains10.Televisionisfitforvarious__________.(use)11.Pleasegivemybest_________toyourparents.(regard)12.Wehavecollectedenough_______onthesubject.(datum)13.Thefiredestroyedhundredsofhousesand______.(life)14._________fallinautumn.(leaf)15.Billpaidnoattentiontoother________criticismofhim.(people)16.Everyonewasinhigh_________thatday.(spirit)17.Foreignshipsarenotallowedtofishinourterritorial_______.(water)18.Hissisterboughthimapairof_____(shoe).usesregardsdatalivesleavesPeople’sspiritswatersshoes語法概要：冠詞不定冠詞a(n)1.表示一這個(gè)數(shù)量Heneedsanassistant.Romewasnotbuiltinaday.2.用在可數(shù)名詞前,表示一類人或物Achildneedslove.Ahorseisausefulanimal.3.用在某些數(shù)目的表示法中adozenacoupleaquartertwiceaweek4.用在姓名前或Mr./Mrs./Miss./Ms./+姓氏前,表示“某一個(gè)”,有不肯定的意味ShewasaStuart.AMr.Thomsonwantedtoseeyou.5.用在某些物質(zhì)名詞前,表示“一陣,一份,一類,一場”等I’dliketohaveanice-cream.Hewascaughtinaheavyrain.6.用在某些表示情緒的抽象名詞前,表示“一種,一類”It’sashametobehavelikethat.It’sapleasureformetoworkwithyou.定冠詞1.用在表示獨(dú)一無二的或是被認(rèn)為唯一東西的名詞前theskythesuntheMiddleAges2.用在表示特指的人或物的名詞前(熟知或心照不宣的人或物)HelenisintheGarden.Theairisfreshaftertherains.3.用在第二次提到的人或物的名詞前Hissisterisstudyingatacollege.ThecollegeisinBeijing.4.用在形容詞,副詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞前;only,main,sole,same修飾名詞時(shí),也要用定冠詞

That’sthemainthing.Heisthesolewinner.Thedarkestcloudhasasilverlining.Heisthefirstmantocome.5.用在單數(shù)名詞前表示類屬Therosesmellssweet.Thewhaleisindangerofbecomingextinct.6.用在形容詞,動(dòng)名詞,過去分詞前表示一類人或某種抽象概念therichtheoldthewoundedthegoodandtheeviltherightandthewrong7.用在表示海洋,河流,山脈,群島,某些國名或組織機(jī)構(gòu),報(bào)紙,書籍,會(huì)議,條約,信仰等名詞前.

theAtlantictheTamestheAlpstheUnitedStatesthewarsawPactthePhilippinestheTass注:表示湖泊的名詞前一般不加定冠詞,但中國湖泊名詞前卻常帶定冠詞

LakeBaikertheTongtingLake8.用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式前表示“一家人”TheSmithsoftengodowntownonSundays.9.用在樂器名稱前Sheisplayingtheviolin.Heplaysthepianoverywell.10.用在某些名詞前表示民族,階級(jí),階層

theChinesetheintellectualstheupperclass11.用在表示人體或衣著某一部分名詞前

Theballhappenedtohitherintheface.Themanseizedtheboybythecollar.零冠詞1.在介詞后表示抽象概念的名詞前

Heisatuniversity.Hersonisstillinjail.2.在形容詞+of+表示身體部位的單數(shù)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)中Heisastoutman,redofface.3.在單數(shù)名詞變?yōu)槲镔|(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞時(shí)

Shelikesrabbitverymuch.SchoolbeginsinMarchDon’tcaretoomuchaboutface.4.不可數(shù)名詞表示泛指Thebridgewasbuiltofwood.Withoutwatermancan’tlive.5.復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞表示泛指Computersarewidelyusedinourcountrynow.6.泛指人類或男女Manislordoverthecreation.Exercises1.________LakeMichiganisoneoftheGreatLakesinNorthAmerica.2.________SuezCanaljoinstheRedseaandtheMediterranean.3.Thelazymanwassentto______prisonforstealing.4.Mr.smithisanoldcustomerand_______honestman.5.Wearegoingtoinviteyouto______teanextweek.6._______teacherisonewhoteachesinschool.7.Theylostthefirsttwogamesbuttheymanagedtowin______thirdgame.8.Don’taskmetodo______impossible.9.Isawmany_____girlatthecinema.10.By______timewegothometheprogramhadfinished./The

/an/Athetheathe11.Hetookthelittleboyby_____handandpattedhimon_____head.12.Canyouimagine______worldwithnowars,nohunger,nopain.13.let’sinvite______fewfriendstocomewithus.14.OnourtriptoSpain,wecrossed______AtlanticOcean.15.Imetwithherquiteby_______chanceinOxfordStreet.16.Everyyearweholdabigpartytocelebrate____NewYear’sDay.thetheaathe//成人學(xué)士學(xué)位英語輔導(dǎo)講座主講教師：許峰stephenxucz@東南大學(xué)遠(yuǎn)程教育第02講語法概要:代詞分類:人稱代詞(I,them,you),形容詞性物主代詞(my,your),名詞性物主代詞(mine,hers),不定代詞(anything,some),指示代詞(this,that),疑問代詞(who,whatever),反身代詞(myself,itself),相互代詞(eachother),關(guān)系代詞(who,which)代詞的使用要點(diǎn):1.當(dāng)一個(gè)句子中有兩個(gè)(或以上)人稱代詞時(shí),語法功能相同的代詞形式應(yīng)該一致.JimandIsawthemanpassingby.Betweenyouandme,hegotalotofmoneyfromsomewhere._____同為主格______同為賓格2.如果幾個(gè)人稱代詞并列,排列順序?yàn)?

第二人稱+第三人稱+第一人稱

you,JimandmemyfriendsandIyouorthey3.并列人稱代詞短語需要用另一人稱代詞替代時(shí),只要原短語中有第一人稱,便用復(fù)數(shù)第一人稱代詞we

替代,如果只有第二人稱代詞,則用復(fù)數(shù)第二人稱代詞you

替代.

Wehavealottotalkabout,youandI.You,MaryandJohnwillmeetatthestation.Youcango.4.指示代詞that與those的替代作用及與one,ones用法區(qū)別:that代替指物的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,表示確指;those代替指人或物的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,表示確指.Theclimatehereismuchbetterthanthatofyourcountry.Hislasttwobooksareagreatsuccessascomparedwiththosehewroteearlier.One,ones分別代替指人或物的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,表示泛指.Abridgebuiltofironismuchstrongerthantheonebuiltofstone.Theseboxesareabittoosmallandyoushouldfindsomebiggerones.5.each,everyone,everyone的區(qū)別

each可作代詞或形容詞,而every只做形容詞,each指兩者以上(含兩者)每一個(gè);every只能指三個(gè)或以上的每一個(gè).

EachofthemagazinesEachoneofthemagazinesEveryoneofthemagazinesEveryofthemagazines√√√XEveryone中的every是形容詞，作定語。Everyone后面常跟of短語，表示范圍。Everyone是代詞，其后不能帶有of短語。Everyoneofthestudentspassedtheexam.Everyoneofthestudentspassedtheexam.6.Other與another的用法和結(jié)構(gòu)Other可以作代詞，指兩者中的一個(gè)，“thesecondoftwo”，構(gòu)成one…theother結(jié)構(gòu)。Hehadtwodaughters,oneababy,theotheragirlof12.Other作代詞，指兩者以上，前加定冠詞theothers,相當(dāng)于therest，others則相當(dāng)于otherpeople（他人）Idon’tcarewhatothersmaythinkofme.SomestudentscomefromChina,theothersfromJapan.正誤Other作形容詞時(shí)，后面接復(fù)數(shù)名詞。Hehasreadalotaboutthepeopleofothertimes.Other與數(shù)詞并用，前無the時(shí)，數(shù)詞要位于other之前，前有the時(shí)，數(shù)詞位于other前后均可。ShelentmetwootherbooksShelentmeothertwobooks.Shelentmethetwootherbooks.Shelentmetheothertwobooks.Another是由an+other合成，只接單數(shù)名詞。既然another本身含有不定冠詞an，故前面不可加any，不能說anyanother,但other前可以接any（anyother）。在“another+數(shù)詞+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，another作“再”解，該名詞必須為復(fù)數(shù)。Wewalkedanothertenmiles.正誤正正Exercises:1.Heisn’tnearlyassmartas_______.(he)2.Itrustyouasmuchas_______.(she)3.Healwaysconducts_________(he)likeascholar.4.Noonewillberesponsibleforit,neitheryounor_____(he)5.Iwillnottrust________theywillelect.(who)6.Itwas_______thathelpedtheoldmanoutofdifficult.(she)7.Justbetweenyouand_____thatmaniscrazy.(I)8.Iinterviewedeverybodybut______.(he)9.Thewomeninthecommitteeexpressed______opinionsforcefully.10.Everybodytalkedatthetopof______voice.11.there’sababyinpram.Why,_____iscrying.heherhimselfhewhomevershemehimtheirhisit12.Irecognizedoneofthegirls,butIdidn’tspeakto____.13.Theyeachhad_______problems.14.Haveyoureceivedmyletter?_____waspostedamonthago.15.Ihavelostmykeys.Ican’trememberwhereIlost______.16.Iconsider_____mydutytohelpyou.17.Thestudentsoftenhelp__________intheirstudies.18.don’tbothertodoit_______,someoneelsewilldoitforyou.hertheiritthemiteachotheryourself

形容詞與副詞形容詞的主要功能：(1)定語

Heisagoodstudent.(2)補(bǔ)語(主補(bǔ)，賓補(bǔ)）Thebottlewasfoundempty.(主補(bǔ)）Thenewsmadehersad.(賓補(bǔ)）(3)表語Thebird’ssongisverysweet.

注：有3類系動(dòng)詞或感官動(dòng)詞后，須用形容詞作表語，不可用

副詞：1）表示“是”，“在”的動(dòng)詞:remain,keep(持續(xù)在),

continue(繼續(xù)在),stay,stand,lie等Heremainedsilentatthemeeting.2).表示“變成，成為”的動(dòng)詞后要用形容詞作表語：grow，turn,get,go(變成),come等。Herdreamhascometrue.3)感覺，感官動(dòng)詞后用形容詞作表語:taste,appear,look,sound,smell,feel…Itsoundsnice.形容詞級(jí)的構(gòu)成：單音節(jié)和部分雙音節(jié)形容詞詞尾加er或est構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。多音節(jié)形容詞在原級(jí)前more,most構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí).BrightbrighterbrightestthinthinnerthinnestImportantmoreimportantmostimportant變化不規(guī)則的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)：沒有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的形容詞（或副詞）：1）表示“極限，主次”的形容詞（副詞）chief(ly),extreme(ly),junior,senior,superior,maximum,minimum,minor等2)表示“方位，時(shí)間，處所”的形容詞（副詞）ahead,daily,front,present,south等3).表示“材料，國籍，性質(zhì)”的形容詞American,atomic,industrial,silken,woolen等4）表示“獨(dú)一無二”的形容詞mere,only,single,soleunique等5).表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的形容詞（副詞）barely,hardly,own,simply,very,scarcely6).表示幾何形狀的形容詞angular,straight,round,square等形容詞的有關(guān)句型，用法，比較及含義1.as+原級(jí)+as和not+so/as+原級(jí)+asThetreeisastallasthebuilding.Yourcoffeeisnotso/asgoodasmine.2.比較級(jí)與than連用，用于兩者之間的比較Theymadefewermistakesthanyou.Theroomislongerthanitisbroad.

注：morethan常有“不止，超過”等含義，反義詞：lessthanworsethan.Sheismorethanpretty.Imorethansawit,Itouchedittoo!3.The+最高級(jí)+in/of用于三者以上的比較Sheistheyoungestofthefamily.Thisistheoldesthouseintheneighborhood.4.比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)Ourcountryisgettingstrongerandstronger.Theweatherisgettingwarmerandwarmer.5.形容詞比較級(jí)（或副詞比較級(jí)）可用much,far,hardly,no,alot,still,ever,alittle,twotimes等修飾Thebookisalittlemoredifficultthanthatone.Theymadetentimesmorecarsthisyearthantheydidlastyear.Yourbicycleisfarbetterthanmine.6.在senior,junior等形容詞后用to，不用than

這類形容詞有senior(年長于),junior(年幼的),superior(優(yōu)于),inferior(低于),prior(先于）Weareinferiortoothersinmanyrespects.7.The+比較級(jí)，the+比較級(jí)（越…越…)Themorebooksweread,themoreknowledgeablewebecome.副詞的構(gòu)成：1.大部分副詞由相應(yīng)的形容詞加上后綴–ly

構(gòu)成。slowslowlyhappyhappilyfinalfinally2.有些副詞是由介詞加后綴–ward(s)構(gòu)成,意為“向…”forward(s)backward(s)upward(s)3.名詞+-ly構(gòu)成的詞有些既可作副詞，也可以做形容詞。hourly,weekly,monthly,yearly…Theiraveragehourlyearningsare20yuan.Theguardsshiftedhourly.

4.具有兩種形式的同根副詞

一種與形容詞同形，一種是形容詞加后綴–ly構(gòu)成(1)hard和hardlyHeworksveryhard.Icanhardlyunderstandyou.(2)clean,cleanlyIcleanforgotaboutit.（完全地）Hepulledonecorkcleanly,buttheothercrumbled.(利索地）(3)late,latelyVerylateatnight,Igotaphonecall.Ihavelatelyreceivedanumberoflettersaboutthis.(4)close,closelyHewasfollowingclosebehind.(近）WatchwhatIdoclosely。（細(xì)心地）Theprisonerswerecloselyguarded.（嚴(yán)密地）

(5)fair,fairlyWemustplayfair.Shehithimfairlyonthenose.副詞的主要功能：作狀語，修飾形容詞，副詞，動(dòng)詞，介詞短語或整個(gè)句子。Herunfast.Thebookisveryinteresting.Thebuscamequiteearly.Sheleftshortlyafterthemeeting.Frankly,Idon’tagreewithyou.副詞的位置：1.程度副詞放在所修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，或副詞前面。

如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞前有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞，程度副詞要放在兩者之

間，如果是be動(dòng)詞，程度副詞要放在其后。Iamveryhappytobewithyou.HespeaksEnglishprettywell.Henearlygotrunoverbyacar.Icanhardlybelievewhathesaid.Heisterriblysorryforhismisdeeds.2.頻率副詞通常放在行為動(dòng)詞前

當(dāng)句中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞或be動(dòng)詞時(shí)，則放在這類動(dòng)詞后。Ioftenseeherwalkinthepark.Hehasneverbeenlate.3.方式副詞一般放在動(dòng)詞后Thegirldancedbeautifully.HespeaksFrenchwell.4.時(shí)間副詞一般放在句首或句尾Hewillbebacktomorrow.Tomorrow,hewillbeback.5.地點(diǎn)副詞位于句首或句尾Thechildrenareplayingupstairs.Herethespeakerpausedforawhile.6.疑問副詞通常位于句首；評(píng)注性副詞和邏輯連接副詞通常也位于句尾，有時(shí)位于句中。Whydidn’thecome?Evidently,thisisnotthebestchoice.Thebook,frankly,isnotinterestingatall.Exercises1.Thereareplentyofapples.Theharvesthasbeen_______.(plenty)2.Thechildrenarebehavingverywell,theyarewell-_______.(behave)3.Thesnowhadcoveredthecountrysideduringthenight.Wemustgoskiingonthe_________hills.(snow).4.Hishealthisgetting_______and_______.(well)5.Whichjobis_____________,apoliceman’sorafireman’s.(dangerous)6.Heisa_________boy.(intelligence)7.I’ve_______gotanycleanclothesleft.(hard)8.Frankcanthrowtheball_______thanHart.(far)plentifulbehavedsnowybetterbettermoredangerousintelligenthardlyfarther9.Thebookisstrange.Itwas_______differentfromalltheotherbooksIhaveeverread.(differ)10.Thestolenjewelrywasvaluedatathousanddollars.Itwasextremely________.(value)11.Thatwasamost___________story.(astonish)12.Theprisonerswere________guarded.(close)13.Hearrivedlateyesterday,buttodayhearrivedalittle______.(early)14.Whatis_________jokeyouhaveeverheard?(funny)15.The______youstart,the__________you’llfinish.(soon,quick)16.Itwasas_______ofsuccessasIexpected.(much)differentvaluableastonishingcloselyearlierthe

funniestsoonermorequicklymuch成人學(xué)士學(xué)位英語輔導(dǎo)講座主講教師：許峰stephenxucz@東南大學(xué)遠(yuǎn)程教育第03講動(dòng)詞分類：從意義和句法功能分為從形式上分為：動(dòng)詞的限定形式和非限定形式動(dòng)詞限定形式(謂語形式)，受到主語人稱和數(shù)的限制。動(dòng)詞的非限定形式(非謂語形式),包含1）動(dòng)詞不定式，2）-ed分詞和-ing分詞，不受主語人稱的限制，不能獨(dú)立充當(dāng)謂語，但可以和助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等一起構(gòu)成謂語。Heisapleasantfellowtoworkwith.Abarkingdogseldombites.行為動(dòng)詞及物動(dòng)詞playreadgive不及物動(dòng)詞risearrivecome系動(dòng)詞beseembecome助動(dòng)詞dohave情態(tài)動(dòng)詞canmaymust動(dòng)詞在應(yīng)用中所需注意的一些問題：1.終止性動(dòng)詞和延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞終止性動(dòng)詞不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞則可以。Hehaslivedhereforalongtime.Hehasjoinedtheclubforalongtime.2.動(dòng)詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定，意義上相當(dāng)于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，常見四種形式：1).“及物動(dòng)詞+副詞”相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞，可以用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，可接

賓語,如果賓語是名詞，既可放在動(dòng)詞后，也可放在副詞之后，

如果是代詞，只能放在動(dòng)詞后。(handin,giveup,turnon,pickup…)。Shepickedthebookup.Shepickedupthebook.shepickeditup.

正誤2).“不及物動(dòng)詞+副詞”相當(dāng)于不及物動(dòng)詞，不能用于被動(dòng)態(tài)。(breakout,takeplace,growup,givein…..)Thewarbrokeoutin1980andlasted8years.3).“動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞”相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞。(catchupwith,goonwithmakeupfor,runoutof…..)Theoldshouldkeepupwithtimes.4).“動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞”相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，由主動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)化成被動(dòng)存

在兩種形式。(takecareof,payattentionto,makefunof……)Weshouldpaymuchattentiontowhathesaid.Whathesaidshouldbepaidattentionto.Muchattentionshouldbepaidtowhathesaid.3.時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)1).如果主句的謂語時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)，從句可以根據(jù)需要選用時(shí)態(tài)。Iknowwhois(was,willbe,hasbeen)inchargeofthework.Iwilltellyouhowtheygot(willget)theinformation.2).如果主句謂語時(shí)態(tài)是一般過去時(shí)，則從句用過去相關(guān)時(shí)態(tài)。Ididn’tknowwherehewas.Ithoughtshewastakingabaththen.3).如果從句表示客觀事實(shí)，真理，其時(shí)態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Theteachertoldthechildrenthatthesunisthecentreofthesolarsystem.4).為了表達(dá)思想的需要，特別是在定語從句和狀語從句中，可以對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行調(diào)整，這時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不需要呼應(yīng)。Themanwhospokeatthemeetingishisbrother.4.被動(dòng)語態(tài)1).時(shí)態(tài)形式表一般時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)完成時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在amis+askedareamis+beingaskedarehas

+beenaskedhave過去was

+askedwerewas

+beingaskedwerehadbeenasked將來shall

+beaskedwillshall

+havebeenaskedwill過去將來should

+beaskedwouldshould

+havebeenaskedwould2).不及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語不能用于被動(dòng)態(tài)Greatchangeshavebeentakenplaceinmyhometown.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometown.3).在主動(dòng)態(tài)中，如果感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后的賓補(bǔ)是動(dòng)詞，動(dòng)詞前往往不帶to，但是被動(dòng)語態(tài)要帶to。Isawherpassbythewindow.shewasseentopassbythewindow.4).及物動(dòng)詞短語轉(zhuǎn)化成被動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，要防止遺漏動(dòng)詞短語中的介詞。Tomturnedontheradio.TheradiowasturnedonbyTom5).主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義的詞

感官動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞加形容詞可以表示被動(dòng)意義。Theflowersmellssweet.Theclothfeelsverysoft.誤正

某些及物動(dòng)詞后加副詞也可以表示被動(dòng)意義，如wash,write,sell,read,play,clean,draw,keep等Thetypeofrecordersellswell.Thatkindofshirtwashedwell.want,deserve,need,require,stand,take,won’tbear和worth等詞后面可以用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。Thebookisworthreading.Thecoatrequiresmentioning.(=Thecoatrequirestobementioned.)Thechildrenneedlookingafter.(=thechildrenneedtobelookedafter.)

成人學(xué)士學(xué)位英語輔導(dǎo)講座主講教師：許峰stephenxucz@東南大學(xué)遠(yuǎn)程教育第04講5.虛擬語氣虛擬語氣是把動(dòng)作當(dāng)做一種只存在于講話人想象中的“假設(shè)”或“推測”表達(dá)的是懷疑，憂慮，推測，假設(shè)，祝愿等。1).虛擬語氣在條件句中的運(yùn)用I.虛擬條件句Hewouldn’tfeelsocoldifhewereindoors.Themeetingwouldn’thavebeensosuccessfulifwehadn’tmadeadequatepreparations.條件從句結(jié)果從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反If+主語+動(dòng)詞過去式(be動(dòng)詞一律用were)主語+would等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形與過去事實(shí)相反If+主語+had+過去分詞主語+would等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have+過去分詞與將來事實(shí)相反A式：一般過去式B式：were+不定式C式：should+動(dòng)詞原形主語+would等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形

snowed

Ifitweretosnowtomorrow,Ishouldstayathome.

shouldsnowII.錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句虛擬條件句和主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)間不一致，主句和從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要根據(jù)各自所指時(shí)間選用適當(dāng)?shù)奶摂M語氣形式。IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’thavemissedthefilmlastnight.Ifyouhadspokentohimlasttimeyousawhim,youwouldknowwhattodonow.III.無“條件”的虛擬語氣表示無“條件”的詞有with,without,butfor,incaseof,otherwise等Butforyourhelp,wecouldn’tsucceededUndersuchcircumstances,Iwouldhavedonethesame..2).虛擬語氣在其他從句中的運(yùn)用I.wish后的賓語從句用虛擬語氣,與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，用were或動(dòng)詞的一般過去式；與過去事實(shí)相反，用had+過去分詞或would(could)+have+過去分詞，表示將來沒有把握或不太可能的愿

望，用would（should…)+動(dòng)詞原形.Iwishshewerehere.Iwishyouwouldgowithustomorrow.Iwishshehadtakenmyadvice.II.Ifonly后用虛擬語氣,謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去式表示沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,用過去完成時(shí)表示過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望.譯為“要是…就好了”Ifonlyshehadknownwheretofindyou.IfonlyIcouldspeakseveralforeignlanguages.III.建議，命令類動(dòng)詞跟賓語從句時(shí)，從句要求用虛擬式，謂語動(dòng)詞為should+動(dòng)詞原形（should可省略).常見這類動(dòng)詞有suggest,order,demand,propose,command,insist,recommend等Sheinsistedthattheseats(should)bebookedinadvance.Iadvisedthatthedoctor(should)besentfor.

注：由這類動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的名詞，其后跟有同位語從句和表語從句時(shí)，也要采用類似虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)。Heissuedtheorderthatthetroops(should)withdrawatonce.

當(dāng)上述動(dòng)作做其他含義解釋時(shí)，用陳述語氣。Heinsistedthathewasnotinvolvedinthecase.IV.在表示驚訝，憂慮，不快，歡欣等感情色彩的句子結(jié)構(gòu)中需采用虛擬式，should+動(dòng)詞原形指現(xiàn)在或?qū)戆l(fā)生的事情,should+動(dòng)詞完成式指已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情。It’spitythatheshouldleavesosoon.It’sdisgracefulthatsheshouldhaveactedlikethat.V.Itis(high,about)time…..句型要求用虛擬語氣。謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式，指現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r。Itisabouttimethatwewenttobed.Itishightimethatwewereoff.VI.在Forfearthat,in;orderthat,sothat,lest引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用虛擬式should(could,might)+動(dòng)詞原形，lest引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)，用should+動(dòng)詞原形。Heremindedhertwiceofitlestsheshouldforget.IwillmakeanoiseforfearthatIshould(might）disturbyou.Takeyourraincoatwithyouincaseitrains/shouldrain.VII.Wouldrather,wouldsooner,hadbetter,justassoon后的句子用虛擬式，用一般過去式，表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼脑竿眠^去完成式，表示一個(gè)過去的愿望。I’dratheryoupaidthemoneyyourself.I’drathershehadn’tdonethat.VIII.Asif(asthough)引導(dǎo)的方式或表語從句，有時(shí)用虛擬式。謂語用一般過去式，表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。用過去完成時(shí)，表示與過去事實(shí)相反，表示將來可能性不大，用could（would，might）+動(dòng)詞原形。Hetalksasifheknewallaboutit.Shelooksasthoughsheweresick.Hetalksaboutpyramidsasthoughhehadseenthemhimself.Exercises:1.I’mgettingtireditistimewe_______home.(go)2.I’llphoneyouassoonasI__________thenews.(get)3.Jameshasjustarrived,butIdidn’tknowhe_________untilyesterday.(come)4.Healways_______withhiswindowsopen.(sleep)5.Ifeelasifmyhead______onfire.(be)6.WhenIwentdownstairs,they_________television.(watch)7.Bythetimethisletterreachesyou,I__________thecity.(leave)8.Hurryup,thetrain___________.(justcomein)9.Thegirl___________onthisessayfor20minutes,butshehaswrittenonlyaboutahundredwords.(work)10.Hesaidthattheboy__________muchprogresssincehecamehere.(make)wentgetwascomingsleepswerewere

watchingwillhaveleftisjustcoming

uphasbeenworkinghadmade11.ThetrainhadleftbeforeI______station.(reach)12.Wedidn’tfindourseatstillaftertheplay__________.(begin)13.Thebook______________intomanylanguages.(translate)14.Thework______________bythetimeyougetthere.(do)15.Shewasproudof__________totheballsponsoredbytheforeignoffice.(invite)16.Weareallupforyourproposalthatthediscussion_________(putoff)17.Withoutelectricity,there___________nomodernindustry.(be)18.Ifyou________theboatup,itwouldn’thavedriftedaway.(tie)19.IwishI_________hardwhileIwasyoung.(study)20.Hebehavesasifhe_______thisplace.(own)reachedhadbegunhasbeentranslatedwillhavebeendonebeinginvitedbeputoffwouldbehadtiedhad

studiedowned成人學(xué)士學(xué)位英語輔導(dǎo)講座主講教師：許峰stephenxucz@東南大學(xué)遠(yuǎn)程教育第05講情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞可以幫助實(shí)義動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成限定性動(dòng)詞詞組，常用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can(could),may(might),shall(should),will(would)dare,need,must.意義及用法：1.Can可以表示許可(may在非正式場合替代詞),可能性或能力。Youcanborrowtwobooksatatimefromthelibrary.Ican’tguesswhosebookitis.Canyoutype?注：1).can表示能力時(shí)，可以與beableto換用，但表示經(jīng)過努

力而辦到某個(gè)具體事情時(shí)，只能用beableto.Areyouabletotype?Afterstrivingfor6years,hewasabletoreachtheseashoreatlast.

2).could

具有can的各種功能外，還可以表示委婉客氣的提出

問題或陳述看法。Couldyoucomealittleearlier?3).Can(could)+have+過去分詞，用來表達(dá)推測，意思是“可

能”。Johncan(could)havebeenseriouslyhurtintheaccident.Hecouldn’thavebeenswimmingallday.2.May表示許可（正式場合）；可以做或可能發(fā)生的事，還可

以表示祝愿。Youmaytakethebookhome.Theymaynotbetheretoday.Mayourfriendshiplivelong.

注:1).may表示可能時(shí)不能用于疑問句，而要以belikelyto代

替。Ishelikelytowinthematch?2).May(might)aswell+動(dòng)詞原形。

這種結(jié)構(gòu)用來建議或勸說某人采取某種行動(dòng)，相當(dāng)于hadbetterItisverylate,soyoumay(might)aswellgotobed.Maywell+動(dòng)詞原形“理應(yīng)，有足夠理由”Hemaywellbeproudofhisson.3).May(might)+have+過去分詞，用于推測過去的行為。Shesaidthathemighthavemissedtheplane.3.Must表示必須,主觀上認(rèn)為有必要做某事（have

to表示客觀需要）Imustlearnanotherlanguage.Ihavetolearnanotherlanguage.must還可以表示一種推斷（肯定），must+have+過去分詞表示對(duì)過去事情的推測。ThismustbeJim’spen.Shemusthavereadthebooksometimeinthepast.

4.need表示需要，做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)后面不帶to，做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)后面帶（to）。Heneedneverknow.Shedidn’tneedtocomeneed的否定式可以加完成體，表示“本不需要做而做了的事情”Sheneedn’thavecome.5.oughtto(should)+have+過去分詞，表示本應(yīng)該做而沒有做的事情否定式表示本不應(yīng)該做而作的的事情。Youshouldhavegivenhermorehelp.Yououghtnottohavetoldherthat.6.will和would

表示請(qǐng)求，would更委婉willyougivehertheletter?wouldyoupleasetellmeyourtelephonenumber?表示推測ItwillbeMr.smithknockingatthedoor?Itwouldbeaboutteno’clockwhenhelefthome.

Exercises:1.Ifyoudon’tliketoswim,you_______aswellstayathome.2.You_______havedonethosecalculations!Wehaveacomputertodothatsortofthing.3.You______haveseenherinherofficelastFriday,shehasbeenoutoftownfortwoweeks.4.Thissuitcaseistooheavy.______youpleasegivemeahand.5.Honor_____bemeasuredininchesorcountedlikemoney.6.NeedIbringmyluggagealong?Yes,you______.7.Youdon’thavetoringherup,she_____beat