合并會計中的商譽問題【外文翻譯】

外文文獻翻譯原文：TheGoodwillIssueintheConsolidationAccountingIntroductionBackgroundDuringthe1980’sand2000’sagreatnumberofbusinessmergersandacquisitionstookplace,especiallyhappenedintelecommunications,defense,bankingandfinancialservice,healthcare,andentertainment.Companiespurchaseothercompaniesforavarietyofreasons.First,insomecases,competinginagivenindustryrequiressignificantresources,atpresent,moreandmorecompetitionsintheeconomicmarket,onlylargecompaniescansurvive.Secondacommongoalinthesebusinesscombinationswastoattractlargeamountsofinvestmentcapital.Third,asacorporatestrategy,somecompaniespurchaseothercompaniesinordertogainaccesstonewcustomersandmarkets.Theyaimtodiversifyintodifierentproductareas.LikeMaytag’sexample,Maytag’sgoalistojointheglobalapplianceindustry.Corporatemanagementoftenisrewardedwithhighersalariesasincreaseofthesizeofthecompany.Inaddition,prestigefrequentlyincreaseswiththeexpansionofacompanyandwithareputationforthesuccessfulacquisitionofothercompanies.Asaresult,corporatemanagementoftenfindsitpersonallyadvantageoustoincreasecompanysize.FormsofM＆AFirst,astatutorymergerisatypeofbusinesscombinationinwhichonlyoneofthecombiningcompaniessurvivesandtheotherlosesitsseparateidentity.Second,astatutoryconsolidationisabusinesscombinationinwhichboththecombiningcompaniesaredissolvedandtheassetsandliabilitiesofbothcompaniesaretransferredtoanewlycreatedcorporation.Third,astockacquisitionoccurswhenonecompanyacquiresthevotingsharesofanothercompanyandthetwocompaniescontinuetooperateasseparate,butrelatedlegalentities.Therelationshipthatisformedinastockacquisitionisreferredtoasaparent-subsidiaryrelationship．Aparentcompanyisonethatownsamajorityofthevotingstockofanothercompany,referredtoasasubsidiary.Theparent—subsidiaryrelationshipisimportantbecausetheparentcompanieshavetheabilitytocontrolthesubsidiarycompanies.Inthisdissertation,thiswillbefocusonthiskindofrelationshipcompanies’financialstatementreporting．ThereportingentityandconsolidatedfinancialstatementManycompanieswouldliketooperatecompaniestheyacquiredasseparatelegalentitiesratherthanawholecompany.However,fromafinancialreportingpointofview,statementuserswanttoseetheentireeconomicentity’sfinancialstatementresult.Forthisreason,financialdepartmentusuallyconsolidateorcombinethefinancialresultoftheseparatecompanies.Therefore,consolidatedfinancialstatementspresentthefinancialsituationandtheresultsofoperationsforaparentcompanyandoneormoresubsidiarycompaniesasiftheindividualentitiesactuallywereasinglecompanyorentity.Accountingprinciplesrequireconsolidatedfinancialstatementswhenaparentcompanyownsmorethan50％ofaSubsidiarycompany.Consolidatedstatementsarebasicallyusedtopresentforthebenefitoftheshareholders,creditorsandotherresourceprovidersoftheparent.Evenwhenonlyafewrelatedcompaniesareinvolved,consolidatedfinancialstatementsoftenprovidethebestandthefullestinformationregardingtheactivitiesandresourcesoftheoveralleconomicentity.FormandpurposeofconsolidatedaccountsConsidernowthecaseofacompanythatacquiresamajority(51％ormore)ofthevotingsharesofanother.Suchashareholdinggivesitcontroloftheinvestee.Itmaybeashort-intermsofshareownership-foraninvestorcompanytomovefromsignificantinfluencetocontrolbutthedifferenceinaccountingisprofound.Accountantsarguethatwhenonefirmacquiredcontrolofanother,aneweconomicentityiscreated.Agroupconsistsoftheinvestorcompanyandtheinvesteecompanyoritssubsidiaries.Theparentcompanypreparesaccountsforthegroup:theseareknownasconsolidatedaccounts.Inaddition,theparentandeachofthesubsidiarycompanies,beinglegalentities,continuetoprepareseparateaccounts.Consolidatedaccountsprovidefinancialstatementreaderswithinformationaboutalltheresourcesunderonecompany’scommand:whatformtheytake,howtheyarefinancedandhowsuccessfullytheyhavebeenemployedintheyear.Thisisthereasonofexistenceofconsolidationaccounts.LiteratureReviewThehistoryofcombinationaccountingIn1970,theAccountingPrinciplesBoardoftheAmericanInstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountantsissuedanOpiniononBusinessCombinations,whichsetoutindetailtheprinciplesonwhichthePoolingandPurchasemethodsshouldbeused.Inl971theAccountingStandardsCommittee,onbehalfoftheprincipalaccountingbodiesinBritainandIrelandissuedanexposuredraft(ED3)ofaproposedstatementofstandardpracticeonAccountingforAcquisitionsandMergers.ThisfollowedtheAICPlAstatementinoutline,butwithsomedifferences,andinmuchlessdetail.Thisproposedstatementwasallowedtolapse,sinceitdidcontravenethetwoprovisionsoftheCompaniesAct1984,buttheaccountingbodiesdidnotmakeanystatementdisapprovingthemergermethod.ThisambivalenceendedwiththedecisioninShearerV.BercainLtd.Aholdingcompanywhichhadacquiredtwosubsidiariesbyshareexchangeusedtheacquisitionmethod,andcrediteddividendsreceivedoutofthepre-acquisitionprofitsofthesubsidiariestothecostoftheinvestments,ratherthantoprofitandaccount.TheInlandRevenueclaimedthatthecompanycouldhaveusedthemergermethod,whichwouldhavemadethepre-amalgamationprofitsofthesubsidiariesdistributabletothemembersoftheholdingcompany.Thecourtheldthatthecompanywaspreventedfromusingthemergermethodbytheruleinpar.15.5Sched.8C.A.1948andtheInlandRevenueclaimfailed.Thiswasthefirstjudicialrulingonthemergermethod,andasaresulttheDepartmentofTrade,attherequestoftheaccountingbodies,includedinthe1981CompaniesActretrospectivevalidationofthemergermethodforcompanieswhichhaduseditbeforetheActcameintoforce,andalesscomprehensiveclearanceforitsuseinthefuture.In1983theInternationalAccountingStandardsCommitteeissuedastatement(IAS22)onAccountingforBusinessCombinations,basedcloselyonAPB16.ThemethodsofcombinationaccountingBeforeIFR3therearetwomethodsofaccountingforbusinesscombinations:purchaseandpoolingofinterests.Poolingofinterestsmethodaccountingisonlyforthebusinesscombinationofacontinuityofownership;thatis,theownersofthecombingcompanycontinueastheownersofthecombinedcompany.Forexample,ifonecompanyacquiresanotherbyissuingsharesofcommonstockinexchangeforthecommonstockoftheothercompany,thestockholdersofbothcombiningcompaniescontinueasownersofthecombinedcompany.Apoolingofinterestscanoccuronlywhenonecompanyusesitsowncommonstocktoacquiretheassetsorstockofanothercompany.Purchaseaccountingisappropriatewhenanimportantownershipinterestiseliminatedinthebusinesscombination,whichmeans,onecompanyacquiresanothercompanyforcashthestockorassets,theownersoftheacquiredcompanydonotcontinueasownersofthecombinedcompany,whichhavingtakencashratherthananownershipinterest.Underpoolingofinterestsaccounting,thebookvalueoftheassets,liabilities,andowners’equitiesofthecombiningcompaniesarecardedtothecombinedcompanyasifthecompanieshadalwaysbeencombined:thatis,thebalancesheetitemsarenotadjustedtofairvalues.Underpurchaseaccounting,acquiredassetsandassumedliabilitiesarereportedbytheacquiringcompanyattheirfairvaluesatthedateofacquisition.Therefore,thepurchasedmethodwasthemorecommonmethodandwasusedinallcaseswhereonecompanywasseenasacquiringanother.Thepoolingofinterestwasusedonlywheretheshareholdersofthetwocompanieswereseenascomingtogetherto‘a(chǎn)chieveacontinuingmutualshareintherisksandbenefitsattachingtothecombinedentitysuchthatneitherpartycanbeidentifiedastheacquirer.’(IAS22BusinessCombinations,IASCrevised1998,para.8-nowreplacedbyIFRS3)IFRS3nowallowsonlythepurchasemethod.Thiswillensuregreaterandclearcomparabilityoffinancialstatementsforusersandremovetheincentivetostructurecombinationsinsuchawayinordertoproducethedesiredaccountingresult.Inadditional,onlyinthepurchasedmethod,thefairvalueandgoodwillareinexistence.Theseshouldbeassessedcorrectlyandthatoccurlotsofargumentbetweenregulatorsandprofessionals.Iftheinvestmentisgreaterthantheshareofnetassetsthenthedifferenceisregardedasthepurchaseofgoodwill.Currently,goodwillisoneofthemostcontentiousissuesinaccounting.AnalyzeAnintangibleassetorgroupofassetsthatisacquired,otherthaninabusinesscombination,shallbeinitiallyrecognizedandmeasuredbasedonfairvalue.Ifagroupofassets,thecostwillbeallocatedproratabasedonfairvalue,andshallnotgiverisetogoodwill.TheSFAS141criteriaforincludingingoodwillintangibleassetsthatarenotseparableorarisesfromacontractualrightdonotapplyinSFAS142．Costsofinternallydeveloping,maintainingorrestoringintangibleassetsthatarenotspecificallyidentifiable,thathaveindeterminatelivesaretobeexpensedwhenincurred.Anintangibleassetwithafiniteusefullifeisamortized;onewithanindefiniteusefullifeisnotamortized.Usefulllifeistobedeterminedbasedonananalysisofallpertinentfactors,suchas:.Expecteduseoftheasset.Expectedusefullifeofanotherassetorgroupofassetstowhichtheusefullifeoftheintangiblemayrelate(suchasmineralrightstodepletingassets).Legal,regulatoryorcontractualprovisionsoravailablerenewalsOncetheusefullifeisdetermined,themethodofamortizationisnotnecessarilystraightline-themethodofamortizationshallreflectthepatterninwhichtheeconomicbenefitsoftheintangibleassetareconsumedorotherwiseusedup.Ifthatpatterncannotbereliablydetermined,astraight-1ineamortizationmethodshallbeused.Inrecordingamortization,residualvaluemustbeconsideredaswell.Ifanintangibleassetbeingamortizedislaterdeterminedtohaveanindefiniteusefullife,theassetwillbetestedfor,impairment,andshallnolongerbeamortized.ImpairmentofanintangibleassetthatisbeingamortizedistestedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofSFAS121-AccountingfortheImpairmentofLong-LivedAssets.AnintangibleassetthatisnotsubjecttoamortizationistobetestedforimpairmentatleastannuallyinaccordancewithSFAS142.Goodwillisnottobeamortized,anditisconsideredimpairedwhenitscarryingamountexceedsitsimpliedfairvalue.ReportingunitsImpairmentreviewsaretooccuratleastannually,atthe”reportingunit”level.Areportingunitisdefinedasanoperatingsegmentoronelevelbelowanoperatingsegment.AsdefinedinSFAS131,DisclosuresaboutSegmentsofanenterpriseandRelatedInformation,anoperatingsegmentisabusinesscomponentthatearnsrevenuesandincursexpenses,whoseoperatingresultsareregularlyreviewedbymanagementtoassessperformanceandallocateresources,andforwhichdiscretefinancialinformationisavailablet.Acomponentofanoperatingsegmentisareportingunitifitsassetsconstitutea‘‘business”inadditiontobeinganoperatingsegment.SFAS142permitstheaggregationofeconomicallysimilarcomponentsforimpairmentreviewpurposes.Thedefinitionofreportingunits.andthepossibleaggregation.couldhavesignificantfutureimpact,asthebusinesschangesovertime.Stepone-carryingamountcomparisonThefirststepcompares,the‘‘fairvalue”ofthereportingunittoitscarryingamount(shareholders’equityincludinggoodwill).Ifthefairvalueexceedscarryingamount,nofurthertestingisrequired.Ifhowever,carryingamountexceedsfairvalue,thereisevidenceofimpairment,meaningthevalueofgoodwfllislessthanitscarryingvalueonthebalancesheet.Steponeimpairmenttestingmustbedoneatleastannually,andcanbeperformedatanytimeduringtheyear,providedthetestisperformedatthesametimeeveryyear.Differentreportingunitsmaybetestedforimpairmentatdifferenttimes.Impairmentshouldbetestedbetweentheannualtestifcircumstanceschangethatwould‘‘morelikelythannot”reducetheunit’sfairvalue.Suchcircumstancesinclude:ChangesinlegalfactorsorthebusinessclimateAdverseactionbyaregulatorUnanticipatedcompetitionLossofkeypersonnelExpectationthatareportingunitmaybedisposedofSteptwo-impairmentmeasurementIfsteponeresultsinthecarryingamountofthereportingunitexceedingitsfairvalue,furtherimpairmenttestingmustbeconducted.Sincegoodwillcannotbemeasureddirectly,itsvalueisdeterminedasaresidualamountaftervaluingallassetsotherthangoodwill.Ifsteponerevealsanimpairmentofgoodwill,boththetangibleandidentifiableintangibleassetsarevaluedinordertodeterminetheimpliedfairvalueofgoodwill.Itmaybenecessarytoengagetheservicesofexpertsinvaluingmachineryandequipmeritandintangibles,SFAS142requiresvaluingacompany’srecordedandunrecordedintangibleassetssuchasinternallygeneratedpatents.Theimpliedfairvalueofgoodwillshallbedeterminedthesamewayasforabusinesscombination,thatis,fairvalueofthereportingunitwillbeallocatedtoalltheassetsandliabilitiesoftheunit,includingunrecognizedintangibleassets,asifthereportingunithadbeenacquired,andthefairvalueoftheunitwasthepricepaid.Theallocationisdoneonlyforpurposesoftestingtheimpairmentofgoodwill-nowrite-uporwrite-downofarecognizedassetorliabilityistooccur.Norshouldapreviouslyunrecognizedintangibleassetberecognizedasaresultofsteptwoimpairmenttesting.ConclusionInbackgroundpartoftheintroduction,thereasonsofconsolidatedcompanieshadbeenexplained,becauseattlleendoflastcentury,thatwasthepeaktimeofbusinesscombination,itshownthattheimportanceforresearcherstostudytheconsolidatedaccounting,andtoanalyzetheadvantageordisadvantageofitsapplicationinpractice.Continuously,thesortsofcorporateexpansionhavebeenlisted.Andthenimmediatelymmtheemphasisononeofthem:stockacquisition.Thatisoneofthebroadestformsforcombination.0fcourse,afteracademicbackground,theemphasisshouldbecontinuedtonarrow,sothattheconsolidationaccountingwhichthisstudytookhadbeenillustrated.Atthethirdpartoftheintroduction,thatisthewholepaperformintroduction,andpresentedthenoveltyofthisstudyforengagingthereaders.Intheliteraturereviewpart,largenumberofpublicationshavebeenreadandresearched.Fromthefoundationalconceptstotheargumentsofissuesofconsolidatedaccounting,thestudyhadbeendeepenedstepbystep.Toresearchthemostimportantissue,goodwillandintangibleassets,thebestwayistohearthevoicefromothers,therefore,thereisasectionlistedthegoodwilldebatefullyinthepartofliteraturereview.Then,previouswerkhadbeenusedtoinformthisstudy,intermsofdevelopingasetofresearchquestions,theoreticalmodelandformulatingortestinghypotheses.Theassociatedphilosophicalparadigmsgoverningmyresearchapproachisprimaryresearch,whichispositive,realiststance.ThemethodIusedtocollectthedataisqualitative,whichcamefromlotsofjournal,periodicalandliterature.Tobeconcluded,asbusinesshasbecomemorecomplexandindustrialprocessesmoresophisticated,theamountpaidtoacquireanintangibleassethasbecomesignificantincomparisontothefixedassetbaseofsomecompanies.Internallygeneratedintangibleassetsmaybecapitalizediftheyhavemarketvalue,purchasedgoodwillandintangiblesshouldbecapitalizedinthebalancesheet.Andafterdiscussion,weknewthatoncetheyhavebeencapitalized,theseassetseitherbeampnizedorsubjecttoaregularimpairmentreview,dependingontheirusefuleconomiclife.Source:GUOQin．TheGoodwillIssueintheConsolidationAccounting[R]．Binjing：BeijingJiaotongUniversity，ER．China，2009．197-202．譯文：合并會計中的商譽問題1．介紹背景在1980年和2000年之間發(fā)生大量的企業(yè)兼并和并購，尤其是在電信、國防、銀行及金融服務(wù)、醫(yī)療保健和娛樂領(lǐng)域。公司購買其他公司原因多種多樣。首先，在某些情況下，某一行業(yè)的競爭需要大量的資源。目前，越來越多的經(jīng)濟市場競爭中，只有大公司才能生存。第二，這些業(yè)務(wù)組合的共同目標是要吸引大量的投資資本。第三，作為一個企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略，有些企業(yè)購買其他公司是為了獲得新的客戶和市場。他們的目標是分散投資在不同的產(chǎn)品領(lǐng)域。像美泰克企業(yè)的目標是要加入全球家電行業(yè)。企業(yè)管理通常是以公司規(guī)模的增加而提供更高的薪水作為獎勵。此外，一個公司的信譽常伴隨著這個公司的擴張和成功收購別的企業(yè)而增加。因此，企業(yè)管理往往尋求利于自己增加公司規(guī)模的渠道。并購形式首先，法定合并是只有一個公司幸存，另一個公司失去生存的獨立身份的企業(yè)合并類型。第二，企業(yè)法定整頓是一個商業(yè)組合，其中兩公司合并解散，兩家公司的資產(chǎn)和負債轉(zhuǎn)移到一個新創(chuàng)建的公司。第三，股票收購發(fā)生在一個公司收購另一家公司有表決權(quán)的股份，兩家公司單獨繼續(xù)經(jīng)營，屬于相關(guān)的法律實體。這種股票收購形成的關(guān)系稱為母子公司關(guān)系。母公司，是指擁有另一家公司（子公司）的多數(shù)投票權(quán)股份的公司。母子公司關(guān)系是非常重要的，因為母公司有能力控制它的附屬公司。在這篇論文中，這種關(guān)系是陳述報告類型的重點。報告主體及合并財務(wù)報表許多企業(yè)的經(jīng)營是作為獨立的法人實體收購，而不是整個公司。然而，從財務(wù)報告的觀點來看，報表使用者希望看到整個經(jīng)濟實體的財務(wù)報表的結(jié)果。出于這個原因，財政部門通常對不同公司的財務(wù)結(jié)果進行鞏固或合并。因此，合并財務(wù)報表是為母公司的經(jīng)營業(yè)績和一個或多個附屬公司提供當前的經(jīng)濟狀況和經(jīng)營成果，猶如個別公司是一個實體經(jīng)濟。會計準則要求合并財務(wù)報表時，母公司擁有超過50％的附屬公司。合并報表目前基本上用于為股東，債權(quán)人及其他資源提供者的投資者提供利益。即使只有一些相關(guān)的公司參與，合并財務(wù)報表往往提供最好最充分的資料相關(guān)的活動和整體經(jīng)濟實體資源。合并賬目的目的和形式現(xiàn)以一個公司為例，獲取了對其附屬公司有大量的表決權(quán)股份（51％或以上），這樣的股權(quán)使它的擁有投資控制的權(quán)利?？赡茉诙虝r期內(nèi)，這個公司主體為其附屬公司提供有影響的控制，但在會計上的區(qū)別是深刻的。會計理論上認為，當一個公司收購另一個公司進行控制時，將建立新的經(jīng)濟實體，有投資公司和被投資公司組成及其分支機構(gòu)。母公司為集團準備帳戶：這些被稱為合并報表。此外，母公司及附屬公司分別作為法人實體，繼續(xù)準備單獨的帳戶。合并報表提供財務(wù)報告使用者所有資源在一個公司的使用情況：他們采取何種形式，他們?nèi)绾稳谫Y以及如何成功地聘請他們。這就是合并報表存在的理由。2．文獻回顧合并會計的歷史1970年，會計原則委員會對美國注冊會計師協(xié)會發(fā)表了企業(yè)合并的意見：詳列匯集和購買方式以及被使用的原則。1971年，會計準則委員會代表主要會計機構(gòu)在英國和愛爾蘭發(fā)表了一個征求意見稿，對收購和合并會計提供一個標準的做法提出聲明。在此之前，在大綱AICP1A中有過聲明，但是在細節(jié)上存在著差異。這項建議的聲明被允許失效，因為它確實違反了公司1984年的兩個法令規(guī)定，會計機構(gòu)，但沒有作出任何聲明不贊成合并的方法。該公司的決定結(jié)束了這一矛盾。一個控股公司，通過股權(quán)置換收購了兩家子公司使用的采集方法，并將對子公司的投資成本收購前利益記入股息，而不是利潤和賬戶。稅務(wù)局聲明公司也可以使用作出分派到各附屬公司的控股公司的成員前合并利潤的方法。法院認為，該公司使用的規(guī)則導致合并方法受阻，稅務(wù)局索賠失敗。這是第一次在司法裁決合并方法，其結(jié)果是貿(mào)易部署在會計機構(gòu)的要求，包括在1981年公司法對其中曾使用過它的法令生效后公司的合并方法回顧性驗證，并為它將來使用較少的全面清理。1983年，國際會計準則委員會緊緊圍繞這一基礎(chǔ)發(fā)表了關(guān)于企業(yè)合并會計報表。合并的會計方法IFR的前3個有兩個業(yè)務(wù)合并的會計方法：購買法和權(quán)益法。權(quán)益法核算只為一個擁有連續(xù)性企業(yè)合并，也就是說，合并公司的所有者繼續(xù)擔任合并后的公司的業(yè)主。例如，如果一個公司通過發(fā)行收購了其他公司的普通股，兩公司合并的股東繼續(xù)擔任合并后的公司的所有者。購買時，所有者權(quán)益在企業(yè)合并中是重要的，一個公司以現(xiàn)金或資產(chǎn)的形式獲得股份，被收購公司的業(yè)主不繼續(xù)擔任合并后的公司所有者，這已采取現(xiàn)金，而不是所有權(quán)權(quán)益。根據(jù)權(quán)益法會計，資產(chǎn)，負債的賬面價值以及合并公司企業(yè)主的股票被梳理到合并后的公司，就好像這個公司一直在結(jié)合，這是資產(chǎn)負債表項目不進行調(diào)整以公允價值。購買法會計核算下，收購資產(chǎn)和承擔的負債是由收購公司報告了于收購日的公允價值。因此，購買法是在所有情況下一家公司并購另一家公司常用的方法。權(quán)益法，只有在這兩家公司的股東分別為走到一起承擔的風險成為合并實體。例如，任何一方可以作為確定收購方持續(xù)經(jīng)營。（國際會計準則22業(yè)務(wù)合并，機構(gòu)間常設(shè)委員會1998年修訂，第8段，現(xiàn)在改為國際財務(wù)報告準則3）IFRS3現(xiàn)在只允許購買法。這將確