世界各地的工作時間和工作與生活平衡+Working+Time+and+Work-Life+Balance+Around+the+World

authorization,onconditionthatthesourceisindicated.Forrightsofreproductionortranslation,nmaymakementbytheILOoftheopinionsProducedbytheDocumentandPublicationsProduction,PrintingandDistributionUnit(PRODOC)oftheILO.Graphicandtypographicdesign,layoutandcomposition,printing,ductivity,andcompetitiveness.DecisionsonworkingtimeissuescanalsohaverepercussionsdustrylevelsofemploymentandwsedsemeasuresdeployedndINWORKvPrefaceiiiAcknowledgementsix1.Introduction1Thecontentsofthisreport31.Introduction7Averagehoursofwork11ntConclusion482.6References493.Workingtimearrangementsandtheireffectsonwork-lifebalance513.1Thestandardworkweek513.2Shiftwork(includingnightandweekendwork)52Parttimework56 ce3.4Flextime,includingtime-bankingarrangements623.5Compressedworkweeks65Hoursaveragingschemesincludingannualizedhours65nceConclusion673.8References684.Working-timematchesandmismatchesbetweenworkers’preferredandactualhoursofwork734.1Dataandmeasures744.2Workingtimemismatchesaroundtheglobe:therecent“stateofplay”74e4.3Theeffectsofworkingtimemismatchesonworkerwell-being99Physicalhealthlhealth4.3.4Effectsofhoursmismatchesonemployers:productivity,performanceandretention100Conclusion101References102Appendix105Workingtimerelatedcrisisresponsemeasures109Introduction109Theuseofworkingtimemeasuresascrisisresponse1115.3Workingtimereductionandjobretention115sasamodelyConclusion134References137Conclusionsandimplicationsforpolicy141Mainconclusionsofthereport1416.2Implicationsforpublicpoliciesandenterprise/organizationalpolicies143References150mistimeasaVisitingScholarattheILODrAngelikaKmmerlingandDrThomasreztyeamsandlgalmploymentdebatesnotonlythenumberofhoursofworkbutalsoworkingtimearrangementsfectemodel”inwhichalladultsareassumedtobeinpaidwork.Thereductioninwomen’seconomicnexperiencenegativeexternalitiesfromworkfamilyconflictincludinglower22ssmdecreasedsignificantlyamongemployeesintheexperimentalgroupbutnotthecontrolgroup.efindingsaresupportedbyametaanalysisofstudiesanalysingflexibleworkingschedulesdfocus,concentrationandmotivation(Raabe1996;Williamsetal.2000).Similarly,acasestudyofThisfirst-everILOglobalreportonworkingtimefocusesontheactualnumberofhoursofwork,meThisreportdoesnotcovernationallawsrelatedtoworkingtimebecauselegaldevelopmentsregardingworkingtimewerecomprehensivelyreviewedintheGeneralSurveyconcerningworking-timeinstruments-Ensuringdecentworkingtimeforthefuturein2018.4eirPresspFagan,Colette,etal.2012.TheInfluenceofWorkingTimeArrangementsonWork–LifeIntegrationofRelatedOutcomes:AStudyofEmployedParentsinTwoCommunitySamples”.JournalofOccupationalyomelysearchenogyPitsenberger,D.Jeanne.2006.“JugglingWorkandElderCaregiving:Work–LifeBalanceforAginglRoehling,PatricaV.,MarkV.RoehlingandPhyllisMoen.2001.“TheRelationshipbetweenWork-LifecticesandEmployeeLoyaltyALifeCoursePerspectiveJournalofFamilyandEconomicX2.eorkusThetimerelatedunderemploymentrateTRUisameasureoflabourunderutilizationthatprovidesinformationontheployedpersonswhoarewillingandavailabletoincreasetheirworkingtimeforproductionwithintheSNAproductionboundary)andwhohaveworkedfewerhoursthanaspecifiedtimethresholdduringthereferenceperiod.TRUsignalsinadequateemployment(ILO2008).8ersAnnualworkinghoursperworkerAverageworkinghoursperworkeroveranentireyear.Before1950thedatacorrespondsonlytofull-timeproductionworkers(non-agriculturalactivities).Startingin1950estimatescovertotalhoursworkedintheeconomyasmeasuredprimarilyfromNationalAccountsdata.UnitedStatesAustraliaUnitedKingdomenGermany0hplotthedatafromHubermanMinnsandextendcoverageusinganupdatedvintageofPWTwhichusesthesameunderlyingsource.Comparisonsbetweencountriesarelimitedduetodifferencesinmeasurement.esAnnualworkinghoursperworkerAverageworkinghoursperworkeroveranentireyear.Before1950thedatacorrespondsonlytofull-timeproductionworkers(non-agriculturalactivities).Startingin1950estimatescovertotalhoursworkedintheeconomyasmeasuredfromprimarilyNationalAccountsdata.a0hplotthedatafromHubermanMinnsandextendcoverageusinganupdatedvintageofPWTwhichusesthesameunderlyingsource.Comparisonsbetweencountriesarelimitedduetodifferencesinmeasurement.icofKoreatheRepublicofKoreacontinuedImplementationorntheperorhfekekAsiaandthePacificandthePacificEuropeandCentralAsiaNorthern,SouthernandWesternEuropeWorlderent049.143.841.340.840.740.133.8TotalMenWomen41.642.540.139.335.536.036.435.441.438.545.251.5Asshowninfigure3a,theaveragenumberofhoursofworkperweekinpaidworkgloballywasrstaonactualhoursofworkfocusesonmeasuringthehoursworkedinaparticularweekthereferenceweekwhilearespondentstypicalusualnumberofhoursofworkperweekTheoursdatapresentedinthischapterusesdataonactualhoursofworkperweekunlessotherwisespecifiedghoursofworkountriesthatrepresentspercentoftotalglobalemploymentionofcountriesterritoriestedinthischapterseeAnnexeksaleMiningandrryingeksaleMiningandrryingenek0World47.340.846.047.340.846.045.240.841.341.040.8TotalMenn049.844.643.239.044.537.542.2Plant,machineoperatorsServiceandsalesworkersCraftandrelatedtradesworkersTechnicians&associatesClericalsupportworkersElementaryoccupandskilledagri.TotalMenWomeniculturesectorisnotoriouslydifficultduetothehighlyseasonalnatureofsuchthemeasurementiscriticalanditisnotpossibletohavemuchconfidencethattheaveragehoursforanyparticularweekistrulyrepresentativeoftheentireyear.TotalMenWomneorkdemonstratesthatthisparticularworkingtimemeasure.Thatisaseriousshortcomingbecause–aswithanymeasureofcentraltendency–theangeaslX048.56.7alalalalalalWorldrsaweek9.59rsaweek9.5940.047.735.4nAmericaandtheCaribbeanSouth-EasternAsiaandthe…World0totalTotalTotalMenWomenngtpesOworkrsaweek34.333.439.6rsaweek34.333.439.6423.120.845.439.531.1worldwiththentofas0alalalalalalWorldTotalMenWomenrsaweek37.7rsaweek37.731.1andthePacificWorldrsaweekTotalMenWomen330.127.727.738.6730.630.630.30.1227.7225.747.427.27.5alalalalalalWorldTotalMenWomenrsaweekrsaweek31.932.847.844.4andthePacificWorldrsaweek0TotalMenWomen052.049.540.11 lesalelesaleTransport&communicationsAccomodation&foodservicesMiningandMiningandRealestate&businessservicesPublicadministrationTotalMenWomenichnperheroxHoursofworkanddomesticworkersorktheyarenotadomesticworkerTheliteraturemakesadistinctionLO(1)LonghoursofworkOXXBoxHoursofworkanddomesticworkers(continued)(2)Lackofclearworking-timeboundarieseLO(3)Restperiodsandannualleaveiskeyilyorersaweek026.9Plant,machineoperatorsandassemblersServiceandsalesworkerssCraftandrelatedtradesworkersretailtradeElementaryoccupandskilledagri.workersTechnicians&associatesClericalsupportworkersTotalMenWomenyInaddition,thesituationofworkersintheelementaryoccupations,includingskilledagriculturalVIDonorethan48hoursaweek%workingmorethan48hoursaweek%workingmoftheworldwheretheproportionoflong-hoursworkerswasthehighestpriortothepandemic:WomenMenWomenMen55055000QQ2QQ2LatinAmericaNorthernAmericaSouth-EasternandthePacificNorthern,SoutherneEasternEurope6Thegraphsshowninfigure9arebasedonILOcalculationsusingdatafrom60countriesorareas(excludingIndiaandChina),representingclosetoonethirdofglobalemployment.EstimatesforAfrica(2countries),theArabStates(1country),EasternAsia(2countries),SouthernAsia(1country)andCentralandWesternAsia(2countries)arenotdisplayedduetothelimitednumberofcountriesorareaswithavailabledatafortheperiod2019–2020.Estimatesareweightedaveragesbasedonsurveydatafrom63countriesorareas.However,estimatesforAfrica(2countries),ArabStates(1country),EasternAsia(2countries),SouthernAsia(1country)andCentralandWesternAsia(2countries)arenotdisplayedduetothelimitednumberofcountriesavailableandtheresultinglackofrepresentativenessoftheresults.torebletseddcountriesthaninemergingeconomiestheiesincountriesinrecentdecades.Suchshorthoursofworkorpart-timeworkinghavebeengraduallytractualarrangementsforcomparableworkersinfulltimeemploymentILOeviewedinChapterworkinglessthan35hoursaweekworkinglessthan35hoursaweek1workinglessthan35hoursaweeklemploymentin14.024.77.828.020.3andthePacific50TotalMenWomenCentralandWesternAsiaNorthern,Southernand…World0alalalalalalAfricaAmericasArabStatesAsiaandtheEuropeandWorldTotalMenWomenworkinglessthan20hoursaweek0.33alalalalalalworkinglessthan20hoursaweek0.33alalalalalalAfricaAmericasArabngenderdifferenceintheincidenceofshorthoursofworkisdueprimarilytothefactthatwomenubrt0StatesAsiaandtheEuropeandWorldTotalMenWomenmayalsobeusedforexamplelessthanhoursperweekworkinglessthan20hoursaweekworkinglessthan20hoursaweek14.09.87.6lemploymentin50thernAmericaCentralandWesternAsiaSouth-EasternAsiaandthe…Northern,outhernand…nAmericaandtheCaribbeanSub-SaharanAfricaWorldTotalMenWomenThemainreasonforconcernwithregardtobothshortandveryshorthoursofworkisthatsuchtimerkXFigure12a.Time-relatedunderemploymentamongpeopleworkinglessthan35orlessthan20hoursperweek,bymajoranddetailedgeographicregion(totalemployment,2019,in%)asternEuropeWorld010203040obalemploymentnt-50South-EasternAsiaandthePacificSouthernAsiaasternEuropeWorld-40-30Men-1001W0omen3040-40-30-20%timerelatedunder-employment20304050srepresentingpercentofglobalemploymentworkinglessthan35hoursaweek23.422.3workinglessthan35hoursaweek23.421.56.7roperf0alalalalalalAsiaandtheEuropeandalAsiaWorldTotalMenWomenworkinglessthan35hoursaweekworkinglessthan35hoursaweek23.7workinglessthan35hoursaweek045.843.928.326.950CentralandWesternAsiaandthePacificatinAmericaandNorthern,Southernand…WorldWorldTotalMenWomenk0alalalalalalAsiaandtheEuropeandalAsiaWorldTotalMenWomenworkinglessthan35hoursaweek9.430.040.826.9workinglessthan20hoursaweekingEmerging6.1lopedworkinglessthan35hoursaweek9.430.040.826.9workinglessthan20hoursaweekingEmerging6.1lopedingEmerging5.2Developed0.1Total2.3ingEmerging2.2Total3.2ingEmerging1.3Total6.4Emerging3.1Total4.8EuropeandalAsiaWorlde0TotalMenWomenNorthern,CentralandWesternAsiaSouth-EasternAsiaandthe…LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanWorldWorld86420nTotalMenWomn%workinglessthan20hoursaweek1.09.6%workinglessthan20hoursaweek%workinglessthan20hoursaweek1.09.6%workinglessthan20hoursaweek7.786420TotalMenWomenEasternEuropeCentralandWesternAsiaSouth-EasternAsiaandthe…LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanSub-SaharanAfricaNorthern,WorldWorldk50alalalalalalWorldTotalMenWomenworkinglessthan20hoursaweek4.2workinglessthan20hoursaweek4.29.820.3.150WorldWorldTotalMenWomenhework.workinglessthan35hoursaweek3workinglessthan20hoursaworkinglessthan35hoursaweek3workinglessthan20hoursaweekolesaleMiningand 50ixAccomodation&foodservicesRealestate&businessserviceslesalelesaleMiningandMiningandTransport&communicationsWorldMenWomenWorldMenWomenworkinglessthan35hoursaweekandskilledagriworkinglessthan35hoursaweekandskilledagri.sCraftandrelatedserssworkinglessthan20hoursaweekWorldMenWomen86420Elementaryoccupandskilledagri.ServiceandsalesworkersCCraftandTechnicians&associatesClericalsupportworkersandassemblersWorldMenWomenc%working%workingmorethan35hoursaweekrsyberkonofSouthinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanandinNorthern,SouthernandWesternEurope;inthelattercase,thiswasmostlikelyduetothewidespreaduseofwork-sharing/short-timeworkmeasuresrtionsofworkerswithshorthoursofworkappeartoWomenMenWomenMen5050019Q42020Q12020Q22020Q32020Q450Q42020Q12020Q22020Q32020Q4EasternEuropeEasternEuropeernEuropeiaandChinaemploymentEstimatesforAfricacountriestheArabStatescountrytralandWesternAsiacountriesarenotdisplayedduetoyeyoflyIDc0%5%0%5%0%22%21%22%23%21%22%24%23%Source:Labourforceandotherhouseholdsurveymicrodata.4%UnitedStates5%4%1%41%4%UnitedStates5%4%1%41%5%6%1%6%7%48%46%40%45%7%itialFinal3%3%2%9%lyysMexMexico7%8%2%8%2%1%Source:Mexico,NationalSurveyofOccupationandEmploymentmicrodata;andUnitedStates,CurrentPopulationSurveymicrodata.centndfromheetweenparttimelityoflosingjobmovingaveragelityoflosingjobmovingaveragelityoflosingjobmovingaveragelityoflosingjobmovingaverageTheX0%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%0%%40%0%0%0%60706070LowerMovingaverageUpper95Source:Labourforceandotherhouseholdsurveymicrodata.EmployeesCountry/areaEmployeesCountry/areaForexampleeachadditionalweeklyhourofworkpriortotheCOVIDpandemicincreasedthesSelfSelf-employedworkersSource:Householdsurveymicrodata.rthMacedoniaandtheOccupiedPalestinianTerritorysmallsamplesizesmaketheconfidenceintervalsverylargeandnothingcanbediscerned.PercentofcategorywhoarePTworkersPercentofcategorywhoarePTworkers45.8%41.6%42.6%21.1%17.3%Covid-19Pandemicnmerk50%45%40%35%30%25%20%15%10% 5%0%YearandquarterWomenYouthHigheredSource:ILOcalculationsbasedonmicrodatafrom30householdsurveys.heTotalTotalacific uthernAsiaArabStateslAsiaCentralandWesternAsiaEasternEuropeNorthern,SouthernandWesternuropecaandtheCaribbeanNorthernAmericaTotalWomenAsiaandthePacificWomenArabStatesWomenEuropeandCentralAsiaWomenWomenAmericaandtheCaribbeanWomenNorthernAmericaWomenyeesursberofPanelA.ByregionandsubregionFormalInformalPanelB.BysexandregionFormalInformal2030405060Averagenumberofactualhoursperweek304050AveragenumberofactualhoursperweekWorldrmalBYREGIONWorldrmalBYREGIONrmalrmalrmalArabStatesrmalAsiaandthePacificrmalropeandrmal13.7AmericaandtheCaribbeanaWorkersininformalemploymenttendtobeover-representedoutsidetherangeof35to48hoursperweekorktoserrldPanelA.AllPanelB.MenPanelC.Women 11Normalhoursofwork(notincludingovertime)inallcountriesthatestablishsuchstandardsfallsomewherebetween35and48hoursperweek.BYCOUNTRYINCOMEGROUPl.311.69.4Informal1.526.4malDistributionofformalandinformalemployment20406080100020406080100hanamongese3.03.0groups,thereisamajordivergencebetweentheseworkersandformallyregisteredown-accountantwicetheproportionofmenininformalemploymentandmorethanfivetimeshigherthantheproportionloymentpercentItreachesnearlyonefourthofwomenininformalPanelB.EmployersPanelPanelB.EmployersWorldBYREGIONFormal3.98.2AmericasInformal20.5ArabStates6.025.4rmalInformal.111.7AsiaandthePacificInformal3.66.8EuropeandCentralAsiaformal4meWorldmalInformalBYREGIONmalInformalAmericasmalInformalmalInformalArabStatesmalInformalAsiaandthePacificmalInformalEuropeandCentralmalInformalBYCOUNTRYmalInformalMiddle-incomemalInformaldleincomemalInformalmalInformalmalInformal16.821.229.320.312.426.626.629.710.46.830.531.630.631.512.418.642.314.112.512.015.415.928.628.927.814.319.729.122.914.014.622.433.716.523.723.822.227.939.315.45.7204060801007.411.630.427.310.916.329.026.813.314.628.519.617.923.231.814.96.916.144.720.012.318.523.436.815.718.623.436.69.736.728.939.216.514.07.310.626.728.926.67.613.026.632.420.3Asia5.113.947.326.37.314.723.341.715.84.4INCOMEGROUP16.415.329.717.221.320.023.932.011.028.527.825.59.314.98.015.229.830.017.08.615.028.533.414.57.09.127.826.8