劍橋商務(wù)英語(yǔ)BEC中級(jí)寫(xiě)作講義

BEC中級(jí)寫(xiě)作電子講義第一講BEC寫(xiě)作概述本課程安排簡(jiǎn)介寫(xiě)作共6次課，第1次講概述。BEC寫(xiě)作簡(jiǎn)介：寫(xiě)作目的及要求1Canmakenotesthatareusefultobothhim/herselfandtocolleagues.2Canwritemostlettershe/sheislikelytobeaskedtodo;sucherrorsasoccurwillnotpreventunderstandingofthemessage.3Canwriteasimplereport.寫(xiě)作考試共進(jìn)行45分鐘，占總成績(jī)的25%，小作文占10分，大作文占20分。更多的報(bào)名信息與成績(jī)查詢方法請(qǐng)上網(wǎng)了解：教育部考試中心測(cè)試范圍及選材1、身份介紹(PersonalIdentification)2、工作環(huán)境及日常事務(wù)(Theoffice，generalbusiness，environmentandroutine)3、接待及閑暇活動(dòng)(Entertainmentofclients，freetime，relationshipswithcolleaguesandclients)4、商務(wù)旅行(Travel)5、健康(Health)6、購(gòu)買及銷售(Buyingandselling)7、公司結(jié)構(gòu)、系統(tǒng)及程序(Companystructures，systems，processes)8、產(chǎn)品及服務(wù)(Productsandservices)9、成果及成就(Resultsandachievements)其外，還會(huì)涉及其他的一般商務(wù)話題（Businessissues）。測(cè)試題型分析AnOverviewofBECVantageWritingPARTFunctions/CommunicativeTaskInputResponseRegister1BusinessCorrespondence:

e.g.givinginstructions,explainingadevelopment,askingforcomments,requestinginformation,agreeingtorequestsRubriconly(pluslayoutofoutputtexttype)Note,message,memoore-mail(40-50words)Neutral/

informal2Correspondence:

e.g.explaining,apologizing,reassuring,complainingReport:

describing,summarizingProposal:

describing,summarizing,recommending,persuadingOneormorepiecesofinputfrom:businesscorrespondence(mediummaybeletter,faxore-mail),internalcommunication(mediummaybenote,memo,ore-mail),notice,advert,graphs,chart,etc.(pluslayoutifoutputisfaxore-mail)Businesscorrespondence(mediummaybeletter,faxore-mail)orshortreportorproposal(mediummaybememoore-mail)(120-140words)Neutral/

formal題型：1．商務(wù)便條類；2．商務(wù)便函類；3．商務(wù)書(shū)信類；4.商務(wù)報(bào)告類注意：BEC不是單純的英語(yǔ)考試，也不是考察商務(wù)知識(shí)。對(duì)策：學(xué)習(xí)、模仿高水平的論文例題解析：Youworkforacompanywhichproduceslaserprinters．Youarevisitinganothercompany，Softcell,tobuysomecomputersoftwareforyourdepartment．Theyhaveexpressedaninterestinyourcompany’sprintersandyouwouldliketotaketwentybrochuresandthreesampleprinterswithyou．相關(guān)詞匯：laser,inkjet,projector(Barco),photocopier(Xerox),faxmachine,scanner,computer,monitor相關(guān)詞匯：companyliterature;brochure;leaflet;flyer;whitebook;datasheet;prospectusWriteashortnotetoMr.JimAsano，theSalesManager．Askingforhispermissiontotaketheseitems．Explainingwhyyouwantthem．Mentioningthetimeanddatewhenyouwanttocollectthem．Write40-50wordsonyourAnswerSheet.便函便條類題目的結(jié)構(gòu)Input:situationdescriptionTask:memo,note,emailcontentpointsWrite:internalmessage(40-50words)注意：格式；發(fā)揮部分要確切評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)BEC寫(xiě)作評(píng)分方法級(jí)別第一部分分?jǐn)?shù)5全部完成答題要求所有內(nèi)容點(diǎn)都已包括在內(nèi)并在答題要求允許的情況下加以發(fā)揮語(yǔ)言規(guī)范、自然；錯(cuò)誤最少，均屬小錯(cuò)。多樣化的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)與豐富的詞匯量。組織效果好，注意前后呼應(yīng)。語(yǔ)域與格式完全適當(dāng)。給讀者的印象極佳。9或10分4較好的完成答題要求所有內(nèi)容點(diǎn)都處理得不錯(cuò)。大體準(zhǔn)確；運(yùn)用復(fù)雜語(yǔ)言時(shí)有錯(cuò)誤。結(jié)構(gòu)合理，用詞準(zhǔn)確。大體上組織較好，注意邏輯關(guān)系。語(yǔ)域與格式總體來(lái)說(shuō)適當(dāng)。給讀者的印象良好。7或8分3尚能達(dá)到答題要求所有的主要內(nèi)容點(diǎn)已包括進(jìn)去，遺漏了一些次要的內(nèi)容。出現(xiàn)一些錯(cuò)誤，但不妨礙交流。結(jié)構(gòu)與詞匯掌握范圍適度。組織與安排總的來(lái)說(shuō)令人滿意。語(yǔ)域與格式尚可，雖然并不完全成功。給讀者的印象較好。5或6分2不能完全達(dá)到答題要求遺漏了一些主要的內(nèi)容點(diǎn)或者處理得不充分，可能有些不切題。有時(shí)錯(cuò)誤影響清楚交流，錯(cuò)誤較多，使讀者感到迷惑。結(jié)構(gòu)、詞匯掌握范圍有限。內(nèi)容條理不清、不連貫，造成理解困難。語(yǔ)域與格式不適當(dāng)。給讀者的印象不佳。3或4分1未能達(dá)到答題要求顯著的內(nèi)容遺漏/或大量?jī)?nèi)容不相關(guān)，可能由于對(duì)題目要求的誤解。嚴(yán)重不規(guī)范，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)基本錯(cuò)誤。題目要求的結(jié)構(gòu)與詞匯幾乎沒(méi)有提到。缺乏組織，造成交流失敗。幾乎沒(méi)有使用適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)域與格式。給讀者的印象極差。1或2分0什么要求也沒(méi)達(dá)到。字?jǐn)?shù)少于所需字?jǐn)?shù)的25%，或是完全不能辨認(rèn)或是完全不切題。0分注意：content;accuracy;conciseness【例題】Christmasiscoming.YourcompanyisgoingtoholdtheannualChristmasparty.Asthesecretaryofthegeneralmanager,youhelparrangethepreparationforit.Writeamemotoallemployees.Announcingtheplannedparty.Welcomingallemployeestojoinit.Introducingtheprogramsofit.Mentionthetimeandplacethatittakesplace.Write40—50wordsonyourAnswerSheet．商務(wù)書(shū)信類這一題型要求考生根據(jù)所提供的短文，如書(shū)信、、便函、留言條(留言條)等，起草一封書(shū)信，字?jǐn)?shù)要求達(dá)到120—140詞左右。題目結(jié)構(gòu)：Input:1situationdescription2task3targetreaderReading:textsinnote,letter,fax,memo+contentpoints(handwrittennotes;secondletter)Write:businessletter(120-140words)注意英美拼寫(xiě)問(wèn)題【例題】Youhaveorganizedaproductionconferenceforyourcompanywhichwillbeheldon10October2005.ThefollowingistheletterofconfirmationyoureceivedfromtheConferenceCentre.Readtheletterandfaxbelow,whichgivesdetailsoftheconference.Then,usingallinformationfromthefax,writeyourlettertoJohnSmithattheNuffieldConferenceCentre,explainingthechangestothearrangements.Donotincludepostaladdresses.Write120-140wordsonseparatesheet.DearConferenceOrganizer,Iamwritingtoconfirmthearrangementsfortheconference.DATEANDTIME:10thOctober-10a.m.to5p.m.NUMBEROFGUESTS:50ROOMSRESERVED10a.m.to12:30p.m.CONFERENCEHALL32p.m.to5p.m.SEMINARROOMS1,2,and3CATERING:Coffee--11a.m.to11:Lunch-12:30p.m.to2p.m.ConferenceCentreRestaurantTea-4p.m.WelookforwardtowelcomingyourcompanytotheNuffieldConferenceCentre.Yoursfaithfully,

JohnSmithTodayyourProductionManagerhassentyouthefaxbelowwithchangeshewouldliketomaketotheconferencearrangementsFAXI’mafraidwehavetomakesomelast-minutechangestothearrangementsforourproductionconference.Tenmoreguestshaveaccepted.ThePresidentwantsonlyonehourforlunch,andjustasimplebuffet-notseatedintherestaurant.TheConferenceSpeaker（TomMoors）can’tcomeuntil2pm.Sohewillgivehispresentationintheafternoon.CanwemovetheseminarstothemorningSorryaboutthis!Sam注意：1不要跑題2適當(dāng)發(fā)揮3目標(biāo)讀者4不要抄襲三種對(duì)策：a換句型e.g.Thisruleappliesineverycase.Therearenoexceptionstotherule.(肯定句變否定句)b換同義詞e.g.Theargumentsputforwardbythesetwoauthorsarenearlythesame.Theviewsexpressedbythetwowritersarealmostidentical.c改詞性e.g.TheEnglishlanguagehashadamajorimpactondevelopingotherworldlanguages.OtherworldlanguageshavebeengreatlyaffectedbytheEnglishlanguageintheirdevelopments.商務(wù)報(bào)告類【例題】Yourecentlyattendedaone-daycourseonofficemanagement.Belowisthecourseprogram,withthecommentsyouwroteonit.WriteashortreportaboutthecourseforyourManager.Includeallyourcommentsandsaywhetheryourcompanyshouldsendotherstaffonthiscourse.Write120-140words.WriteonyourAnswerSheet.Donotwriteincapitalletters.good,practical…good,practical…verygeneralverygeneral,nothingnewOFFICEMANAGEMENTSEMINARFieldHouse,London26May1999PROGRAMME9.00-10.45 ManagingpeopleanddevelopingproductiveWorkingrelationships10.45-11.00 Coffee11.00-12.45 Planningtheday,work-flow,prioritizing12.45-1.30 Lunch1.30-3.15 Problem-solvinganddecision-making3.15-3.30 Tea3.30-5.00 Staffappraisalandstaffdevelopmentusefulideasfellasleep!usefulideasfellasleep!tooshorttomeetpeopletooshorttomeetpeopleRecommendRecommend第二講BEC寫(xiě)作的語(yǔ)言、語(yǔ)法、組織與文體評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：級(jí)別第一部分分?jǐn)?shù)第二部分分?jǐn)?shù)5全部完成答題要求所有內(nèi)容點(diǎn)都已包括在內(nèi)并在答題要求允許的情況下加以發(fā)揮語(yǔ)言規(guī)范、自然；錯(cuò)誤最少，均屬小錯(cuò)。多樣化的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)與豐富的詞匯量。組織效果好，注意前后呼應(yīng)。語(yǔ)域與格式完全適當(dāng)。給讀者的印象極佳。9或10分18或20分4較好的完成答題要求所有內(nèi)容點(diǎn)都處理得不錯(cuò)。大體準(zhǔn)確；運(yùn)用復(fù)雜語(yǔ)言時(shí)有錯(cuò)誤。結(jié)構(gòu)合理，用詞準(zhǔn)確。大體上組織較好，注意邏輯關(guān)系。語(yǔ)域與格式總體來(lái)說(shuō)適當(dāng)。給讀者的印象良好。7或8分14或16分3尚能達(dá)到答題要求所有的主要內(nèi)容點(diǎn)已包括進(jìn)去，遺漏了一些次要的內(nèi)容。出現(xiàn)一些錯(cuò)誤，但不妨礙交流。結(jié)構(gòu)與詞匯掌握范圍適度。組織與安排總的來(lái)說(shuō)令人滿意。語(yǔ)域與格式尚可，雖然并不完全成功。給讀者的印象較好。5或6分10或12分2不能完全達(dá)到答題要求遺漏了一些主要的內(nèi)容點(diǎn)或者處理得不充分，可能有些不切題。有時(shí)錯(cuò)誤影響清楚交流，錯(cuò)誤較多，使讀者感到迷惑。結(jié)構(gòu)、詞匯掌握范圍有限。內(nèi)容條理不清、不連貫，造成理解困難。語(yǔ)域與格式不適當(dāng)。給讀者的印象不佳。3或4分6或8分1未能達(dá)到答題要求顯著的內(nèi)容遺漏/或大量?jī)?nèi)容不相關(guān)，可能由于對(duì)題目要求的誤解。嚴(yán)重不規(guī)范，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)基本錯(cuò)誤。題目要求的結(jié)構(gòu)與詞匯幾乎沒(méi)有提到。缺乏組織，造成交流失敗。幾乎沒(méi)有使用適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)域與格式。給讀者的印象極差。1或2分2或4分0什么要求也沒(méi)達(dá)到。字?jǐn)?shù)少于所需字?jǐn)?shù)的25%，或是完全不能辨認(rèn)或是完全不切題。0分0分評(píng)分五個(gè)方面：1content2language3structure&vocabulary4organization展開(kāi)論述上面的5個(gè)方面1內(nèi)容的完整性2語(yǔ)言6C原則1．準(zhǔn)確(correctness)包括四層意義，即閱讀人能理解、接受的英語(yǔ)水平；使用精確措詞，傳達(dá)準(zhǔn)確信息；正確地使用語(yǔ)法與標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)；拼寫(xiě)正確。(1)恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)言風(fēng)格請(qǐng)比較下面兩組例詞：FormalInformalapproximatelyinquireascertainobtainassistparticipateconstructpurchasecontributesufficientdifficultutilizeAboutAskfindoutreceivehelpsharebuildbuygiveenoughharduse(2)準(zhǔn)確的措詞與信息下面列出的是一系列極易混淆的單詞及詞組，請(qǐng)注意區(qū)分：alot/allotallright/alrightcannot/cannotdifferentfrom/differentthan.dueto/becauseofeffect/affectfewer/lesslie/layprincipal/principlethat/whichtheir/them/they'rewaitfor/waitonwho/whom(3)正確的語(yǔ)法與標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)

(4)正確的拼寫(xiě)2．清楚(Clarity)(1)邏輯布局(LogicalOrganization)常用的邏輯布局方法包括：①因果關(guān)系(Cause&Effect)②時(shí)間順序(ChronologicalDevelopment)③序列順序(SequentialDevelopment)④比較(Comparison)⑤一般到特殊(FromGeneraltoSpecific)⑥特殊到一般(FromSpecifictoGeneral)(2)合理構(gòu)架句群及段落(Well-WrittenSentences&Paragraphs)例句：修改前:MarshallCorporationwasfoundedfortyyearsago,anditnowhasbranchofficesinfourstates,anditemploysnearly400individuals.修改后:MarshallCorporationwasfoundedfortyyearsago.Withbranchofficesinfourstates,itnowemploysnearly400individuals.(3)統(tǒng)一性及一致性(UnityandCoherence)(4)強(qiáng)調(diào)(Emphasis)①位置②重復(fù)③數(shù)量④技巧(5)將句中關(guān)系緊密的詞盡量靠近。比較下面三對(duì)句子：A.TheyboughtabicycleinBeijinginasmallshopwhichcosts$25.00.Theyboughtabicyclefor$25.00inasmallshopinBeijing.B.Hewaswarnednottodrinkwatereveninarestaurantwhichhadnotbeenboiled.Hewaswarnednottodrinkwaterwhichhadnotbeenboiled.C.Thosewhoworkrapidlygetillintheseconditions.Thosewhoworkintheseconditionsrapidlygetill.(6)避免在同一個(gè)句子中使用意義不同的同一個(gè)字。Weshalltakeafirmlinewiththefirm．Weshalltakeastronglinewiththefilm．3．簡(jiǎn)潔(Conciseness)A.Wehavebeguntoexportourmachinetocountriesabroad.Wehavebeguntoexportourmachines.B.IntheeventthatyouspeaktoMr.Woodinregardtoproduction,askhimtogiveconsiderationtothedeliveryschedule.IfyouspeaktoMr.Woodaboutproduction,askhimtoconsiderthedeliveryschedule.C.Werequirefurniturewhichisofthenewtype.Werequirenew-typefurniture.使用簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言(Usesimplelanguage)盡量使用避免使用pleasewillyoubegoodenoughtopreferexpressapreferenceforbecauseforthereasonthat(2)少用陳詞濫調(diào)(Omittriteexpressions)asthecasemaybeithascometomyattentionatanearlyageavailyourselfofthisopportunityprevioustocrackofdawnpursuanttoyourrequesttakethelibertytoduetothefactthatthankingyouinadvanceenclosedhereinthisistoinformyouunderseparatecoverwithkindestregardsIwishtostate避免冗長(zhǎng)的表達(dá)方式與不必要的重復(fù)(avoidwordyexpressions&unnecessaryrepetition)。WordyConcise1.Wewouldliketoplease2.ForthemonthofAugustforAugust3.Pursuanttotheendofthisweeknow4.Alongperiodoftimealongtime5.Atthistimenow6.Isatthistimeis7.Theweightwashigherthantheweightwasgreaterthan8.Iexpectedittobeexpected9.Duringtheyearof1995during199510.Forthedevelopmentoffordeveloping11.InthecityofDallasinDallas12.Theproblemwasthatthecarwouldnotthecarwouldnotstartstart13.Squareinshapesquare14.inaccordancewithyourrequestyourequested15.Signonthefrontofthisformsignthisform16.Duringthetimethatwhile17.Consensusofopinionweagree18.Rememberthefactthatremember19,Heldameetingmet20.thisisthesituationatthistimenow(4)刪改無(wú)關(guān)緊要的成份(Removeunneededfacts)A.Itshouldbenotedthatthisisthebestwecando,B.Foryourinformationweencloseacatalogue.C.Pleasebeadvisedthatwehavereceivedyourinvoice.1.assoonaspossible byJuly102.asyouindicatedinyourletter asyouindicated3.atalltimes always4.atthistime now5.continuetoutilizetheoldformuntilstartusingthenewformonFebruarysuchtimeasthenewformisavailable 6.despitethefactthatdespite7.forthemonthofAprilforApril8.forobviousreasonthatbecause9.IwouldaskthatyoupleaseI0.heunlikelyeventthatIamunabletoifIamlate,pleasedelaythemeetingbeontime,pleasedelaythemeeting14.inviewofthefactthatbecause15.itwillbegreatlyappreciatedifyouplease16.ourproductionofthenewproductwillproductionwillbeginonJuly1commenceonJuly117.pleasebeadvisedthatweexpectyoutopleasereviewthecontractreviewtheenclosedcontract(5)多使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)以明確表達(dá)意思。PaymentoftheiraccountswillbemadebyJohnsonsnextweek．Johnsonswillpaytheiraccountsnextweek．4．具體(Concreteness)盡可能地提供明確、具體的信息。A.Thesebrakescanstopacarwithinashortdistance.TheseGoodsonpowerbrakescanstopa2-toncarwithin24feet.B.Wehopetheequipmentwillbedeliveredtoourcompanyassoonaspossible.PleasedelivertheequipmenttoourcompanybeforenextFriday.C.Sheisafasttypist.Shetypesatthefastrateof85wordsperminute.(2)使用具體詞匯A.Wehavenohesitationinadvisingyou…Weadviseyou…B.Thepreparationofnewpricescaleisinhand.Newpricescalesarebeingpreparedthisweek.C.Duetotheunusualnatureoftherequest,…Astherequestisunusual,…agreatdealoftime,bad,large,good,small,around,old,convenient,young,little,majority,minority,most,less5．完整(Completeness)自查：誰(shuí)(Who)什么(What)什么時(shí)候(When)在哪里(Where)為什么(Why)怎么樣(How)6．禮貌(Courtesy)例如：DearMrs.Walters,Becauseyoudelayedsolonginyourresponse,ModelGSFisoffstock.Ifyouareinterested,wehavesomesimilarmodelsonhandYourstruly,修改：DearMrs.WaltersIfIhadknownyourneedsbeforeMay20,IcouldhaveshippedModelGSPimmediately.However,thespringsaledrainedourstock.TheModelGSK,asimilarinstrument,isinstock,andyoucouldhaveitatthesamepriceastheGSF.Itnormallysellsfor$10,000more.wewillshipitassoonasyougiveustheword.Yourssincerely使用禮貌友好的詞匯A.說(shuō)“Thankyou",例如:Thankyouforyourletterofyesterday.Thankyouforyourpromptreply.Thankyouforhelpingusinthisrespect.Thankyouforyourinformation.(2)體諒對(duì)方的寫(xiě)作態(tài)度(You-Attitude)Writeremphasis:WeareshippingyourorderonFriday.Readeremphasis:YouwillreceiveyourorderbyMonday,October10.Writeremphasis:Toreduceourcosts,wearechangingthebillingsystem.Readeremphasis:Toprovideyouwithclearrecords,wearechangingourbillingsystem.Writeremphasis:Iwaspleasedtohearthattheprojectwascompleted.Readeremphasis:CongratulationsonsuccessfullycompletingtheprojectWriteremphasis:Weregretthatyouclosedyouraccountwithusaweekago.Webelievethatpeoplemaycomebacktoourbankagainsoonerorlatersincewehaveagoodcreditamongourcustomers.Readeremphasis:Aweekagoyouclosedyouraccountwithus.Whateverthereason,wearepleasedtohaveplayedsomesmallpartinyourprogram.Youarecordiallyinvitedtouseour'otherservicesasoccasionmayrequire.(3)措辭得體(AppropriateWording)a．避免采用消極性的詞匯或句式NegativeWording:TheofficeisclosedafterfourO'clock,PositiveWording:TheofficeisopenuntilfourO'clock.NegativeWording:WhenIreceivedyourcomplaint,Icheckedourrecords.PositiveWording:WhenIreceivedyourletter,Icheckedourrecords.NegativeWording:Becauseyoufailedtoconnectthecable,thepicturewasblurred.PositiveWording:ThepicturewasblurredbecausetheV-2cablewasnotconnectedtotheterminal.NegativeWording:Youdidnotreadmyrecentletter.PositiveWording:PleaserefertomyJune10thletter.NegativeWording:TheExecutiveBoarddidnotreceivenotification.PositiveWording:SeveralmembersoftheExecutiveBoardinquiredaboutthetimeofourDecembermeeting.Willyoupleasesendthemafollow-upNegativeWording:Yourletterwasnotclear.PositiveWording:IwouldappreciateanoutlineofourmarketingdifferencesthatyoumentionedinyourOctober14thletter.b.有失禮貌的言詞WedenyyourclaimcomplaintWedonotbelieveconfusionWearenotsurecontraryWefinditdifficulttounderstandcontrivanceWeexpectdelinquentWeinsistdenyWeareforceddisagreeableWetakeissueexasperateYouforgotfailureYouneglectedignoranceYoufailedtoimpatienceYoumisunderstoodincompetentYoumustincredibleYoushouldknowinexcusableYoudonothaveinferenceYouaredelinquentinsincereYouinsistthatinsinuateYoudidnotsayinsultingYourignoringintolerableYourcreditrefusalirresponsibleYourrecentcomplaintirritatedYourfailuretolackYourmisunderstandingneglectYourneglectfulattitudeobjectionYourdisregardforobnoxiousYourinsinuationoffensiveYourlackofcommunicationunbelievableYourdelinquentaccountuncooperative(4)避免使用有性別歧視之嫌的詞語(yǔ)A．用“person”代替第三人稱單數(shù)。例如:Insteadof:Pleasesharethisreportwithyoursupervisor.Hewillfinditinteresting.Say:Pleasesharethisreportwithyoursupervisor,whowillfinditinteresting.B．有一些常用的商務(wù)英語(yǔ)詞匯有性別歧視之嫌，應(yīng)該稍加改變。InsteadofSayBusinessmanworkmenChairmanForemenSalesmanSpokesmanStockboyWorkmanbusinesspersonemployees/workerchairpersonsupervisorssalesrepresentative/salespersonspokespersonstockclerkemployee/worker(5)及時(shí)答復(fù)(TimelyResponse)例：Wewillexamineyourcameratodeterminetheshutter-responseproblemandhaveitbacktoyouwithinthreeweeks,ifrepairsaxeneeded,Iwillcallyouforapprovaltomaketherepairs.例：Mr.Smithisoutoftheofficeuntiltheendofthemonth.Iamsurehewillbeabletoprovideyouwithalloftheinformationyourequestedwhenhereturns.連貫與銜接（一）連貫(coherence)常見(jiàn)連接詞有：1表示羅列增加First,second,third,First,then/next,afterthat/next,finallyForonething…foranother…,On(the)onehand…ontheotherhand,Besides/what’smore/inaddition/furthermore/moreover/another/also,Especially/Inparticular,2表示時(shí)間順序now,atpresent,recently,after,afterwards,afterthat,afterawhile,inafewdays,atfirst,inthebeginning,tobeginwith,later,next,finally,immediately,soon,suddenly,allofasudden,atthatmoment,assoonas,themomentformnowon,fromthenon,atthesametime,meanwhile,till,not…until,before,after,when,while,asduring,3表示解釋說(shuō)明now,inaddition,forexample,forinstance,inthiscase,moreoverfurthermore,infact,actually4表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系but,however,while,though,or,otherwise,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,incontrast,despite,inspiteof,eventhough,except(for),instead,ofcourse,afterall,5表示并列關(guān)系or,and,also,too,notonly…butalso,aswellas,both…and,either…or,neither…nor6表示因果關(guān)系because,becauseof,since,nowthat,as,thanksto…,dueto…,therefore,asaresult(of),otherwise,so…that,such…that7表示條件關(guān)系as(so)longas,onconditionthat,if,unless8表示讓步關(guān)系though,although,as,evenif,eventhough,whether…or…,however,whoever,whatever,whichever,wherever,whenever,nomatterhow(who,what,which,where,when,whom)9表示舉例forexample,forinstance,suchas…,take…forexample10表示比較besimilarto,similarly,thesameas,incontrast,comparedwith(to)…justlike,justas,11表示目的forthisreason,,forthispurpose,sothat,inorderto,soasto,12表示強(qiáng)調(diào)indeed,infact,surely,certainly,nodoubt,withoutanydoubt,truly,obviously,aboveall,13表示概括歸納inaword,inshort,inbrief,onthewhole,generallyspeaking,inmyopinion,asfarasIknow,Asweallknow,ashasbeenstated,asIhaveshown,finally,atlast,insummary,inconclusion,（二）銜接(cohesion)1返指（referringback）例：Davisopenedadoor.“Hereisyourroom.Iamafraiditisabituntidy.”Hepickedadirtyhandkerchiefoffthefloorandstuffeditinadrawer.Thekeepercamelopingsoftlyupthelanewiththedogpaddingathisheelsandwewatchedthemthroughthehedgeastheywentby.Iheldherveryclose.Mycheekwasagainsthers.例：Thewomenwereaskedtoleave.Someofthemrefused.Theearthquakekilled24,000peopleandinsured77,000.例：Amanandawomanwerestrugglingupthedune.Themanworeshorts.Thewomanworeaprintdress.2預(yù)指（referringforward）有多種方法可用來(lái)指代將要提及的事務(wù)。例如：Thischapterwillfollowthesamepatternasthepreviousone.Inthenextchapter,wewillexaminethistheoryindetail.Theoverlapcanbeseeninthetablebelow.3省略（Ellipsis）例如：Theycandistinguishfinerdetailthanwecan.例如：Theywouldstopiftheycould.IneverdidgotoStratford,althoughIprobablyshouldhave.例如：Ithinkwewantitmorethantheydo.例如：AtlastheagreedtodowhatIaskedhimto.文體：非正式文體Thanksforyourletter.Igotit14Sept.I’vesentacopytocompHQalongwithamemoreyourfinancialsituation.I’vesetameetingfor3Octat11amtotalkaboutanotherbankloan.So,pleaseletusknowifyoucanmakeita.s.a.p.Butwemightaskyouafewthingstodowithyourinc.andexp.beforegivingyoualoan.AlsoIneedtogetintouchwiththeGMtookayit.Plus,we’llfirsthavetothinkaboutthelasttimeyoudidn’tkeeppwithpayments.Anyway,inthemeantime,youneedtofillinthisbusinessplan.Bringittothemeetingwithyou.正式文體Thankyouforyourletterreceived14September2002.Acopyhasbeensenttothecompanyheadquartersinadditiontoamemorandumconcerningyourfinancialsituation.Ameetinghasbeenscheduledfor3October2002at11amtodiscussyourrequestforafurtherbankloan.Therefore,pleaseinformusofyouravailabilityforthismeetingattheearliestopportunity.However,anumberofissuesconcerningyourincomeandexpendituremaybequeriedpriortoaloanbeinggranted.FurthermoretheGeneralManagerneedstobecontactedinordertoauthorisebankloansofthisnature.Moreover,yourpreviousfailuretomeetpaymentarrangementswillfirsthavetobeconsidered.Nevertheless,intheinterimyouarerequiredtocompletetheenclosedbusinessplan,whichshouldbebroughttothemeeting.e.g.I’mkeenonBritishhistoryIamparticularlyinterestedinBritishhistory.e.g.I’msorry,Ican’tcome.IregrettoinformyouthatIwillbeunabletoattend.關(guān)于選詞，見(jiàn)活頁(yè)。關(guān)于文體，還應(yīng)該注意：從來(lái)不要用And引導(dǎo)一個(gè)句子。不需要括號(hào)不要縮寫(xiě)不要引用不要one-wordsentence.不要使用口語(yǔ)諺語(yǔ)、不要使用比喻不要使用修辭性的句子。注意自己在題目中的身份第三講商務(wù)便函及便條審題：MrSmith,yourboss,toldyoutoaskMsLiutoattendasalespresentationonanewproduct.WriteanotetoMsLiu:*sayingwhowantshertoattendthesalespresentation;*informingherwhenandwherethesalespresentationwillbeheld有同學(xué)寫(xiě)成MrSmithtoldmetoaskwhowantstoattend有同學(xué)寫(xiě)成PleasewriteanotetoMsLiuaskinghertoattendasalespresentation.一定要把題目看清楚，再下筆寫(xiě)。（一）商務(wù)便函一般公司企業(yè)往往都印有按照自己公司風(fēng)格的商業(yè)便函，請(qǐng)看下列例子：MemoTo：(收信人)From:（發(fā)信人）Date:（日期）Subject:（事由）Message:（正文）大企業(yè)往往擁有許多分支機(jī)構(gòu)，其商務(wù)便函信箋就包含較多的內(nèi)容，如：MemoTo：(收信人)Company：(分公司)Dept：(部門(mén))Location&Ext：(地址及分機(jī)號(hào))Subject:From:Company：DeptLocation&Ext:Date:Message:商務(wù)便函一般由以下幾個(gè)部分組成：1、Memo：Memo是Memorandum縮寫(xiě)，因此也可以用Memorandum，此外還有InternalMemorandum與InterofficeMemorandum，其意思都是一樣的。2、To：這一標(biāo)題后面應(yīng)寫(xiě)收信人的姓名及職銜，姓名前可以用尊稱或不用，如：To：Mr.JohnSmith，SalesManager3、From：這一標(biāo)題后應(yīng)寫(xiě)發(fā)信人的姓名及職銜：職銜可根據(jù)需要決定寫(xiě)或不寫(xiě)，但姓名前不要用尊稱。4、Date：日期的寫(xiě)法同書(shū)信里日期寫(xiě)法的要求完全一樣，不要用數(shù)字來(lái)表示月份。5、Subject：這一標(biāo)題后是寫(xiě)事由的，即用一個(gè)或幾個(gè)詞匯簡(jiǎn)單概括便函的內(nèi)容，以便查閱。事由必須簡(jiǎn)潔明了，不要用完整的句子，如：ChangesinTravelAdvanceFormPromotionofStaffVacationScheduleParticipationinTrainingPrograms6、Message商務(wù)便函還可以根據(jù)實(shí)際需要在末尾增加發(fā)信人的姓名首字母、附件、副本抄送等。例SCHOOLOFMEMORANDUMTo:Mr.Kingswick,CourseCoordinatorFrom:BarnsbyCampbelDate:19November,1995Subject:LessonPlanfor28NovemberLectureIintendtoteachmemowritinginmynextlecture.Iplantocoverthefollowingplans:1.InsideAddressThisisomittedinamemo.Asinternalcommunicationthereasonisobvious.2.GreetingItismerepolitetoputMr.,Mrs.orMsbeforeandtheofficeafterthenameoftherecipientYoumaysometimesaddressthereadersasagroup.3.SubjectThisisaphrasetotellthereaderwhatthememoisabout.SometimesonlythephraseisgivenwithoutthewordSubjectbeforeit.4.BodyTheseshouldbeshort,lessthan10lines,andconcentrateononlyoneparagraphoneideaeach:Sometimesformemoswiththreeormoreparagraphs,itisadvisabletobegineachwithaheadingincapitalletterstotellwhattheparagraphisabout.Anotherpracticeisnumberingtheparagraphsforeasyreferencelateron.5.CarboncopyThisiswrittenasc.c.forshort.Asinaletter,itliststhepersonswhoarealsoreceivingthememo.6.SignatureOnlytheinitialisneeded,Theofficeandnameinprintofthewriterareomitted.Inmorecasualmemosthereisnosignatureatall.AnythoughtonmynotesAnythingtoaddLetmeknowatteabreak.c.c.Mr.P.L.Ducke,TrainingOfficer（二）商務(wù)便條商務(wù)便條一般有四個(gè)組成部分：日期、稱呼、正文、簽名。一些公司有印好的便條箋。如:MessageTo:Date:MessageTelephoneMessageFor:From:Tel.:Message:Actionrequired:PleasecallbackCallerwillcallbacklaterNoactionrequiredMessagetakenby:DateTime例：讓秘書(shū)通知推遲約會(huì)9a.m.MissWang,I'vegotanurgentmeetingtoday.Pleasecontacttheapplicantstopostponetheinterviewstillfurthernotice.DS分類：1告知信息inform2布置安排arrange3征求意見(jiàn)request4詢問(wèn)信息enquire5求助申請(qǐng)apply6推薦建議suggest1告知信息類例題：YouareamanageratanauditorscalledGolding&Co.YourcompanyhasjustmergedwithacompetitortobecomeMasonGolding.Youhavebeenaskedtoinformstaffofthechangeofname.Writeamemoof40-50words:*informingstaffofthenewname*tellingthemwhentostartusingthenewname*askingstafftouseonlythenewnameafterthattime.收購(gòu)及兼并mergerandacquisition范文：AsaresultofourmergerwithMason&Co.,thenameofourcompanywillbechangedMasonGolding.Pleasestarttousethenewnameon1March2006.Youareremindedthatonlythenewnamecanbeusedfromthenon.remind/advise總結(jié)：告知用詞tellnotifymentionexpressinformexplainnotereportadviseIamwritingtotell/informyouthat…..Iamwritingtoexplain….(tellyourbosswhyyoucannotattend)Iamwritingtoexpress(myregret)例題Youarethetrainingmanagerofacompanywhichhaswonalargeexportorder.Youhavebeenaskedtoorganizeforeignlanguagetrainingforsomeofyourstaff.Writeamemotostaff: explainingwhythecoursesarenecessary sayingwhichmembersofstaffshouldattend announcingwhenthecourseswillstartWrite40-50wordsonaseparatesheet.[范文]To:AllstaffFrom:theTrainingManagerDate:1March2005Subject:AForeignLanguageTrainingCourseIwasaskedtoorganizeaforeignlanguagetrainingcoursebecauseofthelargeexportorderwereceivedrecently.Itwillstarton15Marchandwilllast2weeks.Thosewhowilldealwithordersshouldattendthiscourse.2布置安排類YouareHeadofResearchforaninternationalcarmanufacturer.YouhavetomakeanurgenttriptomorrowtovisitPierreBlanco,acolleaguewhoworksforasubsidiary.Writeamemoof40-50wordstoyoursecretary:tellingherwhoyouaregoingtoseeandwhenaskinghertobookflightticketsandaccommodationtellingherwhatworkyouwouldlikehertodoinyourabsence.WriteonyourAnswerSheet.subsidiary,parentcompany,holdingcompany,affiliate,branch,headquarters,representativeoffice范文：IneedtohaveanurgentmeetingwithPierreBlancoofourParisofficetomorrow.Pleasebooka