GRE高頻Issue題庫提綱

二十六次Issue13/46/70/102/112(Old4+94)教育(3)46.Universitiesshouldrequireeverystudenttotakeavarietyofcoursesoutsidethestudent'sfieldofstudy.大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求每個(gè)學(xué)生選修自己專業(yè)以外的各種學(xué)科。Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththerecommendationandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,describespecificcircumstancesinwhichadoptingtherecommendationwouldorwouldnotbeadvantageousandexplainhowtheseexamplesshapeyourposition.1everysubjectdoesnotexistindependently對(duì)學(xué)好本學(xué)科有說明，因?yàn)橹R(shí)在邏輯體系上是互通的，各個(gè)學(xué)科之間的相互交織。研究經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的適當(dāng)學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)有利于對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的更深理解，如philosophyisthefoundationofallsubject達(dá)芬奇DaVinci即是科學(xué)家也是藝術(shù)家，他對(duì)人體解剖anatomy的深入了解，才使得他的油畫十分優(yōu)美，傳神。Sincevariousdisciplineswereinterrelated,thestudyofcoursesoutsidethestudents’ownfieldmaybenefitthestudyoftheirownmajor.如：力學(xué)中的理論可用于美術(shù)；如：公共行政學(xué)生需要了解心理學(xué)、管理學(xué)、政治學(xué)的發(fā)展2在全球化進(jìn)程的今天，只學(xué)習(xí)某個(gè)專業(yè)內(nèi)的知識(shí)已經(jīng)不能滿足需要了Intoday’stechnologicallyadvancedsocietyitisimpossibleforthosewhofocustheirattentionontheconcerningfieldstosatisfytheneedsforthefuturesociety.首先，廣泛的學(xué)習(xí)各種知識(shí)能夠拓寬視野。(broadenourvision|cultivatefull-blownmarketofideas|abroadspectrumofopinions|getclosertothetruth|cometothebestjudgment.)Trueeducationamountstofarmorethangainingtheknowledgeandabilitytoexcelinone’smajorcourseofstudyandinone’sprofessionalcareer.其次，可以讓學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)她真正感興趣的研究方向。Byexploringsubjectsoutsidetheirownmajor,studentsmayfindnewacademicfieldswherelietheirrealinterestandpotentialgift.3過分強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)習(xí)其他學(xué)科的重要性可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致學(xué)生忽視主要知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)3、但是，不能放棄對(duì)主要科目的深入研究，這也是高校設(shè)置major的目的所在，淺嘗輒止besatisfiedwithasmatteringofknowledge對(duì)個(gè)人和社會(huì)都無裨益；undulyemphasizetheimportanceofstudyingthecourseoutsidermayleadthestudentsneglectingtheknowledgeofcertainfieldsofstudy,andtherebyhavenocapabilitytoengageanyrealmofemploymentorresearchwork.Ontheotherhand,compelstudenttoplacemostoftheattentionsontheprofessionalfieldsalsomayfallsintoanotherextremeandeventuallymakethestudentsimpossibletocatchupwiththedevelopmentofthescienceandtechnology4、總結(jié)，在保證深入學(xué)習(xí)鉆研專業(yè)的前提下，擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面，才能獲得真正的教育二十二次Issue28/85/94/113/120/121/127/145/147(Old170)社會(huì)(1)28.Thesurestindicatorofagreatnationisrepresentednotbytheachievementsofitsrulers,artists,orscientists,butbythegeneralwelfareofitspeople.一個(gè)國(guó)家的偉大體現(xiàn)在國(guó)民的安樂上，而不是體現(xiàn)在統(tǒng)治者、藝術(shù)家或科學(xué)家的成就上。Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.1、肯定偉大國(guó)家的第一要素是人民生活好福利好theoverridingimperativeofanydemocraticstateistoenhancethegeneralwelfareofitscitizenryGreatnation的定義，prosperousineconomy,democraticinpolitics,affluenceincultures.Thewelfareofthepeople,includingthelivingconditions,thesocialsecuritysystemandthecharityofdevelopedcountryis人民生活都保障不了的國(guó)家絕對(duì)不偉大，即使elite有成就也毫無意義Forexample,India.wehavetoadmitthatitisfastdevelopmentofIndiaduringthepastcenturyandevenithasowningnuclearweapon.However,focusingonhightechnologyandweapondoesnotamelioratethesituationthatmuchIndiansarestilllivinginthelowestlevelofsociety.AndThepeaceisstilladreaminthiscountrybecauseofdivergencebetweenpeopleinreligionandnation.Indiacannotbecalledagreatnation.社會(huì)繁榮社會(huì)整體的成功統(tǒng)治者、藝術(shù)家、科學(xué)家的成就也是偉大國(guó)家的重要因素Scientificandtechnologicalachievementsserveinthefirstplacetoenhanceanation’sgeneralwelfare.(Advanceinmedicaltreatment,transportation,communication,etc)Artisticachievementscouldnotbeneglected,though.Theyhelptomakeanationabetterplacetoreside.(Provideinspiration,lifepeople’sspiritandbringaboutcreativityandimagination,allofwhichspurustomakemoreaccomplishments.)(c)Themilitaryanddiplomaticaccomplishmentofitsleaderscouldneitherbeignoredinthegeneralwelfareofanation.(TheWarofIndependence)偉大國(guó)家中的統(tǒng)治者、藝術(shù)家、科學(xué)家要為人民謀福利Fortherulersorthepoliticians,theyshouldimprovepeople'slivingstandards,safeguardthenation'sintegrityandpeople'ssafety,inaword,theyshouldmaketheirnationmorestable,peace,andprosperous;Withrespecttoartists,theyshouldexerttheircreativityandimaginationtomakemoreclassicartworksinordertoreflecttheinnerconnotationsandimpulseofasocietyandultimatelyimprovepeople’sspirituallifeandbringwiththementertainment;Whenitcomestoscientists,whattheyshouldistomaketheresearchresultsconducetopeople’sstudy,life,andworkwhileavoidthepotentialnegativeimpactstheirresearchmayproduce.Issue16/50/86/114/115(Old54)歷史(8)Somepeoplebelievethatgovernmentofficialsmustcarryoutthewillofthepeopletheyserve.Othersbelievethatofficialsshouldbasetheirdecisionsontheirownjudgment.有些人認(rèn)為政府官員應(yīng)該遵從大眾的意愿。也有人認(rèn)為政府官員依靠自己的判斷做決定。Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhichviewmorecloselyalignswithyourownpositionandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldaddressbothoftheviewspresented.1、不能盲目的堅(jiān)持，如果我們堅(jiān)持的東西是錯(cuò)誤的話，否則必將走向失?。蝗纾合Ｌ乩誃lindadherenceindicatesnothingbutignoranceandimprecise,whichisasignoffoolishstubbornness:Causeself-complacencewhichleadstotheneglectofone’sdefects.Ifeveryonestickstohisorherbeliefs,thatwouldcausetheconflictsinourdailylife.ThemostegregiousexampletoillustratethispointinvolvesHitler,whosebeliefthattheJewspresentedpotentialharmtohimandhiscountrymenwascompletelyridiculousandfantastic,whichultimatelyresultedinthetragicmasspersecutionandevengenocide.2、有時(shí)，為了成功我們也需要暫時(shí)的妥協(xié)；如臥薪嘗膽的故事，就是在力量弱的時(shí)候妥協(xié)爭(zhēng)取生存和發(fā)展的機(jī)會(huì)，以期待日后的崛起LongmarchofChinesearmyChinesegreatleader---XiaopingDengarefamousfornotonlygreatcontributiontothefoundingofPeople’sRepublicofchinabutalsohisunprecedentedstratagemofreform.Histheoryofreformisbasedontheobjectiveobservationofthedevelopingtrendonthewholeworldandthemasses'willofandobviousefficiencyuponthesituationofchina.3、堅(jiān)持信念可以走向成功Onlythroughfirmadherencetosomeofone’sbeliefscouldonemakeuniqueaccomplishments,especiallywhenyouareonlyonestepawayfromthetruth,compromisemeanstotalfailure.(MartinLutherKing,TheindependenceofAmerica,Copernicus)MaryCurieadheretoherbelief;Beethoven;heronKellerMarieCurie'sbelief-theremustbesomenewmatterwiththefeatureofradioactiveconcealingintheindustrialwastes-hadenabledhertoworkarduouslyandtenaciously,andeventuallygivenbirthtothediscoveryofRadium,whichwanMarieCurietheNobelPrizeandmeanwhilecontributedsignificantlytotheprogressofmedicalscience.3.Blindcompromiseisalsodetrimental:ConcerningthedecentinterestsofacountryTheloyaltytotruthandtherespectforindividualselfaswellasthesociety.通常政治家是theoutstandingindividualsinthesociety.如：Roosevelt在經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)時(shí)能及時(shí)挽救美國(guó)不能保證政治家做出的決策總是對(duì)的。A理論上說，他們可能為了自己的私利。B實(shí)際上說，歷史上有很多例子，關(guān)于政治家作了錯(cuò)誤決策的。Theculturalrevolution不能忽視普通人群的判斷力和決策，尤其在一個(gè)民主國(guó)家,因?yàn)檎渭伊私獾降那闆r可能不則真實(shí)，而thepublic才是真正的利益相關(guān)主體Thepoliticalissuesarehighlyprofessionalandrequiresexpertisetotackle,politicalleadersshouldrelyontheirjudgmentPoliticalleaders,ongeneralassumption,shouldbewell-trainedtohandlehighlyprofessionalissuesGeneralpublic,ontheotherhand,canonlyfollowratherthanleadIndemocraticnation,andtoensurenobiasorpoliticaldiscriminationssoilthebasicinterestofthegeneralpublic,thevoiceofthepeopleshouldbetakenintoconsiderationConstitutionallylegitimateforpeopletoparticipatepoliticalaffairsanddefendtheirownrights十八次Issue59新增科技(20)59.Scientistsandotherresearchersshouldfocustheirresearchonareasthatarelikelytobenefitthegreatestnumberofpeople.科學(xué)家和科研人員應(yīng)該研究更容易造福大眾的領(lǐng)域。Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththerecommendationandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,describespecificcircumstancesinwhichadoptingtherecommendationwouldorwouldnotbeadvantageousandexplainhowtheseexamplesshapeyourposition.當(dāng)確定一些領(lǐng)域的優(yōu)先權(quán)時(shí)，比如科學(xué)、教育等，最需要考慮的問題是：有多少人會(huì)從中獲益Partlyagree1.能夠解決現(xiàn)在最urgent社會(huì)問題科理所當(dāng)然的應(yīng)該給予優(yōu)先權(quán)。如：通信，經(jīng)濟(jì)，商科，法律、醫(yī)學(xué)。A哪些人會(huì)受益。B實(shí)際證明這些學(xué)科也是最興旺發(fā)達(dá)的。最優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生通常都去了這些地方。。醫(yī)學(xué)、生物研究，對(duì)治病的作用；農(nóng)學(xué)研究對(duì)基本生活需要的滿足；工程研究對(duì)建設(shè)的作用2.有一些看起來沒什么用的長(zhǎng)期看會(huì)很有用。哲學(xué)、文學(xué)、歷史、數(shù)學(xué)、物理（其它科的基礎(chǔ)）。一些科學(xué)不要反對(duì)3.在研究成果沒有出來之前，我們很難判斷哪些是能給最多人帶來利益的。因此，讓其平衡發(fā)展。按照經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)，那些已經(jīng)興旺發(fā)達(dá)的學(xué)科，政府不需給予太多關(guān)注，否則幾年后供大于求；而那些現(xiàn)在默默無聞的學(xué)科今后可能是很有用的學(xué)科，需要給予扶持。一些已經(jīng)很好的學(xué)科或許不能太過于投入，而一些不是很發(fā)達(dá)的則需要大力支持。Iagreeinsofarasareasofresearchcertaintoresultinimmediateandsignificantbenefitsforsocietyshouldcontinuetobeapriority.Yet,strictlyfollowed,thespeaker’srecommendationwouldhaveaharmfulchillingeffectonresearchandnewknowledge.1.Admittedly,scientificresearchwhosesocietalbenefitsareimmediate,predictable,andprofoundshouldcontinuetobeahighpriority.2.However,thisisnottosaythatresearchwhosebenefitsarelessimmediateorclearshouldbegivenlowerpriority.Firstofall,ifwestrictlyfollowthespeaker’ssuggestion,whowoulddecidewhichareasofresearcharemoreworthwhilethanothersResearcherscannotbelefttodecide.3.Secondly,tocompelallresearcherstofocusonlyoncertainareaswouldbetoforcemanytowastetheirtruetalents.4.Thirdly,itisdifficulttopredictwhichresearchavenueswillultimatelyleadtothegreatestcontributionstosociety.十三次Issue12/25(old53)教育(13)12.Governmentsshouldofferafreeuniversityeducationtoanystudentwhohasbeenadmittedtoauniversitybutwhocannotaffordthetuition.對(duì)任何被大學(xué)錄取但無法承擔(dān)學(xué)費(fèi)的學(xué)生，政府應(yīng)該為他們提供免費(fèi)大學(xué)教育。Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscussyourviewsonthepolicyandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderthepossibleconsequencesofimplementingthepolicyandexplainhowtheseconsequencesshapeyourposition.Collegeanduniversityattractsthestudentswithitsincomparableadvantages:教育的重要性PeerlessfacultiesandadvancedfacilitiesAtmosphereforstudyingDuetoitshightuition,manytalented,earnestandindustriousstudentscouldnotafforditandthusmaybedeprivedoftheopportunitytostudyincollegeanduniversity.Thussomepeopleproposetheabovesuggestion.However,itisimpracticableandirrational:Tooponderousaburdenonthefinanceofgovernment.ThequalityofeducationcouldnolongerbeassuredThestudentsmightlosetheimpetustostudyasdiligentastheydoatthetime.Otherauxiliaryprojectscouldhelptosolvetheproblems:Scholarship,stipend,interest-freeloan.Cityandcountrylibrary,andcorrespondencecourse.Issue19(old3)(40)Itismoreimportanttoallocatemoneyforimmediate,existingsocialproblemsthantospenditonlong-termresearchthatmighthelpfuturegenerations.與其花錢進(jìn)行可能有助于后代的長(zhǎng)期性研究，還不如把錢花在迫在眉睫，已經(jīng)存在的社會(huì)問題上。①花錢解決現(xiàn)在的問題很合理，特別是很緊急的問題。如：Tsunami②有些問題不是現(xiàn)在就能解決的。需要長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的規(guī)劃。貧困問題、犯罪問題，有關(guān)humannature的問題從歷史上看從來沒有真正得到解決過。③我們對(duì)未來負(fù)有責(zé)任。A一方面，我們的行為造成了他們的損失。能源上，環(huán)境上。B從道德上說，人與動(dòng)物的區(qū)別在于我們會(huì)感情上認(rèn)為應(yīng)對(duì)后代負(fù)責(zé)。Whenweenjoythefruitsofindustrializationanddemocracy,weare,ontheotherside,confrontedwithsocialproblemsbroughtbyasanotherconsequenceofthisprocess.Firstly,immediate,existingsocialproblemsthatbaffledusdeeplyneedtoberesolvedasquicklyaspossiblesotorestoreasoundsocietyandimproveitshealthydevelopment.However,manypresentsocialproblemscannotberesolvedimmediatelyaswehoped.Furthermore,neglectinglong-termresearchesthatmayhelpfuturegenerations,overemphasizingtofocusonthepresentproblems,mayresultinincompleteresolutiontothesesocialproblems,whichcanmerelybeanexpedienceratherthanaresolution.Issue31/63/67(Old121+242)行為(10)63.Thereislittlejustificationforsocietytomakeextraordinaryefforts—especiallyatagreatcostinmoneyandjobs—tosaveendangeredanimalorplantspecies.特別是考慮到花費(fèi)代價(jià)和精力，對(duì)于任何社會(huì)，投入巨大的努力拯救瀕危的動(dòng)植物是不合理的。Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.Position:disagree.1誠(chéng)然，過去很多的動(dòng)物都是因?yàn)樽陨聿荒軌蜻m應(yīng)自然條件或者競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法則而滅絕的。ThefirstisessentiallytheDarwinianargumentthatextinctionresultsfromtheinexorableprocessofso-called“naturalselection”inwhichstrongerspeciessurvivewhileweakeronesdonot.然而，professionalagencyofspeciesprotection公布的數(shù)據(jù)表明，目前動(dòng)物因?yàn)槿祟悳缃^的數(shù)量是自然滅絕的100倍。人類對(duì)環(huán)境的污染導(dǎo)致很多生物不能夠適應(yīng)劇變的環(huán)境而滅亡；人類的大量開發(fā)土地和deforest導(dǎo)致生物的生存空間越來越小。人類正在成為leadingkiller，所以，我們有責(zé)任去保護(hù)那些瀕臨滅絕的動(dòng)物。我們有責(zé)任去保護(hù)那些因我們而身陷危險(xiǎn)的動(dòng)物和植物，它們也是地球的一員。沒有了它們，我們將會(huì)變得很孤單。我希望，未來的孩子們問起大熊貓長(zhǎng)什么樣的時(shí)候，我們可以帶他們到動(dòng)物園去看而不是僅僅在電視或書本上。2保護(hù)那些瀕臨滅絕的動(dòng)物對(duì)我們的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)有好處。一方面，保護(hù)那些瀕臨滅絕的動(dòng)物就是保護(hù)生態(tài)平衡，比如在一個(gè)小島上，如果某種鳥類滅絕了，則田鼠之類的動(dòng)物就沒有了天敵，他們的過度繁殖會(huì)大量破壞植被，造成生態(tài)系統(tǒng)紊亂；另一方面，保護(hù)瀕臨滅絕的動(dòng)物可以保持生態(tài)系統(tǒng)多樣性，對(duì)我們的科研很有有幫助，科學(xué)家可以采集動(dòng)物的基因進(jìn)行研究，從而找出它們進(jìn)化上的弱點(diǎn)，從而為我們?nèi)祟惡推渌麆?dòng)物提供數(shù)據(jù)。從這個(gè)意義上說，我們應(yīng)該保護(hù)那些瀕臨滅絕的動(dòng)物.Itistimeforhumanbeingsto…now.如果我們現(xiàn)在去保護(hù)那些瀕臨滅絕的動(dòng)物，可以積累大量關(guān)于治理環(huán)境污染和保護(hù)動(dòng)物的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，從而用來保護(hù)那些目前沒有瀕臨滅絕的動(dòng)物。等到地球上的動(dòng)物越來越少的時(shí)候就來不及了。我們現(xiàn)在幫助大熊貓配種繁殖，產(chǎn)下更多后代，未來就可以防止更多的物種因?yàn)樯硢栴}而滅絕；通過研究亞馬遜森林的物種減少問題，我們可以知道酸雨和砍伐造成的，我們就可以采取相應(yīng)的措施去減少這種損失，以避免更多的生物瀕臨滅絕。這些經(jīng)驗(yàn)是寶貴的，他們可以幫助我們避免悲劇發(fā)生在其他生物的身上。我們的行動(dòng)越早，悲劇就越少。3、一個(gè)國(guó)家的人類財(cái)力是有限的，不能一味的全用來保護(hù)瀕危物種。保護(hù)瀕危物種與社會(huì)的進(jìn)步，經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展不應(yīng)該對(duì)立。人類不能違背自然規(guī)律antagonizethenatureandcannotbetraytherulesofuniverseIssue104/107(Old43)政治(9)104.Tobeaneffectiveleader,apublicofficialmustmaintainthehighestethicalandmoralstandards.想成為一名有效力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)則，政府官員必須堅(jiān)守最高的倫理和道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththeclaim.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,besuretoaddressthemostcompellingreasonsand/orexamplesthatcouldbeusedtochallengeyourposition.Position：partlyagree1、(+)官員，who對(duì)社會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)為人民服務(wù)，應(yīng)該保持高的道德和倫理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。作為公眾人物，自然就應(yīng)該受更多的限制，比如不能隨便說臟話，要注意自己的行為舉止等等。不道德的官員是不可能有很長(zhǎng)的政治生涯的2、(+)不遵守politicalmorality的政治家無法成功地領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，最終forfeitleadership，bedoomedtofailureHitler,NixonTakeRichardNixonforexample,hisabuseofpowerirritatedthemasses,asaresult,hebecamethefirstpresidentwhowasimpeachedinhistenure.AnotherexamplecomesfromBillClintonwhowasinvestigatedforhissexualscandals.Althoughhewasnotimpeachedatlast,hisdignityandreputationwasdamagedasaresult.Apparently,apublicofficialwithlowethicandmoralstandardslosehispublicbasiswhichisoneofthekeyfactorstobealeader.3.(-)Inthebusinessrealm,successfulleadershipisgenerallydefinedasthatwhichachievesthegoalofprofitmaximizationforafirm’sshareholdersorotherowners.alsosocietyBILLGATELIKAI-SHING三菱aneffectiveleader。weshouldnotequatemoralbehaviorinpoliticswiththesimplenotionsofhonestyandputtingtheotherfellow’sneedsaheadofone’sown-orotherwaysthatwetypicallymeasurethemoralityofanindividual’sprivatebehavior.一個(gè)成功的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者還應(yīng)該具備其它方面的特征（specialknowledge,insight,managementability,creativityandsoforth可以舉BillGates創(chuàng)造微軟神話的例子）Moreover，只具有倫理和道德修養(yǎng)對(duì)于一個(gè)有效的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者來說是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力，協(xié)調(diào)能力，處理危機(jī)的能力更重要。政治和道德不能混為一談?dòng)械赖碌恼问抢硐牖痠daelization的現(xiàn)實(shí)中的道德政治是為了更好的獲得利益最大化道德需要法律予以確認(rèn)AneffectiveleadershouldmaintainhighestmoralstandardsApoliticalsystembuiltonmoralityandtrustworthinessiscost-effectiveSocietyasawholeprogresstotheidealdirectionTheleader,asaperson,cannotbetrustedtoexercisehighestmoralstandardsAimpersonalsystemisamusttoreassurethatthebestpartofahuman’sheartiswell-protectedandencouragedPolitics,asagroundfamousforitsmuddinessandchaos,isnotthefieldtoonlyemphasizeonmoralityTheessenceofpoliticsisnothingaboutthestruggleforpowerandbalanceofinterestPoliticalcraftsmanshipisalsoneededtosurvive十一次Issue73(old50)教育(24)73.Collegesanduniversitiesshouldrequireallfacultytospendtimeworkingoutsidetheacademicworldinprofessionsrelevanttothecoursestheyteach.學(xué)院和大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求所有的教員拿出時(shí)間，參與學(xué)術(shù)界以外與教學(xué)科目相關(guān)的領(lǐng)域工作。Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscussyourviewsonthepolicyandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderthepossibleconsequencesofimplementingthepolicyandexplainhowtheseconsequencesshapeyourposition.Advantages:Betterunderstandingofthecourses:practiceistheonlytestoftheory.世界發(fā)展速度太快Tokeeppacewiththequickdevelopment,whiletheknowledgeinthebookssomewhatlagsbehind.freshinsightsandcontagiousexcitementabouttheissueathand.experienceinthefieldcanhelpaprofessorferretoutcutting-edgeandcontroversialissuesBetterperceptionoftherequirementofthesociety.Betterhelpthechildrenprepareforthesociety.幫助學(xué)生更了解書本知識(shí)實(shí)際的應(yīng)用Problemsthatdeserveattention:Someinfluenceontheteachingprocess.Themaintimeandenergyshouldstillbeontheeducation.However,theteachersinsomedisciplinessuchasmathematics,literature,history,philosophy,etc.,mayfinditdifficulttocombinetheirteachingwithrelevantprofessionalfields.Wellbalance十次Issue65(old17)社會(huì)(30)65.Everyindividualinasocietyhasaresponsibilitytoobeyjustlawsandtodisobeyandresistunjustlaws.有兩種法律：公平的和不公平的。社會(huì)中的每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該遵守公平的法律，更重要的是，不遵守或者違抗不公平的法律。[BEGIN:]Theargumentthatpeopleinasocietyshouldobeyjustlawanddisobeyunjustlawseemsrelativelysound,whileafterconsideringtheintricatedefinitionoflaw,thestatementaboveisoversimplifytheinfluenceofthelawuponthehumanworld.首先，把法律歸類為正義和非正義太過于簡(jiǎn)單(Firstofall,theitemsjustandunjustaretoosimpletobeusedtocategorizethekindsoflawsbecausesomelawsmaynotbedefinedaseitherjustorunjust.)克隆、原子彈法律并不像人們想象的那樣是一成不變的(Thelawsshouldnotkeepconstant,asmanypeoplethink,onthecontrary,theyshouldbechallengedandmendedintheprogressofsocialdevelopment.)首先，正義的概念是隨著傳統(tǒng)和其他條件而變的(Inthefirstplace,theitem"just"isgoingtovarygreatlyaccordingtodifferenttraditions,costumeandotherconditions.)價(jià)值觀：墮胎abortion同樣的非正義也是隨著因素而改變的(While,itispreciselythesamewhenitcomestotheunjustlaw.)時(shí)間：違抗政府的命令；計(jì)算機(jī)犯罪(computercrime)同樣的過分強(qiáng)調(diào)人們遵守正義和抵制非正義的東西，也會(huì)造成一些問題(Undulyemphasizingpeopletoresisttheunjustlawsalsospellcertainrisks.Inthefirstplace,unjustlawsarenotconstantconceptbutmay)首先，阻礙社會(huì)民主進(jìn)程(Foronething,compellingallthepeopleunconditionalacceptandobeythejustlawsmayinsomesenseimpedetheprocessofthedemocracyinthenation.)其次，忽略了傳統(tǒng)價(jià)值觀念在社會(huì)中的作用(Inaddition,itmayalsounderminethefundamentalinfluenceofthetraditionalvaluesystemsuponthehumansociety.Asissooftenpointedoutthattheregulationsandlawsisjustamanifestationofthevalueandstandardofthehumancivilizations.Inthisrespect,inculcatingpeoplewiththetraditionalvaluesystemsarefarmoreimportantthancompelthemwithintheboundofthelaw.)[END:]Insummary,asoneofthecrucialelementsofmodernsociety,thelawshavetobeservedastheguidanceforalmostallthecitizenstoliveandworkinarightwayandalsoprovidethemwithastabilizedclimate.九次Issue17/68(old128)教育(35)68.Somepeoplebelievethatthepurposeofeducationistofreethemindandthespirit.Othersbelievethatformaleducationtendstorestrainourmindsandspiritsratherthansetthemfree.有些人認(rèn)為教育的目的是解放思維和精神。也有人認(rèn)為正規(guī)教育往往遏制學(xué)生的思維和精神，而不是解放它們。Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhichviewmorecloselyalignswithyourownpositionandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldaddressbothoftheviewspresented.Thepurposeofeducationistoimpartsomebasicknowledge,skillsandmethodologiestotheeducated,andthroughthiswaytofreethemindofthem:Somepeoplemightarguethattheoverwhelmingcurriculumofschoolswouldrestrainourmindandspirit.However,ifdeficientinknowledge,absolutefreemindwillleadtototalsimplicityandnaivety.Formaleducationplaysaveryimportantroleintheprocessoffreeingthemindandspirit.Basicknowledge,whichcanonlybeattainedthroughformaleducation,istheprerequisiteforfreeingpeople’smindandspirit.Formaleducationistheprerequisiteoffreedomofmind:freedomofminddoesnotmeanitshouldjumpoutofanyboundariesandlimitation,whichisnothingmorethanadaydreamoflittlesignificance.Formaleducationmakesthefreedomofmindpossible:whathasbeenlearnedisacircle.Providedthelargerthecircleis,themorespaceyouwouldhavetoimagineandcreate.3、Whileadmittedly,existingeducationsystemmayhaveputtoomuchemphasisonthehighgradesandwhathasbeenprovedthroughexperimentsandpracticethattendstorestrainourmindsandspiritsinsteadofsetthemfreeanddoescausemanyproblems傳輸教條facilitatethedisseminationofpropagandaandotherdogma—whichbecauseofitsbiasedandone-sidednatureunderminestheverypurposeoftrueeducation:toenlighten.Mightwishtosuppress–assomesortofthreattoitsauthorityandpower.填鴨教育sausageThemissionofourcollegesanduniversitiesistoaffordstudentsculturalperspectiveandacapacityforunderstandingopposingviewpoints,andtoencourageandnurturetheskillsofcriticalanalysisandskepticism—nottoindoctrinatestudentswithcertainideaswhilequashingothers.Insummary,weshouldcreatesuchanenvironmentinwhicheachchildinhisownwayfollowshiscuriositywhereitleadshim,developshisabilityandtalents,pursueshisinterestsandlikes.Inthisway,hispotentialwillbefullydevelopedandhewillmakeamaximumcontributiontosocietywhenhegrowsup.八次Issue05/117…(old10)文化(15)5.Claim:Governmentsmustensurethattheirmajorcitiesreceivethefinancialsupporttheyneedinordertothrive.Reason:Itisprimarilyincitiesthatanation'sculturaltraditionsarepreservedandgenerated.結(jié)論：政府需要給社會(huì)主要城市提供財(cái)政支持，來保證其繁榮發(fā)展。原因：一個(gè)國(guó)家的文化傳統(tǒng)主要是在城市中得以傳承和發(fā)展。Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththeclaimandthereasononwhichthatclaimisbased.----Disagree1.Subsidizingculturaltraditionsisnotaproperroleofgovernment.2.Secondly,subsidizingculturaltraditionsisnotanecessaryroleofgovernment.Philanthropyisaliveandwelltoday,andsogovernmentneednotintervenetoensurethatourculturaltraditionsarepreservedandpromoted.Economic,development,improvementofpeople’slife.3.Finally,andperhapsmostimportantly,thespeakerunfairlysuggeststhatlargecitiesserveastheprimarybreedinggroundandsanctuariesforanation’sculturaltraditions.Originofthefolkart保留了更多傳統(tǒng)文化Withtheglobalization,majorcitiesallovertheworldhavebecomeincreasinglysimilartoeachother.上海和紐約sameskycraperefficientlifestyle1.經(jīng)過歷史上的發(fā)展，有文化傳統(tǒng)的積累。城市確實(shí)更可能成為國(guó)家文化交流的中心，比如，北京的京劇，西安。因?yàn)橹饕拇蟪鞘型墙?jīng)濟(jì)文化較發(fā)達(dá)的地區(qū)。比如，在紐約幾乎每一周里都有各種游行，中國(guó)新年的游行，St.Patrick’sDay（愛爾蘭的節(jié)日）游行等等2.大城市作為經(jīng)濟(jì)文化交流的中心，文化間的交流，使得本國(guó)的文化與外來的文化互相作用，不利于原汁原味本土文化傳統(tǒng)的保留。文化交流必然會(huì)趨于同化，相互影響，一個(gè)地區(qū)的文化傳統(tǒng)很難在這樣的沖擊下獨(dú)立生存下去。比如我們現(xiàn)在整天大吃KFCPizza看美國(guó)大片，聽搖滾音樂，沖擊了中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的地方戲劇和音樂。3.反觀鄉(xiāng)村，也孕育和保存著一些已經(jīng)被歷史遺忘的文化傳統(tǒng)，如美國(guó)鄉(xiāng)村音樂，bluesandjazz都起源于南方小城鎮(zhèn)，而美國(guó)的小說也大多起源于中部平原地區(qū)關(guān)于政府的財(cái)政支持，政府的確是應(yīng)該支持大城市的，如果它需要的話，畢竟大城市的發(fā)展關(guān)系著整個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。然而，我們應(yīng)該明確的是政府絕不是因?yàn)槲幕目紤]而支持大城市，相反，為了保留文化傳統(tǒng)，國(guó)家應(yīng)該加大對(duì)小城鎮(zhèn)或農(nóng)村的支持力度。隨著城市化的不斷深入，人們開始逐步離開鄉(xiāng)村走進(jìn)城市。因此很多人也相信文化傳統(tǒng)是在城市里產(chǎn)生和保存的。但追溯整個(gè)人類歷史，文化傳統(tǒng)的真正根源還是在鄉(xiāng)村，只不過是資本主義工廠與商業(yè)的喧囂讓人們無法回歸文化傳統(tǒng)的本源。這也正是在浮躁的城市中，越來越多的人開始追尋曾經(jīng)鄉(xiāng)村生活寧靜，慰藉自己孤獨(dú)的靈魂，重溫泥土和田園帶來的幸福Withthedeepeningofurbanization,peoplegraduallyleavethecountrysideandstarttodwellincities,whichconsequentlyarebelievedtobewhereanation’sculturaltraditionsaregeneratedandpreserved.Yet,tracingthehuman’scivilization,wewillfindafact,usuallydistortedbythefactoriesandchaosofcapitalism,thattheoriginofculturaltraditionsisdeeplyrootedintheruralareas.Simplyduetothesoundsandfuriesofcities,moreandmorepeoplearelongingforthetranquilityofcountryside,soothingthelonelysoulsandreminiscingthepastoralnostalgia.Issue44/75/84(Old161)傳媒(4)44.Claim:Itisnolongerpossibleforasocietytoregardanylivingmanorwomanasahero.Reason:Thereputationofanyonewhoissubjectedtomediascrutinywilleventuallybediminished.結(jié)論：當(dāng)今任何社會(huì)已經(jīng)不再可能將任何在世的人標(biāo)榜為英雄人物。原因：任何人遭受媒體的監(jiān)察，必定會(huì)聲名掃地。Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththeclaimandthereasononwhichthatclaimisbased.1、媒體審查破壞英雄形象出自媒體對(duì)利益的追逐profits-seekingentities;maximizetheirprofitsConsiderNixon’sWaterGateScandal,BillClinton’ssexscandal,andKennedy’sex-maritalscandal,eachofwhichbecomethehottesttopicbeingreportedonthemediacoverage.Ifitwerenotforthemassmediascrutiny,wewouldexpectthatpeoplestillregardthemasthenationalheroAdmittedly,itishumannaturetopryintotheprivacyofpublicfigures,derivingfromenvyorjealousness.Themedia,propelledtogainasmuchprofitaspossible,trytocartertothedemandofpublic2真正的英雄(Turningbacktotherealhero)，不管媒體怎樣窺視他們私人生活pryabout，他們還是一樣受人們尊重。一方面真正出色的人，在私人時(shí)間，也是非常常規(guī)的生活——看書，休息，運(yùn)動(dòng)——讓媒體沒有可乘之機(jī)，做事保持很高的道德水平。另一方面是他們的出色成就讓他們的所謂的錯(cuò)誤行為則微不足道，比如羅斯福，他也有EX-maritalscandal，但是這些行為比起他的成就——走出大蕭條，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)二戰(zhàn)取得勝利，他是公認(rèn)的20世紀(jì)最偉大的總統(tǒng)，人們及使知道丑聞，但是仍然和以前一樣尊敬他。所以真正的英雄，仍然有很高的聲譽(yù)，不管媒體怎樣報(bào)導(dǎo)。MotherTeresa,winnerofthenobelpeaceprize,dedicatedthemajorityofherlifetphelpingthepoorestofpoorinindia,thusgainingherthename"saintofthegutters"thedevotiontowardsthepoorwonherrespectthoughouttheworldandthenobelpeaceprize3.Toerrishuman,nobodycouldliveflawlessly.Therefore,mediacouldalwaysgainwhattheyneedthroughclosescrutinyandevenifwhentheyfail,theymightproducesomescandalscompelledbyinterests.Andactually,peopleareincreasinglyusedtofeedingfromthemainstreammediawithoutselection.Theyhavelosttheabilityofcriticalexamine.Issue02/22/122(newone)行為(16)22.Claim:Thebestwaytounderstandthecharacterofasocietyistoexaminethecharacterofthemenandwomenthatthesocietychoosesasitsheroesoritsrolemodels.Reason:Heroesandrolemodelsrevealasociety'shighestideals.結(jié)論：了解一個(gè)社會(huì)特點(diǎn)的最好方法是，考察這個(gè)社會(huì)標(biāo)榜的英雄人物和模范榜樣的特點(diǎn)。原因：英雄人物和模范榜樣揭示了一個(gè)社會(huì)的最高理念。Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththeclaimandthereasononwhichthatclaimisbased.1.①hero一般被傳