實用英語語音學(xué)課件

TheEnglishSpeechSounds1TheEnglishSpeechSounds1Theimportanceofphoneticstudy1)Phoneticsisthescienceofspeechsounds.Itdealswiththesoundsystemofalanguage.Alanguageconsistsofthreeimportantelements,namely,speechsounds,vocabularyandgrammar.Speechsoundisthematerialformonwhichwordandgrammarrelyforexistence.Divorcedfromspeechsound,wordandgrammararenon-existent.Sothefirststepinstudyinganyspokenlanguageistodeterminethephonemes.(Basicsounds)2)Asameansofcommunicationbywordofmouth,languageisusedinoralspeechandinreadingaloud.Therefore,inordertomakeoneselfeasilyunderstoodwhileexpressingone’sownorotherpeople’sthoughtsinanylanguage,onemustbeabletopronouncesentencesinthatlanguagequitecorrectly.Onemusthavegoodpronunciationinordertobeabletounderstandotherpeopleeasilywhentheyspeakorreadaloud.Thisisprovedbythewell-knownfactthatthebetterwepronounceaforeignlanguage,theeasierweunderstanditwhenwehearit.2TheimportanceofphoneticstuConceptionsofphoneticAHD:TheAmericanHeritageDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguageKK:A

Pronouncing

Dictionary

of

American,1956----JohnSamuelKenyon&

JohnAlbertKnottDJ:EnglishPronouncingDictionary,1963----DanielJonesRP:EnglishPronouncingDictionary--“ReceivedPronunciation”IPA:InternationalPhoneticAlphabet,1888----InternationalPhoneticAssociation3ConceptionsofphoneticAHD:ThTohaveagoodpronunciationmeans:1.Topronouncecorrectlyallthespeechsoundsofthelanguageandallthecombinationsintheirproperordernotonlyinisolatedwords,butalsoinsentences2.Topronouncesentencesfluentlyatthespedrequiredbythesituation,withcorrectstresses,linkingofsounds,rhythm,pausesandintonation.4TohaveagoodpronunciationmTheorgansofspeechNasalcavity------鼻腔Mouthcavity------口腔Tongue------舌Lips------唇Teeth------齒Theteethridge-------齒齦Thehardpalate------硬腭Thesoftpalate------軟腭uvula------小舌Pharynx------咽頭Larynx------喉頭Thevocalcords------聲帶Windpipe------氣管5TheorgansofspeechNasalcaviTheclassificationofSpeechsoundsTheorgansofspeecharecapableofmakingmanydifferentkindsofspeechsounds.Fromthepracticalstandpoint,speechsoundsaregenerallydividedintoVowelsandConsonants.6TheclassificationofSpeechs☆Vowelsaresoundsproducedwithoutobstructionoftheairstreaminthemouth.Inproducingthemthereisvibrationofthevocalcords,soallvowelsarevoiced.InEnglishtherearetwentyvowelsinall.☆Consonantsaresoundsproducedbysomeformofobstructionoftheairpassageandbeeithervoicedorvoiceless.Therearetwenty-eightconsonantsinEnglish.7☆VowelsaresoundsproducTheEnglishPhonetic/i:/,/i/,/e/,/?//a:/,/?:/,/?/,/u:/,/u/./?/,/?:/,/?//ei/,/ai/,/?i/,/?u/,/au/,/i?/,/??/,/u?//p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g//f/,/v/,/Θ/

,

/e/,/s/,/z/,/?/,/?/,/h//?/,/?/,/tr/,/dr/,/ts/,/dz/,/m/,/n/,/

?//r/,/j/,/w/

8TheEnglishPhonetic/i:/,/iVowels

GeneralRemarksontheVowelsTheEnglishvowelsaredividedintotwolargegroups:Monophthongs(purevowels)Diphthongs9Vowels

GenerMonophthongs:Therearetwelvemonophthongs.Theymaybeclassifiedaccordingtothefollowingprinciples:1)Theheightoftheraisedpartofthetongue:wedistinguishopenvowels,half-openvowels,half-closevowelsandclosevowels.2)Thepartofthetongueraised:wedistinguishfront,backandcentralvowels.3)Thelengthofthevowel:wedistinguishlongvowelsandshortones.4)Theposition(orshape)ofthelips:wedistinguishroundedvowelsandunroundedones.5)Thedegreeoftenseness:wedistinguishtensevowelsandlaxvowels.10Monophthongs:TherearetwelveTheFrontVowelsTherearefourfrontvowelsinEnglish:/i:/,/i/,/e/,/?/./i:/isalong,closefrontvowel.Itisunroundedandtense./i/isashort,half-closefrontvowel.Itisunroundedandlax./e/isashort,half-open,unroundedfrontvowel.Itisalax./?/isashort,open,unroundedfrontvowel.Itisalax.11TheFrontVowelsTherearefourExampleandpractice/i:/e:meevening;ee:seeweek

ea:sealeave;i:machinepolice/i/i:shippig;y:happydaddy

ui:buildguilty;ie:fieldshield/e/e:twelvesecond;a:anymany

ea:heavybreakfastie:friend/?/a:landmatterfamily12Exampleandpractice/i:/e:TheBackVowelsTherearefivebackvowelsinEnglish:/a:/,/?:/,/?/,/u:/,/u/./a:/isalong,open,unroundedbackvowel./?:/isalong,half-open,roundedbackvowel.Itisslightlytense./?/isashort,open,rounded,laxbackvowel./u:/isalong,close,rounded,tensebackvowel./u/isashort,half-close,rounded,laxbackvowel.13TheBackVowelsTherearefiveExampleandpractice/a:/ar:hardfarmer;a:classglass

al:halfcalf/?:/or:shortcorn;ore:morebefore

oor:doorfloor/?/our:fourpour;a:washwhato:stophot

au:autumndaughter;al:callwalk/u:/u:blueruler;oo:moonfood/u/u:put;oo:footgood;oul:couldwould14Exampleandpractice/a:/ar:ThecentralVowelsTherethreecentralvowelsinEnglish:/?/,/?:/,/?/./?/isashort,half-open,unroundedcentralvowel.Itisalaxone./?:/isalong,half-closeandhalf-open,unrounded,tensecentralvowel./?/isashort,half-open,unrounded,laxcentralvowel.Itonlyoccursinunstressedsyllables.15ThecentralVowelsTherethreeExampleandpractice/?/u:sunhungry;o:sonanother

ou:enoughcoupledoubleyoung

/?:/er:termcertainly;ir:firstthird

ur:turnThursday;or:workword

ear:learnearly/?/a:awaywoman;e:studentbroken

er:overmatter16Exampleandpractice/?/u:sDiphthongsThereareeightdiphthongs.Theyaredividedintothreegroups:threewithaglidetowards/i/twowithaglidetowards/u/threewithaglidetowards/?/17DiphthongsThereareeightdiphTheclosingDiphthongsTherearefiveclosingdiphthongsinEnglish./ei/,/ai/,/?i/,/?u/,/au//ei/beginswith/e/andglidessmoothlyto/i//ai/glidesfrom/a/to/i/.Itissmoothandloudnessbecomeslessasitprogresses./?i/glidesfromapositionbetween/?/and/?:/to/i/./?u/startswith/?:/andthenglidesawayto/u/withthelipsgettingslightlyrounded./au/startswith/a/andthenglidesawayto/u/withthelipsgettingslightlyrounded.18TheclosingDiphthongsTherearExampleandpractice/ei/a:takegate;ay:staysay;ea:great/ai/i:sidenice;ie:tiedie;y:byshy/?i/oi:toiletboilnoise;oy:boytoy/?u/o:notmost;oa:boatcoat

ow:blowknow/au/ou:housemouse;ow:nowbrown19Exampleandpractice/ei/a:tTheCentringDighthongsTherearethreecentringdiphthongs:/i?/,/??/,/u?//i?/glidesfrom/i/to/?/.Thelipsarespreadthroughout./??/glidesfromapointbetween/e/and/?/.Thelipsarespread./u?/startsfrom/u/andglidesto/?/.20TheCentringDighthongsTherea/i?/ea:ideareal;ear:dearnear

ere:here;e:herozero/??/air:chairhair;are:carefuldare

ear:pearwear;ere:therewhere/u?/ure:sure;ua:usuallyExampleandpractice21/i?/ea:ideareal;ear:dConsonants

ClassificationofConsonantsConsonantsmaybeclassifiedaccordingtofollowingrules:Theworkofthevocalcords2)Placeofarticulation3)Mannerofarticulation22Consonants

ClassificaWorkoftheVocalCordsVoicedconsonants:theyareproducedwiththevibrationofthevocalcords.Voicelessconsonants:theyareproducedwithoutthevibrationofthevocalcords.23WorkoftheVocalCordsVoicedPlaceofArticulation1)bi-labial（雙唇音）2)labio-dental（唇齒音）3)dental（齒音）4)alveolar（齒齦音）5)post-alveolar（后齒齦音）6)palato-alveolar（硬腭齒齦音）7)palatal（硬腭音）8)velar（軟腭音）9)glottal（喉音）24PlaceofArticulation1)bi-laMannerofArticulation1)plosives（爆破音）2)fricatives（摩擦音）3)affricates（破擦音）4)nasals（鼻音）5)lateral（邊音）（舌側(cè)音）6)frictionlesscontinuant（無摩擦延續(xù)音）7)semi-vowels（半元音）25MannerofArticulation1)plosiMannerofArticulation:

1)PlosivesTherearethreepairsofplosives:bilabial----/p/,/b/Alveolar----/t/,/d/Velar----/k/,/g/Thesound/b,d,g/arevoicedplosives.TheyareunaspiratedandweakThesound/p,t,k/arevoiceless;polsives.Theyareusuallyaspiratedandstrong.26MannerofArticulation:

1)Exampleandpractice:/p/isvoiceless,bilabial,plosive,aspiratedstrong./b/isvoiced,bilabial,plosive,unaspirated,weak.Practice:patbatpaperlabormapbobbyrobber27Exampleandpractice:/p/isvo/t/:voiceless,alveolar,plosive,aspirated,strong./d/:voiced,alveolar,plosive,unaspirated,weak.Practice:tendadtighttidewriterriderwettingwedding

28/t/:voiceless,alveolar,plo/k/:voiceless,velar,plosive,aspirated,strong./g/:voiced,velar,plosive,unaspirated,weak.Practice:couldgoodcotgotweekleekankleangle29/k/:voiceless,velar,plosivMannerofArticulation:

2)FricativesTherearenineconsonantsoffricatives:/f/,/v/,/Θ/

,

/e/,/s/,/z/,/?/,/?/,/h/Theyhavethecommonfeature:Forallofthemthelungspushairthroughanarrowpassagewhereitcausesfrictionofvariouskinds.30MannerofArticulation:

2)FExampleandpractice:/f/:voiceless,labio-dental,fricative,usuallyaspirated,strong,long./v/:voiced,labio-dental,fricative,usuallyunaspirated,weak,short.Practice:ahalfsniffabriefloveastiffgloveasafemoveabravebluffagravegrief31Exampleandpractice:/f/:voic/Θ/

:voiceless,dental,fricative,aspiratedstrong,long./e/:voiced,dental,fricative,unaspirated,weak,short.Practice:thinkthisthiefthesethingwithinsomethingother32/Θ/

:voiceless,dental,frica/s/:voiceless,alveolar,fricative,aspirated,strong,long./z/:voiced,alveolar,fricative,unaspirated,weak,short.Practice:placeplayscoarsecausebusbuzzraceraisefalsefallsnieceknees33/s/:voiceless,alveolar,fri

/?/:voiceless,palato-alveolar,fricative,aspirated,strong,long./?/:voiced,palato-alveolar,fricative,unaspirated,weak,short./h/:voiceless,glottal,fricative34/?/:voiceless,palato-alveoPractice:/?/sh:shipwash;ss/s:suresugar

-tia-,-tie-,-tio-:partialinitialnation

-cia-,-cie-,-cio-:socialconscious

-sion:pensiondiscussionomission/?/-sure,-zure:leisuretreasure

-sion:decisionconfusion

-ge:garage/h/h:heathot;wh-:whowhole35Practice:/?/sh:shipwash;MannerofArticulation:

3)AffricatesTherearethreepairsofaffricatesinEnglish:/?/,/?/:theairpassageiscompletelyblockedbyraisingthesoftpalateandraisingthetipofthetonguetotouchthebackpartoftheteethridge/tr/,/dr/:arearticulatedbyraisingthetonguetiptotouchthebackpartoftheteethridge./ts/,/dz/:arearticulatedwiththetonguetipraisedtotouchthebackpartoftheteethridge.36MannerofArticulation:

3)AExampleandpractice:/?/:palato-alvealar,affricate,voiceless,aspirated,strong,long./?/:palato-alveolar,affricate,voiced,unaspirated,weak,short.Practice:

/?/:ch,tch:churchchairmatch

t+ure,t+eous:naturepicture

t+ion:questionsuggestion/?/:g:gentleagegiant;j:justjoke

dg(e):ridgeedgejudge37Exampleandpractice:/?/:pala/tr/:post-alveolaraffricate,voiceless,aspirated,strong,long./dr/:post-alveolaraffricate,voiced,unaspirated,weak,short.Practice:treatdraintruedrugtracedrawtraindrop38/tr/:post-alveolaraffricate/ts/:alveolaraffricate,voiceless,aspirated,strong,long./dz/:alveolaraffricate,voiced,unaspirated,weak,short.Practice:/ts/:-ts,-tes:letsfistsbites/dz/:-ds,-des:bedsspendsdivides39/ts/:alveolaraffricate,voiMannerofArticulation:

4)NasalsTherearethreenasalconsonantsinEnglish.

/m/,/n/,/

?/.Inarticulatingallnasalconsonantsthesoftpalateisloweredandatthesametimethemouthpassageisblockedatsomepointsothatalltheairispushedoutofthenose.40MannerofArticulation:

4)N/m/themouthpassageiscompletelyblockedbyclosingthelipsandtheairpassesthroughthenose./n/themouthpassageiscompletelyblockedbypressingthetongue-tipagainsttheteethridge,andsidesofthetongueagainstthesidesofthepalate.Theairpassesthroughthenose./

?/themouthisblockedbythebackofthetonguepressedagainstthesoftpalate.Thesoftpalateisloweredandalltheairpassesthroughthenose.41/m/themouthpassageiscomplExampleandpractice:/m/:voicedbilabialnasal/n/:voicedalveolarnasal/

?/:voicedvelarnasalPractice:/m/:m/mm:meatsummer

-mb:lambthumb

-mn:autumnsolemn/n/:n/nn:nightsunnyfunny

kn-:knowknifekneel

gn:signdesign/

?/:-ng:singspring;n-:sinkangeruncle42Exampleandpractice:/m/:voiMannerofArticulation:

5)LateralThereisonlyonelateralinEnglish:/l/:thetongue-tipslightlytouchestheteethridgewhilethesidesofthetongueareloweredtoformaratherwidepassage.Theairpassesatthesidesofthetonguewithoutfriction.☆Englishpeopleusetwodifferent/l/sounds:theclear/l/anddark/l/.43MannerofArticulation:

5)Exampleandpractice:/l/isavoicedalveolarlateralconsonant.Practice:leavefilllatefieldmillonbelttellingholdNote:theletterlissilentinanumberofwords.e.g.talkwalkhalfshouldfolk44Exampleandpractice:/l/isaMannerofArticulation:

6)FrictionlesscontinuantThereisonefrictionlesscontinuant./r/When/r/isarticulatedthetipofthetongueisheldneartothebackpartoftheteethridge,butnottouchingit;thebackrimsofthetonguearetouchingtheuppermolar;thecentralpartofthetongueislowered,sothatthetonguehasacurvedshape.45MannerofArticulation:

6)FExampleandpractice:/r/isavoicedpost-alveolarfrictionlesscontinuant.（無摩擦延續(xù)音）practice:/r/:r:redbreadvery

rh:rhymerhythm

wr:writewrong46Exampleandpractice:/r/isaMannerofArticulation:

7)Semi-vowelsTherearetwosemi-vowelsinEnglish:/j/,/w/Theyarequick,smooth,non-frictionglidetowardsafollowingvowelsound./j/isaquickglidefromthepositionofthevowel/i:/or/i/toanyothervowel./w/isaquickglidefromthevowel/u:/or/u/tothefollowingvowelsound.47MannerofArticulation:

7)S經(jīng)常不斷地學(xué)習(xí),你就什么都知道。你知道得越多,你就越有力量StudyConstantly,AndYouWillKnowEverything.TheMoreYouKnow,TheMorePowerfulYouWillBe寫在最后經(jīng)常不斷地學(xué)習(xí),你就什么都知道。你知道得越多,你就越有力量寫謝謝大家榮幸這一路，與你同行It'SAnHonorToWalkWithYouAllTheWay演講人：XXXXXX時間：XX年XX月XX日

謝謝大家演講人：XXXXXXTheEnglishSpeechSounds50TheEnglishSpeechSounds1Theimportanceofphoneticstudy1)Phoneticsisthescienceofspeechsounds.Itdealswiththesoundsystemofalanguage.Alanguageconsistsofthreeimportantelements,namely,speechsounds,vocabularyandgrammar.Speechsoundisthematerialformonwhichwordandgrammarrelyforexistence.Divorcedfromspeechsound,wordandgrammararenon-existent.Sothefirststepinstudyinganyspokenlanguageistodeterminethephonemes.(Basicsounds)2)Asameansofcommunicationbywordofmouth,languageisusedinoralspeechandinreadingaloud.Therefore,inordertomakeoneselfeasilyunderstoodwhileexpressingone’sownorotherpeople’sthoughtsinanylanguage,onemustbeabletopronouncesentencesinthatlanguagequitecorrectly.Onemusthavegoodpronunciationinordertobeabletounderstandotherpeopleeasilywhentheyspeakorreadaloud.Thisisprovedbythewell-knownfactthatthebetterwepronounceaforeignlanguage,theeasierweunderstanditwhenwehearit.51TheimportanceofphoneticstuConceptionsofphoneticAHD:TheAmericanHeritageDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguageKK:A

Pronouncing

Dictionary

of

American,1956----JohnSamuelKenyon&

JohnAlbertKnottDJ:EnglishPronouncingDictionary,1963----DanielJonesRP:EnglishPronouncingDictionary--“ReceivedPronunciation”IPA:InternationalPhoneticAlphabet,1888----InternationalPhoneticAssociation52ConceptionsofphoneticAHD:ThTohaveagoodpronunciationmeans:1.Topronouncecorrectlyallthespeechsoundsofthelanguageandallthecombinationsintheirproperordernotonlyinisolatedwords,butalsoinsentences2.Topronouncesentencesfluentlyatthespedrequiredbythesituation,withcorrectstresses,linkingofsounds,rhythm,pausesandintonation.53TohaveagoodpronunciationmTheorgansofspeechNasalcavity------鼻腔Mouthcavity------口腔Tongue------舌Lips------唇Teeth------齒Theteethridge-------齒齦Thehardpalate------硬腭Thesoftpalate------軟腭uvula------小舌Pharynx------咽頭Larynx------喉頭Thevocalcords------聲帶Windpipe------氣管54TheorgansofspeechNasalcaviTheclassificationofSpeechsoundsTheorgansofspeecharecapableofmakingmanydifferentkindsofspeechsounds.Fromthepracticalstandpoint,speechsoundsaregenerallydividedintoVowelsandConsonants.55TheclassificationofSpeechs☆Vowelsaresoundsproducedwithoutobstructionoftheairstreaminthemouth.Inproducingthemthereisvibrationofthevocalcords,soallvowelsarevoiced.InEnglishtherearetwentyvowelsinall.☆Consonantsaresoundsproducedbysomeformofobstructionoftheairpassageandbeeithervoicedorvoiceless.Therearetwenty-eightconsonantsinEnglish.56☆VowelsaresoundsproducTheEnglishPhonetic/i:/,/i/,/e/,/?//a:/,/?:/,/?/,/u:/,/u/./?/,/?:/,/?//ei/,/ai/,/?i/,/?u/,/au/,/i?/,/??/,/u?//p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g//f/,/v/,/Θ/

,

/e/,/s/,/z/,/?/,/?/,/h//?/,/?/,/tr/,/dr/,/ts/,/dz/,/m/,/n/,/

?//r/,/j/,/w/

57TheEnglishPhonetic/i:/,/iVowels

GeneralRemarksontheVowelsTheEnglishvowelsaredividedintotwolargegroups:Monophthongs(purevowels)Diphthongs58Vowels

GenerMonophthongs:Therearetwelvemonophthongs.Theymaybeclassifiedaccordingtothefollowingprinciples:1)Theheightoftheraisedpartofthetongue:wedistinguishopenvowels,half-openvowels,half-closevowelsandclosevowels.2)Thepartofthetongueraised:wedistinguishfront,backandcentralvowels.3)Thelengthofthevowel:wedistinguishlongvowelsandshortones.4)Theposition(orshape)ofthelips:wedistinguishroundedvowelsandunroundedones.5)Thedegreeoftenseness:wedistinguishtensevowelsandlaxvowels.59Monophthongs:TherearetwelveTheFrontVowelsTherearefourfrontvowelsinEnglish:/i:/,/i/,/e/,/?/./i:/isalong,closefrontvowel.Itisunroundedandtense./i/isashort,half-closefrontvowel.Itisunroundedandlax./e/isashort,half-open,unroundedfrontvowel.Itisalax./?/isashort,open,unroundedfrontvowel.Itisalax.60TheFrontVowelsTherearefourExampleandpractice/i:/e:meevening;ee:seeweek

ea:sealeave;i:machinepolice/i/i:shippig;y:happydaddy

ui:buildguilty;ie:fieldshield/e/e:twelvesecond;a:anymany

ea:heavybreakfastie:friend/?/a:landmatterfamily61Exampleandpractice/i:/e:TheBackVowelsTherearefivebackvowelsinEnglish:/a:/,/?:/,/?/,/u:/,/u/./a:/isalong,open,unroundedbackvowel./?:/isalong,half-open,roundedbackvowel.Itisslightlytense./?/isashort,open,rounded,laxbackvowel./u:/isalong,close,rounded,tensebackvowel./u/isashort,half-close,rounded,laxbackvowel.62TheBackVowelsTherearefiveExampleandpractice/a:/ar:hardfarmer;a:classglass

al:halfcalf/?:/or:shortcorn;ore:morebefore

oor:doorfloor/?/our:fourpour;a:washwhato:stophot

au:autumndaughter;al:callwalk/u:/u:blueruler;oo:moonfood/u/u:put;oo:footgood;oul:couldwould63Exampleandpractice/a:/ar:ThecentralVowelsTherethreecentralvowelsinEnglish:/?/,/?:/,/?/./?/isashort,half-open,unroundedcentralvowel.Itisalaxone./?:/isalong,half-closeandhalf-open,unrounded,tensecentralvowel./?/isashort,half-open,unrounded,laxcentralvowel.Itonlyoccursinunstressedsyllables.64ThecentralVowelsTherethreeExampleandpractice/?/u:sunhungry;o:sonanother

ou:enoughcoupledoubleyoung

/?:/er:termcertainly;ir:firstthird

ur:turnThursday;or:workword

ear:learnearly/?/a:awaywoman;e:studentbroken

er:overmatter65Exampleandpractice/?/u:sDiphthongsThereareeightdiphthongs.Theyaredividedintothreegroups:threewithaglidetowards/i/twowithaglidetowards/u/threewithaglidetowards/?/66DiphthongsThereareeightdiphTheclosingDiphthongsTherearefiveclosingdiphthongsinEnglish./ei/,/ai/,/?i/,/?u/,/au//ei/beginswith/e/andglidessmoothlyto/i//ai/glidesfrom/a/to/i/.Itissmoothandloudnessbecomeslessasitprogresses./?i/glidesfromapositionbetween/?/and/?:/to/i/./?u/startswith/?:/andthenglidesawayto/u/withthelipsgettingslightlyrounded./au/startswith/a/andthenglidesawayto/u/withthelipsgettingslightlyrounded.67TheclosingDiphthongsTherearExampleandpractice/ei/a:takegate;ay:staysay;ea:great/ai/i:sidenice;ie:tiedie;y:byshy/?i/oi:toiletboilnoise;oy:boytoy/?u/o:notmost;oa:boatcoat

ow:blowknow/au/ou:housemouse;ow:nowbrown68Exampleandpractice/ei/a:tTheCentringDighthongsTherearethreecentringdiphthongs:/i?/,/??/,/u?//i?/glidesfrom/i/to/?/.Thelipsarespreadthroughout./??/glidesfromapointbetween/e/and/?/.Thelipsarespread./u?/startsfrom/u/andglidesto/?/.69TheCentringDighthongsTherea/i?/ea:ideareal;ear:dearnear

ere:here;e:herozero/??/air:chairhair;are:carefuldare

ear:pearwear;ere:therewhere/u?/ure:sure;ua:usuallyExampleandpractice70/i?/ea:ideareal;ear:dConsonants

ClassificationofConsonantsConsonantsmaybeclassifiedaccordingtofollowingrules:Theworkofthevocalcords2)Placeofarticulation3)Mannerofarticulation71Consonants

ClassificaWorkoftheVocalCordsVoicedconsonants:theyareproducedwiththevibrationofthevocalcords.Voicelessconsonants:theyareproducedwithoutthevibrationofthevocalcords.72WorkoftheVocalCordsVoicedPlaceofArticulation1)bi-labial（雙唇音）2)labio-dental（唇齒音）3)dental（齒音）4)alveolar（齒齦音）5)post-alveolar（后齒齦音）6)palato-alveolar（硬腭齒齦音）7)palatal（硬腭音）8)velar（軟腭音）9)glottal（喉音）73PlaceofArticulation1)bi-laMannerofArticulation1)plosives（爆破音）2)fricatives（摩擦音）3)affricates（破擦音）4)nasals（鼻音）5)lateral（邊音）（舌側(cè)音）6)frictionlesscontinuant（無摩擦延續(xù)音）7)semi-vowels（半元音）74MannerofArticulation1)plosiMannerofArticulation:

1)PlosivesTherearethreepairsofplosives:bilabial----/p/,/b/Alveolar----/t/,/d/Velar----/k/,/g/Thesound/b,d,g/arevoicedplosives.TheyareunaspiratedandweakThesound/p,t,k/arevoiceless;polsives.Theyareusuallyaspiratedandstrong.75MannerofArticulation:

1)Exampleandpractice:/p/isvoiceless,bilabial,plosive,aspiratedstrong./b/isvoiced,bilabial,plosive,unaspirated,weak.Practice:patbatpaperlabormapbobbyrobber76Exampleandpractice:/p/isvo/t/:voiceless,alveolar,plosive,aspirated,strong./d/:voiced,alveolar,plosive,unaspirated,weak.Practice:tendadtighttidewriterriderwettingwedding

77/t/:voiceless,alveolar,plo/k/:voiceless,velar,plosive,aspirated,strong./g/:voiced,velar,plosive,unaspirated,weak.Practice:couldgoodcotgotweekleekankleangle78/k/:voiceless,velar,plosivMannerofArticulation:

2)FricativesTherearenineconsonantsoffricatives:/f/,/v/,/Θ/

,

/e/,/s/,/z/,/?/,/?/,/h/Theyhavethecommonfeature:Forallofthemthelungspushairthroughanarrowpassagewhereitcausesfrictionofvariouskinds.79MannerofArticulation:

2)FExampleandpractice:/f/:voiceless,labio-dental,fricative,usuallyaspirated,strong,long./v/:voiced,labio-dental,fricative,usuallyunaspirated,weak,short.Practice:ahalfsniffabriefloveastiffgloveasafemoveabravebluffagravegrief80Exampleandpractice:/f/:voic/Θ/

:voiceless,dental,fricative,aspiratedstrong,long./e/:voiced,dental,fricative,unaspirated,weak,short.Practice:thinkthisthiefthesethingwithinsomethingother81/Θ/

:voiceless,dental,frica/s/:voiceless,alveolar,fricative,aspirated,strong,long./z/:voiced,