畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯-事故預(yù)防在建筑項(xiàng)目中的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益分析

畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文參考資料及譯文譯文題目：Cost-benefitAnalysisForAccidentinConstructionProject學(xué)生姓名：學(xué)號：專業(yè)：所在學(xué)院：指導(dǎo)教師：職稱：2014年01月07日原文：Cost-BenefitAnalysisforAccidentinConstructionProjectsEliasIkpe,Ph.D.,M.ASCE;FelixHammon,Ph.D.;andDavidOloke,Ph.D.1.AbstractConstructionisthemostdangerousland-basedworksectorinEuropeandtheUnitedStatesThecostofaccidentshasreceivedmuchattentionintherecentpast,andonlineinteractivetoolsweredevelopedtoassessthecostofaccidentstoorganizations.Onlinetoolsandothersourcesofinformationoncostsofaccidentsintheconstructionindustrywereausefuldevelopmentbutfailedtosupportthedecision-makingprocessinregardtoconstructionhealthandsafetymeasures.Acost-benefitanalysis(CBA)methodologyispresentedthatwouldenablecontractorstoassessthetruecostofaccidentsprevention.Theresearchinvestigatedthecostandbenefitofaccidentprevention,withaviewtodrawingattentiontotheeconomicconsequencesofeffective/ineffectivemanagementofhealthandsafetybycontractors.AquantitativeresearchmethodologywasemployedininvestigatingthesecostsandbenefitswithintheUKconstructionindustry.Theresultsdemonstratethatforevery￡1spentonaccidentprevention,contractorsgained￡3asbenefits.Theresultsalsoshowthatsmallcontractorsspendrelativelyhigherproportionsoftheirturnoveronaccidentpreventionthanmediumandlarge-sizedcontractorsandthatsmall-andmedium-sizedcontractorsgainrelativelyhigherproportionsoftheirturnover,intotal,asbenefitsofaccidentpreventionthanlargecontractors.ItisconcludedthattheCBAmethodcanprovideaguidetocontractor’sdecisionmakinginregardtoaccidentprevention.Whenactedupon,themethodhasthepotentialtocontributetoareductionincosts,deaths,andinjuriesintheUKconstructionindustryandpossiblyinotherareasinternationally.DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000496.?2012AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers.CEDatabasesubjectheadings:Accidents;Safety;Constructionindustry;Benefitcostratios.Authorkeywords:CBA;Accidentprevention;Constructionindustry.2.IntroductionTheconstructionsectorisdefinedasonethatembracestheconstructionmaterialsandproducts;suppliersandproducers;buildingservicesmanufacturers;providersandinstallers;contractors,sub-contractors,professionals,advisersandconstructionclients;andthoseorganizationsthatarerelevanttothedesign,building,operation,andrefurbishmentofbuildings[DepartmentofTradeandIndustry(DTI)(2007),nowDepartmentforBusinessEnterpriseandRegulatoryReform(BERR)].Constructionishugelyimportanttotheeconomyofmostdevelopedanddevelopingnations.Forexample,intheUKtheindustryrepresentssome10%ofthegrossdomesticproduct(GDP)andemploys2.2millionpeoplewithoutputat￡104billion[HealthSafetyExecutive(HSE)2005;FerretandHughes2007;BERR2008].Thefiguresquotedpreviouslyaresignificantandunderlinetheindustry‘srealimportance.Thisindustryisconcernedwiththeprovisionofacountry‘sessentialinfrastructureandback-bone.Onthebasisofthestandardindustryclassification,thisessentialinfrastructureincludes:water,roads,bridges,airportsandbuildingsincludingschools,hospitalretaildevelopments,andhousing,whicharealldesignedandproducedbytheconstructionindustry.Althoughinthedeliveryoftheseprojects,theconstructionindustryofmanydevelopedcountriesanddevelopingcountrieshasproducedaworldwidereputationforquality,itwasalsonotedthatitremainsoneofthemostdangerousindustries(SuazoandJaselskis1993;FerretandHughes2007;Khenietal.2010).3.CostsofAccidentandCostsofAccidentPreventionThecostsofaccident(directandindirect)arisefromtheoccurrenceofaccidents,despitethefactthatsafetymeasureswereinplace.Thecostofaccidentscanbeunderstoodbycontractorsandrepresentsatangiblemeasurethatcanberelatedtoprojectfinancialaccountsandboththeincomestatementandbalancesheetofacontractor(Tangetal.2004;BoothandPanopoulos2005).Thecostsofaccidentalsoaffecttheworkersandsociety,asillustratedinTable1.Thus,thiscategoryofcostisveryoftenattheforegroundofconsiderationsofthecostsofhealthandsafety.Thecostsofaccidentpreventionarerepresentedbythemoneyexpendedbycontractorstopreventaccidents,whichareforgonetogeneratebenefits.Thecostsofaccidentpreventionarenotnormallyincludedintheprojectcostandwould,therefore,beadditionalexpensesforcontractors.Thecoststhatareassociatedwithaccidentpreventionincludefirstaidfacility,personalprotectiveequipment(PPE),safetytraining,safetypromotion,safetypersonnel(Everrettetal.1996;Tangetal.2004;OxenburghandMarlow2005).Itisimportantthatallofthesecostsofaccidentpreventionaretakenintoaccount.Adistinctionmustbemadebetweenthecostsofaccidentandthecostsofaccidentprevention.Thecostsofaccidentsresultaftertheoccurrenceofaccidentsandthecostsofaccidentpreventionarethosewhichareincurredasaresultofanemphasisplacedonsafetymeasures(Tangetal.2004).However,whenundertakingaCBAofaccidentprevention,therelevantcoststoconsiderarethecostsassociatedwiththepreventativemeasuresimplementedbycontractorstoeliminateaccidentsorminimizetheireffects.Therefore,theemphasisisplacedonaccidentpreventioncosts.4.ResearchMethodologyTheresearchadoptedaquantitativeapproachtoinvestigatethecostsandbenefitsofaccidentprevention.Naoum(1998),Creswell(2003),Anderson(2004),andPunch(2005)describedthequantitativeresearchasaninquiryintosocialorhumanproblemonthebasisoftestingatheorycomposedofvariables,measuredwithnumbers,andanalyzedbyusingstatisticalprocedurestodeterminewhetherthepredictivegeneralizationofthetheoryholdstrue.Table1.SizeOfContractorsThequestionnaireconsistedofmultiplechoicequestions(bothdependentandindependentvariables)requiringticked-boxresponsesandopen-endedquestions.Inthequestionnaire,contractorswereasked:toestimatehowmuchtheirorganizationsspentonhealthandsafetymeasures,toestimatethecostincurredbytheirorganizationsafterallaccidents,andtoestimatethetotalbenefitsaccruedtotheirorganizationasaresultoftheactionstakentopreventaccidents.Withinthescopeofresearch,itwasnotpossibletoconsidersocialcosts,suchasdeath,painandsufferingoftheaffectedworker,andothercostsordamageassociatedwithhumanfeelings.Thesecostsaresignificantlossestocontractors.Theresearchwaslimitedtofinancialbenefitsofaccidentprevention.Itwasnotalsopossibletoconsidersocialbenefits,suchassavingsinfatality,painandsuffering,jobsatisfaction,staffmorale,andstress,soastoprovidefurtherevidencetoguidecontractorsintheirdecisionmakingonhealthandsafetymeasures.Toencourageagoodresponse,thequestionnairesweremailedoutwithanaccompanyingpersonalizedandsignedcoverletterandaself-addressedenvelope.Anotherstepthatwastakentomaximizeresponseinvolvedmailingoutasecondsetofquestionnairestoallthenonrespondents3weeksafterthefirstmailshot,asrecommendedbyCreswell(2003).ThedatacollectionexercisewasconductedfromSeptember1,2007toJanuary30,2008andwasfollowedbydataanalyses.Atotalof79questionnaireswerereceivedfromthetargetsamplerepresentinga15.8%totalresponserate.Fromtheresultsofthesurvey,33(42%)representedresponsefromsmallcontractors,fol-lowedby25(approximately31%)largecontractors,and21mediumcontractors(approximately27%).FindingsIndirectBenefitsofAccidentPrevention:Table2summariesthevaluesoftheturnovertodirectbenefitratiosbysizeofcompanies.FromTable5,acrossthesample,outofevery￡114.34turnover,￡1.00(0.87%)representsatotaldirectbenefitofaccidentprevention.Comparatively,￡1.00outofevery￡57.00turnover(1.75%)representsthetotaldirectbenefitsgainedbysmallcontractors,whereasmediumandlargecontractorsgainatotaldirectbenefitof￡1.00outofevery￡55.00(1.82%)and￡190.00(0.53%)turnover,respectively.Fromtheseresults,smallandmediumcontractorsgainrelativelygreaterdirectbenefitsinproportiontotheirturnoverthanlargecontractors.Thisfindingisconsistentwiththeirrelativeexpendituresonaccidentprevention.Lookingcloselyattheindividualdirectbenefitvariables,itcanbeobservedthatwhereassmallandmediumcontractorsgainrelativelygreaterdirectbenefitsinproportiontotheirturnoverthanlargecontractorsforthevariablessavingsininsurancepremium,productivityimprovementcompensationclaims,medicalexpenses,andsafetytraining,theconverseistruefordamagedmaterials,litigationcosts,andaccidentinvestigationinwhichmediumandlargecontractorsderivegreaterbenefitsthansmallcontractors.Perhapsitmaybeindicativeofthefactthatthecostsassociatedwiththesevariablesintheeventofanaccidentaresimilarregardlessofthesizeofcontractorsandtherefore,representasmallerproportionofturnoverformediumandlargecontractorsthansmallcontractors.Table2.DirectBenefitsofAccidentPreventionRatioFromTable2,overall(andevenwithinthethreecategoriesofcontractors),thegreatestdirectbenefitsareinthethreeareasofproductivityimprovement(504.00or0.2%),compensationclaimsavings(800.00or0.13%),andsavingsonmedicalexpenses(800.00or0.13%).Thissuggeststhatalthoughveryoftentheemphasisisoninsurancepremiums(FerretandHughes2007),itappearsthatoverall,thegreatestsavingsareratheronproductivityimprovement,compensationclaimssavings,andsavingsonmedicalexpenses.Thedirectbenefitprofilesacrossthethreecategoriesofcontractorsarefairlysimilar,implyingthatthisfindingisapplicableregardlessofsize.WhatisfurtherevidentfromTable2isthatsavingsondamagedmaterialscontributetheleasttooveralldirectbenefits.Themedianturnovertosavingsondamagedmaterialsratiois5,000.00,implying0.02%ofturnover.Thisisnotsurprisingandmaybeindicativeofthefactthatnotallaccidentsresultindamagedmaterials,meaningthatthereislessscopeforsavingsinrelationtodamagedmaterialswhenaccidentsareprevented.IndirectBenefitsofAccidentPrevention:Table6summariesthemedianvaluesoftheturnovertoindirectbenefitratiosbysizeofcompanies.FromTable6,acrossthesample,outofevery￡833.00turnover,￡1.00(0.12%)representsatotalindirectbenefitofaccidentprevention.Comparatively,￡1.00outofevery￡833.00turnover(0.12%)representsthetotalindirectbenefitsgainedbysmallcontractors,whereasmediumandlargecontractorsgainatotalindirectbenefitof￡1.00outofevery￡643.00(0.15%)and(￡939.000.11%)turnover,respectively.Fromtheseresults,mediumcontractorsgainrelativelygreaterindirectbenefitsinproportiontotheirturnoverthansmallandlargecontractors.Thisfindingisconsistentwiththeirrelativeexpenditureonaccidentprevention.FromTable6,overall(andevenwithinthethreecategoriesofcontractors),thegreatestindirectbenefitisintheareaofcompanyimageimprovement(￡500.00or0.2%).Followingthis,thetwoareasthatbenefitthemostareworkingdayssaved(￡1,454.00or0.10%)andsavingsonsickpay(￡1,454.00or0.10%).ThisfindingconfirmsthesuggestioninHSE(2005)andFerretandHughes(2007)thatimprovementincompanyimageisveryoftenthegreatestindirectbenefitacompanycangainfromaccidentprevention.Beyondthat,however,therearemorebenefitsalsotobegainedfromworkingdaysavingsandsavingsonsickpay.Similartothedirectbenefits,theindirectbenefitprofilesacrossthethreecategoriesofcontractorsarefairlysimilar,implyingthatregardlessofsize,similarindirectbenefitswouldbegainedacrossthevariousmeasures.Table3.IndirectBenefitsofAccidentPreventionRatioConstractorsT/YT/YT/YT/YT/YT/YT/YimageworkingmansicklosttimecleaninghiringindbenSmall454.591454.68454.59454.595000.005000.00833.33Medium266.67600.011454.682100.043273.023273.02643.00Large504.003333.393333.393333.3911455.593333.39939.00Total500.001454.681454.683333.395000.003333.39833.33FromTable3,savingsoncleaning/wastedisposalcontributetheleasttooverallindirectbenefits.Thisisnotsurprisingandmaybeindicativeofthefactthatnotallaccidentsresultincleaning/wastedisposal,meaningthatthereislessscopeforsavingsinrelationtocleaning/wastedisposalwhenaccidentsareprevented.6.DiscussionofResultsThisfindingfurtherreinforcedthenotionthatdifferentcategoriesofcontractorsincurdifferentcostsofaccidentprevention.Althoughinactualexpenditure,largecontractorsspendmorethansmallormediumcontractors(withsmallcontractorsspendingtheleast),theratioanalysisshowsthatactually,inproportiontotheirturnover,smallcontractorsarespendingmoreonaccidentpreventionthanmediumandlargecontractors(withthelargecontractorsspendingtheleast).However,thispaperacknowledgesthatcontractorsindevelopedcountriesneedtobeabletodemonstratetheirinvestmentinhealthandsafetyaspartofthebiddingprocess.Thisfindingprovidesabasisforchallengingcommonlyheldviewsthatsmallcontractorsarenotdoingenoughbywayofaccidentprevention.Ifthegeneralconsensusisthatsmallcontractorsneedtodomore,thenitisimportantfortheindustryandpolicymakers(e.g.,HSC)toconsiderthepossibilityofprovidingtheadditionalfinancialsupportrequiredforsmallcontractorstoimprovetheirhealthandsafetymeasuresbecausethefindingsofthisresearchseemtosuggestthatagreaterproportionoftheirturnover(relativetomediumandlargecontractors)isalreadygoingtoaccidentprevention.Theanalysisonaccidentpreventioncostsfurtherrevealedthatthegreatestemphasisinspendingwasonsafetytrainingandsafetypersonnelsalaries.Thisfindingappearstosuggestthatthehumanelementisthemostsignificantcomponentofaccidentpreventionandtherefore,requiresthemostresourcestoaddressthroughtrainingandpropersupervisionormonitoringofrisksandhazards.Impliedintheseresultsisatacitrecognitionthatifknowledge,awareness,andmonitoringareimproved,therewillbelessneedforspendingonmeasures,suchasfirstaidfacilities,whicharerequiredafterthefact,withsafetypromotionprovidedasasupplementtothetraining.Withregardstothebenefitsofaccidentprevention,theratioanalysisrevealedthattherearebothsignificantdirectandindirectbenefits.Althoughsurprising,thisresultisneverthelessconsistentwiththecorrespondingexpenditurelevelsonaccidentprevention,asalreadyrecountedinthepreviousparagraphs.Whendirectbenefitsarecomparedwithindirectbenefits,directbenefitsaregreaterthanindirectbenefits,indicatingthatanybenefits,whicharisefromaccidentprevention,aremorelikelytobefeltdirectlybycontractorsthanindirectly.This,therefore,makesacompellingcaseforencouragingcontractorstotakenecessarypreventivemeasuresbecausethesewouldleadtobenefitsthattheyarereadilyawareof.Whenthetotalcostsofpreventionarecomparedwiththetotalbenefitsofprevention,thebenefitsofaccidentpreventionfaroutweighthecostsofaccidentpreventionbyaratioapproximately3∶1.Foranumberofreasons,thisfigureisprobablyanunderestimationofwhatwouldbeobtainedfromamoreextensivestudyofbothmoralandeconomicbenefits,difficulttomeasurevariables,suchassavingindeath,jobsatisfaction,oremployeemoralethatwerenotincluded.Thisfindingclearlysetsoutthebusinesscaseforaccidentprevention.Itdemonstratesunequivocallythatthereisanetbenefitarisingfromaccidentpreventionandbysodoing,providesjustificationforamoreproactiveapproachtoaccidentprevention.Thereisastrongmoralcaseforaccidentprevention.Clearly,onthebasisoftheseresults,thereisalsoanequallystrongbusinesscaseforaccidentprevention.ConclusionThispaperpresentedratioanalysisofthedataoncostsandbenefitsofaccidentprevention.TheevidencefromtheanalysesclearlyindicatesthatcostsandbenefitsofaccidentpreventionacrosscontractorswithinthesameleandbyinferenceacrosstheUKconstructionindustry,varyonthebasisofthesizeofcontractors.Fromtheresults,smallandmediumcontractorsspendmorethanlargecontractorsandderivedgreaterbenefitsaswell.Directbenefitsaregreaterthanindirectbenefitsandtotalbenefitsfaroutweighthecostsofaccidentprevention.Largecontractorshavethegreatestcostsofaccidents,whereassmallcontractorshavetheleast.Fromtheratioanalysis,inproportiontotheirturnover,smallcontractorsspentmoreonaccidentpreventionthanmediumandlargecontractors,withlargecontractorsspendingtheleast.Theratioanalysisfurtherrevealedthatwhentotalcostsofaccidentpreventionwerecomparedtothetotalbenefitsofaccidentprevention,thebenefitsfaroutweighthecostsofaccidentpreventionbyaratioofapproximately3∶1,whichmeansthatwhencontractors,irrespectiveoftheirsizes,spend￡1.00onaccidentprevention,theygain￡3.00.Thisclearlysetoutabusinesscaseforaccidentprevention.Itfurtherdemonstratesthatthereisnetbenefitarisingfromaccidentprevention.7.ReferenceEngineeringoftheNationalTechnicalUniv.ofAthens,Athens,Greece.Brent,R.J.(2003).Cost-benefitanalysisandhealthcareevaluations,EdwardElgar,Cheltenham,UK.BureauofLaborStatistics(BLS).(2002).Censusoffataloccupationalinjuries,Fatalinjuries,U.S.Dept.ofLabor,BureauofLaborStatistics,SafetyandHealthStatisticsProgram,Washington,DC.BusinessEnterpriseandRegulatoryReform(BERR).(2008)..uk(Oct.5,2008).Dept.ofTradeandIndustry(DTI).(2007).Constructionstatisticsannuals2005,Dept.ofTradeandIndustry,HerMajesty’sStationeryOffice(HMSO),London.(Dec.11,2007).Edwards,D.J.,andNicholas,J.(2002).“ThestateofhealthandsafetyintheUKconstructionindustrywithafocusonplantoperator.”Struct.Surv.,20(2),78–87.Egan,J.,Sir.(1998).RethinkingconstructiontaskforceRep.onthescopeforimprovingthequalityandefficiencyoftheUKconstruction,Dept.OftheEnvironment,TransportandtheRegion,London.Everret,J.G.,andFrank,B.P.(1996).“Costsofaccidentsandinjuriestotheconstructionindustry.”J.Constr.Eng.Manage.,122(2),Fellows,R.,Langford,D.,Newcombe,R.,andUrry,S.(2002).ConstructionManagementinPractice,2ndEd.,BlackwellScience,Oxford,UK.Ferret,E.D.,andHughes,P.(2007).Introductiontohealthandsafetyinconstruction,2ndEd.,Elsevier,Oxford,UK.Gyi,D.E.,Gibb,A.G.F.,andHaslam,R.A.(1996).“Astudytoinvestigatethecausesofaccidentsintheconstructionindustry.”Proc.,ARCOM12thAnnualConf.,SheffieldHallamUniv.,AssociationofResearchersinConstructionManagement,Sheffield,UK,11–16.Hallowell,M.R.,andGambatese,J.A.(2009).“Constructionsafetyriskmitigation.”J.Constr.Eng.Manage.,135(12),1316–1323.Sutrisna,M.(2004).“Developingaknowledgebasedsystemforthevaluationofvariationsincivilengineeringworks.”Ph.D.thesis,Univ.OfWolverhampton,Wolverhampton,UK.Takim,R.,Akintoye,A.,andKelly,J.(2004).“AnalysisofperformancemeasurementintheMalaysianconstructionindustry.”Globalizationandconstruction,S.O.Ogulana,C.Chareonngam,P.Herabet,andB.H.W.Hadikusumo,eds.,AITConferenceCentre,Bangkok,Thailand,533–546.Tang,S.L.,Ying,K.C.,Chan,W.Y.,andChan,Y.L.(2004).“Impactofsocialsafetyinvestmentssocialcostsofconstructionaccidents.”J.Constr.Manage.Econ.,22(9),937–946.Xiao,H.(2002).“AcomparativestudyofcontractorperformancebasedonJapanese,UKandUSconstructionpractice.”Ph.D.thesis,SchoolofEngineeringandtheBuiltEnvironment,Univ.ofWolverhampton,WestMidlands,UK..中文譯文事故預(yù)防在建筑項(xiàng)目中的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益分析一、摘要在歐洲和美國，建筑業(yè)是以地面為基礎(chǔ)領(lǐng)域中在危險(xiǎn)的一個(gè)。近年來，事故的成本引起了許多關(guān)注，在線互動工具正式發(fā)展起來為組織機(jī)構(gòu)評估事故成本的。建筑業(yè)關(guān)于事故成本的在線工具及各種資源是一個(gè)很有用的發(fā)展，但卻不能作為支持決策階段關(guān)于建筑健康與安全的措施。經(jīng)濟(jì)效益分許方法論的提出使承包人能正確評估事故預(yù)防的成本。這篇論文研究了事故預(yù)防的成本與收益，運(yùn)用了一定量關(guān)于英國建筑業(yè)的方法論。研究結(jié)果表明，在事故預(yù)防上每花一英鎊會使承包人得到三英鎊的收益。研究結(jié)果同樣表明，小型項(xiàng)目承包人在事故預(yù)防的花費(fèi)占合同價(jià)款的比例相對要比中型或大型項(xiàng)目承包人高，并且中小型項(xiàng)目承包人獲得的收益占的比例也比大型項(xiàng)目承包人高?？偟膩碚f，事故預(yù)防經(jīng)濟(jì)效益分析方法論能夠幫助引導(dǎo)承包人就事故預(yù)防問題做出決定。按照這個(gè)方法論實(shí)施，能夠幫助英國建筑業(yè)或其他相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)減少經(jīng)濟(jì)損失及傷亡問題。二、介紹建筑領(lǐng)域被定義為包括建筑材料及生產(chǎn)，供應(yīng)商及生產(chǎn)者；建筑設(shè)備的生產(chǎn)，供應(yīng)及安裝商；承包人，分包人，專業(yè)人士，咨詢師及建筑代理，這些組織機(jī)構(gòu)又與建筑物的設(shè)計(jì)，建造，運(yùn)行及維護(hù)有關(guān)。建筑業(yè)對大多數(shù)發(fā)達(dá)及發(fā)展中國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)至關(guān)重要。例如，英國建筑業(yè)就占GDPde10%,，雇傭220萬人并且有價(jià)值1040億英鎊的產(chǎn)品出口。之前引用的數(shù)據(jù)很是重要也強(qiáng)調(diào)了建筑產(chǎn)業(yè)的重要性，這個(gè)行業(yè)涉及到一個(gè)國家關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的設(shè)備供應(yīng)。根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)行業(yè)分類，關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施包括：水，道路，橋，飛機(jī)場以及學(xué)校，醫(yī)院及住宅，這些都是由建筑行業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)建造的。即使在這些項(xiàng)目的交付過程中，許多發(fā)展中及發(fā)達(dá)國家的建筑業(yè)質(zhì)量享譽(yù)全球，但值得注意的是建筑業(yè)仍然是最危險(xiǎn)的行業(yè)之一。三、事故成本和事故預(yù)防的成本:：事故的成本（直接或是間接）是由于事故的發(fā)生引起的，即使事實(shí)上安全措施到位了。事故的成本被承包人看作是衡量財(cái)務(wù)賬目，損益表和資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表的有形尺度。事故預(yù)防的成本由承包商防止事故發(fā)生所花的費(fèi)用表示，這是放棄產(chǎn)生效益。事故預(yù)防的成本通常不包括在項(xiàng)目成本內(nèi)，因此，是對承包人的額外支出。與事故預(yù)防有關(guān)的成本包括急救設(shè)施，個(gè)人防護(hù)措施，安全培訓(xùn)，安全宣傳及個(gè)人安全。對事故成本與事故預(yù)防成本必須要有明確的區(qū)分，事故成本的產(chǎn)生是在事故發(fā)生之后，而事故預(yù)防成本產(chǎn)生是由于對安全措施的注重，