漫談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)寫作技巧課件

英語(yǔ)漫談才歡迎光臨寫作英語(yǔ)漫談才歡迎光臨寫作1寫作構(gòu)思順序

漫談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)寫作技巧2遣詞造句布局謀篇漫談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)寫作技巧3謀篇

1、明確體裁2、審定主題3、保持切題1.DescriptiveNarrativeArgumentative2.Theme3.Relevance謀篇1、明確體裁2、審定主題3、保持切題141、學(xué)會(huì)分段（三分法）布局

2、保持內(nèi)容的統(tǒng)一與連貫3、確定話題句4、循“序”展開段落3-divisionStructureUnityandCoherenceTopicSentencesOrder5、重視開頭與結(jié)尾

BeginningAndEnding1、學(xué)會(huì)分段（三分法）布局2、保持內(nèi)容的統(tǒng)一與連貫5造句

1、避免錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)構(gòu)形式

GrammarMotherTongueTransfer2、模仿地道的表達(dá)法

ImitationMechanicalTranslation3、做到句式多樣化

VarietyofSentencePatterns造句1、避免錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)構(gòu)形式Grammar2、模仿6遣詞

1、辨明同義詞語(yǔ)的差異ShadesofSemanticDifference2、防止用詞錯(cuò)誤

GrammaticalandIdiomaticUse遣詞1、辨明同義詞語(yǔ)的差異Shadesof2、防7HowtoMakeaGoodBeginningHowtoMakeaGoodBeginning8HowtoMakeaGoodBeginningWellbegunishalfdone.Gainattentionandinterest引起注意和興趣importance,surprise,curiosity,relevance,questions,etc.Revealthetopic展示講題clearandtothepointEstablishcredibility增加可信度knowledge,experience,sincerity,etc.Previewthebody預(yù)覽主要內(nèi)容definition,background,mainideas,etc.HowtoMakeaGoodBeginningWe9GainingAttentionandInterest

Ireallyfeelobligedtowriteaboutalcoholism（酗酒）,becausethisdreaddiseaseisournation’snumberoneproblemandournumberthreekiller,rankingonlyafterheartdiseaseandcancerasacauseofdeath…StatingtheImportanceofYourtopic.GainingAttentionandInterest10GainingAttentionandInterest

Lastweekamanwhomyouallhaveheardofbeataninnocenthumanbeingsenseless（把一個(gè)無(wú)辜的人打得昏厥過(guò)去）.Hundredsofpeoplewatchedhimdoit,butnoonetriedtostophim.Hedidn’tdoitinself-defense,oroutofhateorrevenge.Hediditformoney.Surprisetheaudience.Themanisaprofessionalboxer.GainingAttentionandInterest11GainingAttentionandInterest

Eachofyouhasagift.Whatkindofgiftisit?It’snotaChristmasgiftorabirthdaygift.It’snotsomespecialtalentorskill.It’sagiftthatcouldsavealife─maybemorethanone.Ifyoudecidetogiveit,youlosenothing.Somepeopleburytheirgift.Othersburnit.Allbutoneofyouwhocompletedmyquestionnairewouldgladlyreceivethegift,butonly20percentofyouhavedecidedtogiveit.Thisgiftisthedonationofyourvitalorgans（捐獻(xiàn)重要器官）whenyoudie.Arousethecuriosityofyouraudience.GainingAttentionandInterest12GainingAttentionandInterest

Thefortunatepeopleintheworld─theonlyfortunatepeopleintheworld,inmymind─arethosewhoseworkisalsotheirpleasure.Theclassisnotalargeone,notnearlysolargeasitisoftenrepresentedtobe.Authorsareperhapsoneofthemostimportantelementsinitscomposition…. ─WinstonChurchillRelatethetopictotheaudience.GainingAttentionandInterest13GainingAttentionandInterest

Whatwasthefirstthingyoudidwhenyouwokeupthismorning?Didyoubrushyourteeth?Turnontheradio?Gropeforacupofcoffee?Afriendofminedidn’tdoanyofthosethings.Instead,hegrabbedthepaperandpenlyingnexttohisbedandwrotedowneverythinghecouldrememberabouthisdreams.Questiontheaudience.GainingAttentionandInterest14Establishcredibility

Neverinthehistoryofsportshastherebeenaleisure-timephenomenonmorestrikingthantherecentAmericanloveaffairwiththegameoftennis.Itisestimatedthatover35millionAmericansplaytennisandthatthenumberisstillgrowing.Iamoneofthose35millionAmericans.Ihavebeenplayingtennisforalmosttenyears.WhileinhighschoolsIplayedcompetitivetennis.Ialsotaughttennisandworkedinatennisclub.Knowledge,experienceandsincerity.EstablishcredibilityN15HowtoMakeaGoodEndingHowtoMakeaGoodEnding16HowtoMakeaGoodEnd

“Greatistheartofbeginning,butgreateristheartofending.”─LongfellowSignaltheend發(fā)出結(jié)束信號(hào)crescendo(climax),diminuendo(fadingaway) 漸強(qiáng)、漸弱Reinforcethecentralidea強(qiáng)化中心思想summary,quotation,dramaticstatement,referringtotheintroduction,etc. 總結(jié)、引言、驚人之語(yǔ)、呼應(yīng)開頭等HowtoMakeaGoodEnd“Great17SignaltheEnd

Whenweallowfreedomtoring─whenweletitringfromeveryvillageandeveryhamlet,fromeverystateandeverycity─wewillbeabletospeedupthatdaywhenallofGod’schildren,blackmenandwhitemen,JewsandGentiles,ProtestantsandCatholics,willbeabletojoinhandsandsinginthewordsoftheoldNegrospiritual,“Freeatlast!Freeatlast!ThankGodalmighty,wearefreeatlast!”MartinLutherKingCrescendo─climax

SignaltheEndWhen18SignaltheEnd

AndsoIaskyoutorememberthestarvingandneglectedandfrightenedchildrenaroundtheworld.Rememberthemasyougoaboutyourdailylife,comfortableandsafe.Rememberthemwhenyoucurlup（蜷臥）underyourdowncomforter（羽絨被）onacoldwinternight.RememberthemwhenyousitdowntoahugeThanksgivingdinner（感恩節(jié)晚宴）.Rememberthem.Diminuendo:Anti-climaxSignaltheEndAndso19ReinforcetheCentralIdea

Myfriendisbackinschool,participatinginactivitiessheneverdidbefore─andenjoyingit.I’mhappyandproudtosaysheisstillfightingforherlifeandevenhappiershefailedtokillherself.OtherwiseIwouldnotbeheretodaytryingtohelpyou.Yousee,Iammy“friend”,andI’mmorethangladtosay,I’vemadeit.Makeadramaticstatement.ReinforcetheCentralIdea20ReinforcetheCentralIdea

Islifesodear,orpeacesosweet,astobepurchasedatthepriceofchainsandslavery（以受束縛、被奴役為代價(jià)）?Forbidit,AlmightyGod!Idonotknowwhatcourseothersmaytake;butasforme,givemeliberty,orgivemedeath. （不自由，毋寧死）Makeadramaticstatement.ReinforcetheCentralIdea21ReinforcetheCentralIdea

Ifweignoreairpollution,itwillloomeverlarger（變得更為嚴(yán)重）.InthewordsofMorrisJones,aprofessorofairpollutioncontrol,“Itisnowtimetoendthisplague（禍患）.Itistimetolookbeyondnarrowvestedinterests（既得利益）,toawakefromslumberingtoolong（從沉睡中醒來(lái)）andsaveourselves.Wehadbetteractnow.Itwillsoonbetoolate.”Endwithaquotation.ReinforcetheCentralIdea22ReinforcetheCentralIdeaBeginning:IamspeakingnotasaBriton,notasaEuropean,notasamemberofawesterndemocracy,butasahumanbeing,amemberofthespeciesMan,whosecontinuedexistenceisindoubt.Theworldisfullofconflicts.Ending:

Iappeal,asahumanbeingtohumanbeings:rememberyourhumanity,andforgettherest.Ifyoucandoso,thewayliesopentoanewParadise;ifyoucannot,nothingliesbeforeyoubutuniversaldeath.

BertrandRussellRefertothebeginning.ReinforcetheCentralIdeaB23英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇思維模式

EnglishTextualPatternsofThinking

漫談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)寫作技巧24英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇思維模式主要有以下三種：

1.問(wèn)題解決型（Problem-SolutionPattern）2.一般特殊型（General-Particular）3.比較匹配型(MatchingPattern)

漫談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)寫作技巧25

1.問(wèn)題解決型（Problem-SolutionPattern）順序：（1）說(shuō)明情況；（2）出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題；（3）作出反應(yīng)；（4）結(jié)果或評(píng)價(jià)。Iwassendingatelegramtoafriendofmine.（情況）

IfoundIdidn’thaveenoughmoneytopayforit.（問(wèn)題）

Itooktwoimportantwordsoffmytelegram. （反應(yīng)）IfinallysentthetelegrambutIwasunhappy.

（結(jié)果/評(píng)價(jià)）

順序：（1）說(shuō)明情況；（2）出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題；Iwass26

2.一般特殊型（General-Particular）

表現(xiàn)形式：（1）先概括后舉例(Generalization-Example)（2）先給整體輪廓，后加具體細(xì)節(jié)

(Preview-Detail)表現(xiàn)形式：（2）先給整體輪廓，后加具體細(xì)節(jié)27

3.比較匹配型(MatchingPattern)

這種思維模式經(jīng)常被用來(lái)比較兩個(gè)事物的異同，通過(guò)比較突出語(yǔ)篇的中心思想。

28各種文體的寫作要點(diǎn)漫談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)寫作技巧29描寫文的寫作要點(diǎn)

按描寫對(duì)象分：人物描寫(Describingaperson)地點(diǎn)或場(chǎng)景描寫(Describingaplaceorascene)物品描寫(Describinganobject)圖表描寫(Describingapicture,agraphorachart)按描寫方法分：白描(Straightforwarddescription)工筆(Meticulousdescription)主觀描寫(Subjectivedescription)客觀描寫(Objectivedescription)描寫文的寫作要點(diǎn)按描寫對(duì)象分：30敘述文的寫作要點(diǎn)

確定宗旨(Decidingonanaimtobeattainedora messagetobeconveyed)交代背景(Providingthesettingoftheaction, namelytime,placeandcharacters)安排結(jié)構(gòu)(Organizingthenarration,usuallyin chronologicalorderorbycreating suspension)形成高潮(Reachingaclimax,usuallythrough conflicts)保持視角(Maintainingaconsistentpointofview, thatis,narratingfromtheperspective ofoneparticularperson,usuallythe author)敘述文的寫作要點(diǎn)確定宗旨(Decidingonan31議論文的寫作要點(diǎn)

正確鮮明的論點(diǎn)(Asoundandclear-cutproposition)充分有力的論據(jù)(Sufficientandforcibledata)邏輯嚴(yán)密的論證(Logicalandconvincing argumentation)歸納法(Induction,reasoningfromspecificto general)演繹法(Deduction,reasoningfromgeneralto specific)比較法(Comparison,reasoningfromspecificto specific)議論文的寫作要點(diǎn)正確鮮明的論點(diǎn)(Asoundand32三分法結(jié)構(gòu)3-divisionStructure漫談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)寫作技巧33布局三分法的實(shí)際運(yùn)用(1)

Title:BetterUnderstandingBetweenParentandChildOpeningsentence:

NowadaysthereisoftenamisunderstandingbetweenparentandchildOutline:

1.Presentsituation:lackofcommunicationbetweenparentandchild2.PossiblereasonsDifferentlikesanddislikesMisunderstandingOthers3.SuggestionsForparentsForchildren布局三分法的實(shí)際運(yùn)用(1)Title:BetterU34布局三分法的實(shí)際運(yùn)用(2)

Title:

OnMakingFriendsOpeningsentence:

Asahumanbeing,onecanhardlydowithoutafriend.Outline:

1.Theneedforfriends2.TrueFriendship3.MyPrincipleinmakingfriends布局三分法的實(shí)際運(yùn)用(2)Title:OnMakin35布局三分法的實(shí)際運(yùn)用(3)

Title:GoodHealthOpeningsentence:

Thedesireforgoodhealthisuniversal.Outline:1.Importanceofgoodhealth2.Waystokeepfit3.Myownpractice布局三分法的實(shí)際運(yùn)用(3)Title:GoodHea36布局三分法的實(shí)際運(yùn)用(4)

Title:

WheretoLive–intheCityorintheCountryOpeningsentence:

Manypeopleappreciatetheconvenienceofthecity.Outline:1.Advantagesofeach2.Disadvantagesofeach3.Mypreference布局三分法的實(shí)際運(yùn)用(4)Title:Whereto37NativeLanguageTransfer漫談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)寫作技巧38TwoTypesofTransferNegativeTransfer (負(fù)遷移)Errorsarisefromanalogy. 類推會(huì)產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤。PositiveTransfer

（正遷移）Errorsdecreasebyanalysis. 分析能減少錯(cuò)誤。

KeenawarenessofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagescanfacilitateFLlearning.

對(duì)兩種語(yǔ)言相似與相異點(diǎn)的敏銳意識(shí)能促進(jìn)外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)。TwoTypesofTransferNegative39NegativeTransfer(負(fù)遷移):Interference(干擾)

Causes:analogicaluseofone’spriorknowledgeofthemothertongue母語(yǔ)先知結(jié)構(gòu)的類推運(yùn)用scantyknowledgeofdifferencesbetweenthetwolanguages對(duì)兩種語(yǔ)言的差異所知甚少unconsciousfallingbackonthemothertonguespeechhabit不自覺(jué)地回歸母語(yǔ)的言語(yǔ)習(xí)慣NegativeTransfer(負(fù)遷移):Inter40ExamplesofNegativeTransfer1.Heonlyeattwomealaday.

Morphologicaltransfer（詞形遷移）NeithernounsnorverbshaveinflectionsinChinese. 在漢語(yǔ)中，名詞和動(dòng)詞都沒(méi)有形態(tài)變化。

ExamplesofNegativeTransfer41ExamplesofNegativeTransfer2.Shanghaiissaidtohavethirteenmillion

population.

Collocationtransfer

(搭配遷移)Thenounrenkou,

the

Chineseequivalentof‘population’,canhaveanumericalpre-modifier.

Population的漢語(yǔ)對(duì)應(yīng)詞“人口”在漢語(yǔ)中可以用前置數(shù)詞來(lái)修飾。

ExamplesofNegativeTransfer42ExamplesofNegativeTransfer3.Hesuggestedmetoacceptthisoffer.

Syntacticaltransfer(句型遷移)Theverbjianyi,theChineseequivalentof‘suggest’,canbeusedinVOCpatterninChinese. Suggest的漢語(yǔ)對(duì)應(yīng)詞“建議”在漢語(yǔ)中可以用“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+補(bǔ)語(yǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)。ExamplesofNegativeTransfer43ExamplesofNegativeTransfer5.--YourEnglishiswonderful.--No,no.MyEnglishisstillpoor.

Pragmatictransfer(語(yǔ)用遷移)

ThenegativereplytoacomplimentisconsideredinChineseasmodestandcourteous. 對(duì)贊揚(yáng)的否定回答在漢語(yǔ)中被視為謙虛有禮貌。ExamplesofNegativeTransfer44TwoTypesofTransferNegativeTransfer

(負(fù)遷移)Errorsarisefromanalogy.類推會(huì)產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤。PositiveTransfer

（正遷移）Errorsdecreasebyanalysis.分析能減少錯(cuò)誤。Wecouldturnnegativetransfer(interference)intopositive(facilitation)bymakinganalysisondifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagesandarousethelearner’sawarenessofavoidingorreducingerrorsfromanalogy.我們可以通過(guò)分析兩種語(yǔ)言的差異，提高學(xué)生避免或減少類推錯(cuò)誤的意識(shí)，把負(fù)遷移（干擾）轉(zhuǎn)化為正遷移（促進(jìn)）。TwoTypesofTransferNegative45典型病句TypicalSyntacticErrors漫談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)寫作技巧46連串句

Loosely-linkedClauses

Theweatherwasfine,thepartywasheldoutdoors. （誤）Theweatherwasfine.Thepartywasheldoutdoors. （正）Theweatherwasfine,sothepartywasheldoutdoors. （正）Astheweatherwasfine,thepartywasheldoutdoors. （正）連串句

Loosely-linkedClausesTh47連串句

Loosely-linkedClauses

SometimesIcomebytrain,sometimesIcomebyplane,usuallyIcomebycar.（誤）SometimesIcomebytrain.SometimesIcomebyplane.However,usuallyIcomebycar.（正）SometimesIcomebytrain,andsometimesIcomebyplane,butusuallyIcomebycar.（正）Icomesometimesbytrain,andsometimesbyplane,butusuallybycar.（正）連串句

Loosely-linkedClausesSo48殘缺句

IncompleteSentences

Iwasborninthecountry,butgrewup,Iwantedtogotoliveintown. （誤）Iwasborninthecountry,butasIgrewup,Iwantedtogotoliveintown. （正）Thosebooksonthedesk.Haveyouseen? （誤）Thosebooksareonthedesk.Haveyouseenthem? （正）殘缺句

IncompleteSentencesIw49懸垂句

DanglingSentences

Attheageofeight,mymothertaughtmehowtoplaythepiano.（誤）MymothertaughtmehowtoplaythepianowhenIwasten.（正）Attheageofeight,Iwastaughthowtoplaythepianobymymother.（正）懸垂句

DanglingSentencesAtthe50懸垂句

DanglingSentences

Standingatthetopofthismountain,allothermountainslookedsmall. （誤）Standingatthetopofthismountain,Ifeltthatallothermountainslookedsmall. （正）AsIstoodatthetopofthismountain,allothermountainslookedsmall. （正）懸垂句

DanglingSentencesStandi51錯(cuò)位句

SentenceswithdislocatedelementsIndesperationIcouldfigureoutwhatanordinarymanwoulddo. （誤）Icouldfigureoutwhatanordinarymanindesperationwoulddo. （正）Onthetrack,Isawagroupofstudentsrunning. （誤）Isawagroupofstudentsrunningonthetrack. （正）錯(cuò)位句

Sentenceswithdislocated52型誤句

SentencesofmisusedpatternsThevillageheadledustobuildawideroad. （誤）Thevillageheadledusinbuildingawideroad. （正）ShecoachedastudenttoprepareforEnglishexaminations. （誤）ShecoachedastudentforEnglishexaminations. （正）ShecoachedastudentinpreparingforEnglishexaminations. （正）型誤句

Sentencesofmisusedpatt53游移句

InconsistentSentencesProf.Wanglefttheauditoriumafterthelecturewasfinished. （欠佳）Prof.Wanglefttheauditoriumafterhefinishedhislecture. （較好）

Whenwemeetwithdifficulties,youshouldnotloseconfidence. （欠佳）Weshouldnotloseconfidencewhenwemeetwithdifficulties.

（較好）游移句

InconsistentSentencesPro54失衡句

UnbalancedSentencesHeishard-workingbutlacksexperience. （欠佳）Heishard-workingbutinexperienced. （較好）Heworkshard,butlacksexperience. （較好）Weshouldjudgeapersonnotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobywhathedoes. （欠佳）Weshouldjudgeapersonnotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobyhisdeeds. （較好）Weshouldjudgeapersonnotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobywhathedoes. （較好）失衡句

UnbalancedSentencesHeis55贅句

VerboseSentencesThereisariverrunningthroughthecityanddividingitintotwoparts. （欠佳）Ariverrunsthroughthecityanddividesitintotwoparts. （較好）Let’sreturnbacktothemainpointofthediscussion. （誤）Let’sreturntothemainpointofthediscussion.（正）Let’scomebacktothemainpointofthediscussion.

（正）

贅句

VerboseSentencesThereis56贅句

VerboseSentencesThereasonwhyheisgoingtovisitthecityofBeijingagainisbecausehewantstohaveacloselookaroundtheForbiddenCity.（誤）HeisgoingtovisitBeijingagainbecausehewantstohaveacloselookaroundtheForbiddenCity. （正）ThereasonforhisvisitingBeijingagainistohaveacloselookaroundtheForbiddenCity. （正）贅句

VerboseSentencesThereaso57

Haveaniceday!Thankyou!Haveaniceday!Thankyou!58演講完畢，謝謝觀看！演講完畢，謝謝觀看！59英語(yǔ)漫談才歡迎光臨寫作英語(yǔ)漫談才歡迎光臨寫作60寫作構(gòu)思順序

漫談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)寫作技巧61遣詞造句布局謀篇漫談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)寫作技巧62謀篇

1、明確體裁2、審定主題3、保持切題1.DescriptiveNarrativeArgumentative2.Theme3.Relevance謀篇1、明確體裁2、審定主題3、保持切題1631、學(xué)會(huì)分段（三分法）布局

2、保持內(nèi)容的統(tǒng)一與連貫3、確定話題句4、循“序”展開段落3-divisionStructureUnityandCoherenceTopicSentencesOrder5、重視開頭與結(jié)尾

BeginningAndEnding1、學(xué)會(huì)分段（三分法）布局2、保持內(nèi)容的統(tǒng)一與連貫64造句

1、避免錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)構(gòu)形式

GrammarMotherTongueTransfer2、模仿地道的表達(dá)法

ImitationMechanicalTranslation3、做到句式多樣化

VarietyofSentencePatterns造句1、避免錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)構(gòu)形式Grammar2、模仿65遣詞

1、辨明同義詞語(yǔ)的差異ShadesofSemanticDifference2、防止用詞錯(cuò)誤

GrammaticalandIdiomaticUse遣詞1、辨明同義詞語(yǔ)的差異Shadesof2、防66HowtoMakeaGoodBeginningHowtoMakeaGoodBeginning67HowtoMakeaGoodBeginningWellbegunishalfdone.Gainattentionandinterest引起注意和興趣importance,surprise,curiosity,relevance,questions,etc.Revealthetopic展示講題clearandtothepointEstablishcredibility增加可信度knowledge,experience,sincerity,etc.Previewthebody預(yù)覽主要內(nèi)容definition,background,mainideas,etc.HowtoMakeaGoodBeginningWe68GainingAttentionandInterest

Ireallyfeelobligedtowriteaboutalcoholism（酗酒）,becausethisdreaddiseaseisournation’snumberoneproblemandournumberthreekiller,rankingonlyafterheartdiseaseandcancerasacauseofdeath…StatingtheImportanceofYourtopic.GainingAttentionandInterest69GainingAttentionandInterest

Lastweekamanwhomyouallhaveheardofbeataninnocenthumanbeingsenseless（把一個(gè)無(wú)辜的人打得昏厥過(guò)去）.Hundredsofpeoplewatchedhimdoit,butnoonetriedtostophim.Hedidn’tdoitinself-defense,oroutofhateorrevenge.Hediditformoney.Surprisetheaudience.Themanisaprofessionalboxer.GainingAttentionandInterest70GainingAttentionandInterest

Eachofyouhasagift.Whatkindofgiftisit?It’snotaChristmasgiftorabirthdaygift.It’snotsomespecialtalentorskill.It’sagiftthatcouldsavealife─maybemorethanone.Ifyoudecidetogiveit,youlosenothing.Somepeopleburytheirgift.Othersburnit.Allbutoneofyouwhocompletedmyquestionnairewouldgladlyreceivethegift,butonly20percentofyouhavedecidedtogiveit.Thisgiftisthedonationofyourvitalorgans（捐獻(xiàn)重要器官）whenyoudie.Arousethecuriosityofyouraudience.GainingAttentionandInterest71GainingAttentionandInterest

Thefortunatepeopleintheworld─theonlyfortunatepeopleintheworld,inmymind─arethosewhoseworkisalsotheirpleasure.Theclassisnotalargeone,notnearlysolargeasitisoftenrepresentedtobe.Authorsareperhapsoneofthemostimportantelementsinitscomposition…. ─WinstonChurchillRelatethetopictotheaudience.GainingAttentionandInterest72GainingAttentionandInterest

Whatwasthefirstthingyoudidwhenyouwokeupthismorning?Didyoubrushyourteeth?Turnontheradio?Gropeforacupofcoffee?Afriendofminedidn’tdoanyofthosethings.Instead,hegrabbedthepaperandpenlyingnexttohisbedandwrotedowneverythinghecouldrememberabouthisdreams.Questiontheaudience.GainingAttentionandInterest73Establishcredibility

Neverinthehistoryofsportshastherebeenaleisure-timephenomenonmorestrikingthantherecentAmericanloveaffairwiththegameoftennis.Itisestimatedthatover35millionAmericansplaytennisandthatthenumberisstillgrowing.Iamoneofthose35millionAmericans.Ihavebeenplayingtennisforalmosttenyears.WhileinhighschoolsIplayedcompetitivetennis.Ialsotaughttennisandworkedinatennisclub.Knowledge,experienceandsincerity.EstablishcredibilityN74HowtoMakeaGoodEndingHowtoMakeaGoodEnding75HowtoMakeaGoodEnd

“Greatistheartofbeginning,butgreateristheartofending.”─LongfellowSignaltheend發(fā)出結(jié)束信號(hào)crescendo(climax),diminuendo(fadingaway) 漸強(qiáng)、漸弱Reinforcethecentralidea強(qiáng)化中心思想summary,quotation,dramaticstatement,referringtotheintroduction,etc. 總結(jié)、引言、驚人之語(yǔ)、呼應(yīng)開頭等HowtoMakeaGoodEnd“Great76SignaltheEnd

Whenweallowfreedomtoring─whenweletitringfromeveryvillageandeveryhamlet,fromeverystateandeverycity─wewillbeabletospeedupthatdaywhenallofGod’schildren,blackmenandwhitemen,JewsandGentiles,ProtestantsandCatholics,willbeabletojoinhandsandsinginthewordsoftheoldNegrospiritual,“Freeatlast!Freeatlast!ThankGodalmighty,wearefreeatlast!”MartinLutherKingCrescendo─climax

SignaltheEndWhen77SignaltheEnd

AndsoIaskyoutorememberthestarvingandneglectedandfrightenedchildrenaroundtheworld.Rememberthemasyougoaboutyourdailylife,comfortableandsafe.Rememberthemwhenyoucurlup（蜷臥）underyourdowncomforter（羽絨被）onacoldwinternight.RememberthemwhenyousitdowntoahugeThanksgivingdinner（感恩節(jié)晚宴）.Rememberthem.Diminuendo:Anti-climaxSignaltheEndAndso78ReinforcetheCentralIdea

Myfriendisbackinschool,participatinginactivitiessheneverdidbefore─andenjoyingit.I’mhappyandproudtosaysheisstillfightingforherlifeandevenhappiershefailedtokillherself.OtherwiseIwouldnotbeheretodaytryingtohelpyou.Yousee,Iammy“friend”,andI’mmorethangladtosay,I’vemadeit.Makeadramaticstatement.ReinforcetheCentralIdea79ReinforcetheCentralIdea

Islifesodear,orpeacesosweet,astobepurchasedatthepriceofchainsandslavery（以受束縛、被奴役為代價(jià)）?Forbidit,AlmightyGod!Idonotknowwhatcourseothersmaytake;butasforme,givemeliberty,orgivemedeath. （不自由，毋寧死）Makeadramaticstatement.ReinforcetheCentralIdea80ReinforcetheCentralIdea

Ifweignoreairpollution,itwillloomeverlarger（變得更為嚴(yán)重）.InthewordsofMorrisJones,aprofessorofairpollutioncontrol,“Itisnowtimetoendthisplague（禍患）.Itistimetolookbeyondnarrowvestedinterests（既得利益）,toawakefromslumberingtoolong（從沉睡中醒來(lái)）andsaveourselves.Wehadbetteractnow.Itwillsoonbetoolate.”Endwithaquotation.ReinforcetheCentralIdea81ReinforcetheCentralIdeaBeginning:IamspeakingnotasaBriton,notasaEuropean,notasamemberofawesterndemocracy,butasahumanbeing,amemberofthespeciesMan,whosecontinuedexistenceisindoubt.Theworldisfullofconflicts.Ending:

Iappeal,asahumanbeingtohumanbeings:rememberyourhumanity,andforgettherest.Ifyoucandoso,thewayliesopentoanewParadise;ifyoucannot,nothingliesbeforeyoubutuniversaldeath.

BertrandRussellRefertothebeginning.ReinforcetheCentralIdeaB82英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇思維模式

EnglishTextualPatternsofThinking

漫談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)寫作技巧83英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇思維模式主要有以下三種：

1.問(wèn)題解決型（Problem-SolutionPattern）2.一般特殊型（General-Particular）3.比較匹配型(MatchingPattern)

漫談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)寫作技巧84

1.問(wèn)題解決型（Problem-SolutionPattern）順序：（1）說(shuō)明情況；（2）出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題；（3）作出反應(yīng)；（4）結(jié)果或評(píng)價(jià)。Iwassendingatelegramtoafriendofmine.（情況）

IfoundIdidn’thaveenoughmoneytopayforit.（問(wèn)題）

Itooktwoimportantwordsoffmytelegram. （反應(yīng)）IfinallysentthetelegrambutIwasunhappy.

（結(jié)果/評(píng)價(jià)）

順序：（1）說(shuō)明情況；（2）出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題；Iwass85

2.一般特殊型（General-Particular）

表現(xiàn)形式：（1）先概括后舉例(Generalization-Example)（2）先給整體輪廓，后加具體細(xì)節(jié)

(Preview-Detail)表現(xiàn)形式：（2）先給整體輪廓，后加具體細(xì)節(jié)86

3.比較匹配型(MatchingPattern)

這種思維模式經(jīng)常被用來(lái)比較兩個(gè)事物的異同，通過(guò)比較突出語(yǔ)篇的中心思想。

87各種文體的寫作要點(diǎn)漫談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)寫作技巧88描寫文的寫作要點(diǎn)

按描寫對(duì)象分：人物描寫(Describingaperson)地點(diǎn)或場(chǎng)景描寫(Describingaplaceorascene)物品描寫(Describinganobject)圖表描寫(Describingapicture,agraphorachart)按描寫方法分：白描(Straightforwarddescription)工筆(Meticulousdescription)主觀描寫(Subjectivedescription)客觀描寫(Objectivedescription)描寫文的寫作要點(diǎn)按描寫對(duì)象分：89敘述文的寫作要點(diǎn)

確定宗旨(Decidingonanaimtobeattainedora messagetobeconveyed)交代背景(Providingthesettingoftheaction, namelytime,placeandcharacters)安排結(jié)構(gòu)(Organizingthenarration,usuallyin chronologicalorderorbycreating suspension)形成高潮(Reachingaclimax,usuallythrough conflicts)保持視角(Maintainingaconsistentpointofview, thatis,narratingfromtheperspective ofoneparticularperson,usuallythe author)敘述文的寫作要點(diǎn)確定宗旨(Decidingonan90議論文的寫作要點(diǎn)

正確鮮明的論點(diǎn)(Asoundandclear-cutproposition)充分有力的論據(jù)(Sufficientandforcibledata)邏輯嚴(yán)密的論證(Logicalandconvincing argumentation)歸納法(Induction,reasoningfromspecificto general)演繹法(Deduction,reasoningfromgeneralto specific)比較法(Comparison,reasoningfromspecificto specific)議論文的寫作要點(diǎn)正確鮮明的論點(diǎn)(Asoundand91三分法結(jié)構(gòu)3-divisionStructure漫談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)寫作技巧92布局三分法的實(shí)際運(yùn)用(1)

Title:BetterUnderstandingBetweenParentandChildOpeningsentence:

NowadaysthereisoftenamisunderstandingbetweenparentandchildOutline:

1.Presentsituation:lackofcommunicationbetweenparentandchild2.PossiblereasonsDifferentlikesanddislikesMisunderstandingOthers3.SuggestionsForparentsForchildren布局三分法的實(shí)際運(yùn)用(1)Title:BetterU93布局三分法的實(shí)際運(yùn)用(2)

Title:

OnMakingFriendsOpeningsentence:

Asahumanbeing,onecanhardlydowithoutafriend.Outline:

1.Theneedforfriends2.TrueFriendship3.MyPrincipleinmakingfriends布局三分法的實(shí)際運(yùn)用(2)Title:OnMakin94布局三分法的實(shí)際運(yùn)用(3)

Title:GoodHealthOpeningsentence:

Thedesireforgoodhealthisuniversal.Outline:1.Importanceofgoodhealth2.Waystokeepfit3.Myownpractice布局三分法的實(shí)際運(yùn)用(3)Title:GoodHea95布局三分法的實(shí)際運(yùn)用(4)

Title:

WheretoLive–intheCityorintheCountryOpeningsentence:

Manypeopleapprec