托福閱讀復(fù)習(xí)課件

托福閱讀復(fù)習(xí)托福閱讀復(fù)習(xí)1閱讀理解1.考試概述2.文體分析3.閱讀技能4.常見問題5.題型分析6.解題攻略7.應(yīng)試準(zhǔn)備8.高分秘籍9.沖刺攻略10.真題演練閱讀理解1.考試概述2新托福概述1時(shí)間文章問題分值等級(jí)60-100分鐘3-5篇,每篇約700字每篇后設(shè)12-14個(gè)0-30分High:22-30Intermediate:15-21Low:0-14新托福概述1時(shí)間文章問題分值等級(jí)60-1003-5篇,每篇后3新托福概述2目的：考查考生對(duì)大學(xué)教科書類似文章（prompts)的閱讀理解能力。類型：1.shortformat（短模式）：3篇文章，60分鐘2.longformat（長模式）：5篇文章，100分鐘（其中有三篇文章被評(píng)分，其他的兩篇是以后考試中的實(shí)驗(yàn)部分。）記分：絕大多數(shù)是一題一分，但每篇文章的最后一題的分值超過一分。新托福概述2目的：考查考生對(duì)大學(xué)教科書類似文章（prompt4新托福概述3注意事項(xiàng)：1.考試進(jìn)行中考生可以做筆記，但不會(huì)被評(píng)分。2.有些文章中會(huì)使用下畫線及藍(lán)色(underlinedinblue)來凸顯一個(gè)單詞或詞組，可單擊得到它們的定義和解釋。3.在整個(gè)閱讀考試過程中，考生可隨時(shí)返回任何一篇文章中的任何一個(gè)問題，但不能進(jìn)入聽力部分，否則無法返回。4.點(diǎn)擊review，可瀏覽已經(jīng)回答的所有問題和未完成的問題，并返回任何一道為完成的題目繼續(xù)答題。5.屏幕上的時(shí)鐘將告訴你還剩多少時(shí)間完成閱讀部分的考題。新托福概述3注意事項(xiàng)：5文體分析文章多取材于北美（AmericaandCanada)，也來自于世界范圍內(nèi)的說英語的國家（England,Australia,NewZealand).題材廣泛：1.科技：天文、地質(zhì)、化學(xué)、數(shù)學(xué)、物理、生物、醫(yī)學(xué)、工程學(xué)2.歷史：政府、地理、文化3.藝術(shù)：文學(xué)、繪畫、雕塑、舞蹈、戲劇、建筑4.社會(huì)科學(xué)：人類學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、心理學(xué)、城市研究和社會(huì)學(xué)5.傳記和自傳體裁：1．說明文(exposition)2．議論文(argumentation)3．記敘文(narration)文體分析文章多取材于北美（AmericaandCanad6說明文段落＝主題句＋說明主題句的細(xì)節(jié)＋結(jié)尾句全文＝首段（揭示主題）＋主體段（對(duì)主題分點(diǎn)闡述）＋結(jié)論段（對(duì)全文歸納總結(jié)）常見的結(jié)構(gòu)模式：１）提出問題分析問題解決問題２）指出現(xiàn)象分析原因３）引入主題進(jìn)行對(duì)比／比較４）引入主題進(jìn)行列舉說明文段落＝主題句＋說明主題句的細(xì)節(jié)＋結(jié)尾句www.pptc7議論文常見結(jié)構(gòu)：提出論點(diǎn)列舉理由或事實(shí)總結(jié)常見的結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)志：1)表觀點(diǎn)：Tobeginwith,inmyopinion,asfarasI’mconcerned,frommypointofview2)表分類：…canbeclassifiedintofourgroups,…fallsintothreetypes3)表說明的步驟或論證的角度：fist,second,finally4)表總結(jié)：tosumup,onthewhole,inshort議論文常見結(jié)構(gòu)：8閱讀技能1.識(shí)別主題或作者的意圖2.掃描細(xì)節(jié)3.利用上下文線索猜測詞義4.做出推斷5.識(shí)別連貫性6.理解作者如何解釋問題7.理解作者為什么使用某個(gè)例子或細(xì)節(jié)8.識(shí)別重申/釋義和句子簡化9.區(qū)別主要觀點(diǎn)和次要觀點(diǎn)10.分析和分類信息以完成摘要和表格閱讀技能1.識(shí)別主題或作者的意圖9成組視讀“意群”(thought/sensegroup):

視線停留一次可看到具有邏輯意義的一組單詞，這種有意義的語法結(jié)構(gòu)叫“意群”。閱讀時(shí)人的眼睛不是持續(xù)的移動(dòng)，而是跳躍式移動(dòng)，94%的時(shí)間眼睛是靜止的，6%的時(shí)間在跳躍。在實(shí)際閱讀中，人的眼睛以詞群為單位跳躍，即相關(guān)的詞往往在一次注目中看到。

成組視讀“意群”(thought/sensegrou10略讀Skimming(略讀)快速瀏覽全文的閱讀方法

目的：(1)了解文章的主題;(2)對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)獲得一個(gè)整體概念;(3)對(duì)各部分的內(nèi)容獲得一個(gè)粗略印象;(4)對(duì)文章主旨做出判斷。

對(duì)象:文章的標(biāo)題、開始段、結(jié)束段、每段的段首句和結(jié)尾句略讀Skimming(略讀)11尋讀Scanning(尋讀）指以問題為線索、帶著問題去尋找某一特定信息的閱讀

要領(lǐng)：１．確定哪方面的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)２．確定到什么地方去找３．掃過文章４．找到地方后詳讀５．適當(dāng)?shù)赝评碜⒁馐马?xiàng)：１．掃視文章要快２．先了解四個(gè)選項(xiàng)３．認(rèn)真分析對(duì)比選項(xiàng)４．題目的順序與文章的行文順序的關(guān)系尋讀Scanning(尋讀）12Guessing１（猜測詞義）１．詞匯線索：前綴、后綴、詞干e.g.Mostflagshaveacompact,rectangularshapeandinstinctvisualsymbolism.Theirstrongcolorsandgeometricpatternsareusuallyinstantlyrecognizableevenifminiaturizedtolessthanasquarecentimeter.Thewordminiaturizedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_____.A.publicizedB.coloredC.madebrighterD.madesmallerGuessing１（猜測詞義）１．詞匯線索：前綴、后綴、詞干13Guessing２（猜測詞義）2．結(jié)構(gòu)線索１）定義（be)e.g.TheCelticreligioncenteredontheworshipofapantheonofnaturedeities.Theirreligiousceremoniesincludedanimalsacrificesandvariousformsofmagic.Druidswerethepriestswholedthepeopleinthishighlyritualisticworship…ThewordDruidsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_____.A.deitiesB.ceremoniesC.sacrificesD.priestsGuessing２（猜測詞義）2．結(jié)構(gòu)線索www.pptcn14Guessing３（猜測詞義）2．結(jié)構(gòu)線索2）同義詞/解釋（and/or)e.g.Inaccordancewithmanypsychologist,phobias,orirrationalfearsrepresent,oraresymbolicofrepressedanxiety.Thewordphobiainthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_____.A.psychologistB.fearC.symbolD.treatmentGuessing３（猜測詞義）2．結(jié)構(gòu)線索www.pptcn15Guessing4(猜測詞義)2．結(jié)構(gòu)線索3）同位語（，）e.g.…ItisbelievedtohaveoriginatedamongtheEgyptians,probablybefore4000B.C.,andwasusedbythemformorethan30centuries.Seventeenth-centuryattemptstopreserveanatomicalspecimensbroughtaboutmoderntechniquesofembalming,thepreservationofthebodytissueafterdeathbyartificialchemicalmeans.Thewordembalminginthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_____.A.deathbyachemicalmeansB.thepreservationofbodytissueC.acommonagentrelatedtoformaldehydeD.thereplacementofbodyfluidsGuessing4(猜測詞義)2．結(jié)構(gòu)線索www.ppt16Guessing5（猜測詞義）2．結(jié)構(gòu)線索4）從句e.g.ThePuebloIndiansarethosewhodwellinpueblos,anamederivedfromtheSpanishwordforvillage.Thepuebloisusuallybuiltagainstthefaceofacliffandgenerallyconsistsofconnectedhousesrisinginaseriesofrecedingterraces.Theroofofonehouseistheyardorpatioofthenexthouse.Thekiva,wherePuebloIndiansholdtheirsecretceremonies,isenteredbyanopeningintheroof…Thewordkivainthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_____.A.patioB.ceremonialroomC.seriesofterracesD.PuebloIndianvillageGuessing5（猜測詞義）2．結(jié)構(gòu)線索www.pptc17Guessing6（猜測詞義）2．結(jié)構(gòu)線索5）羅列（，）e.g.Ifsomeoneissaidtohave“achiponhisshoulder”,heisangry,pugnacious,sullen,andlookingfortrouble.Thewordpugnaciousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_____.A.friendlyB.aggressiveC.sociableD.responsibleGuessing6（猜測詞義）2．結(jié)構(gòu)線索www.pptc18Guessing7（猜測詞義）2．結(jié)構(gòu)線索6）舉例(like,suchas,forexample,forinstance)e.g.However,foroutdoorenthusiastswhowanttogetfarfromcivilization,choosingcampingparaphernaliasuchastents,sleepingbags,cookingimplementsandothersuppliesshouldbedonewithcare.Thewordparaphernaliainthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_____.A.equipmentB.foodsuppliesC.sleepingbagsD.campsitesGuessing7（猜測詞義）2．結(jié)構(gòu)線索www.pptc19Guessing8（猜測詞義）2．結(jié)構(gòu)線索7）對(duì)比／比較(but,however,whereas,ontheotherhand,despite,inspiteof,or,rather,alternatively,nevertheless,unlike,while,conversely,incontrast,instead,onthecontrary,differently)e.g.ThecampanileischieflyamedievalformofItalianarchitecture.Builtinconnectionwithachurchortownhall,itservedasabelfry,watchtower,andsometimesacivilmonument.Unlikeotherbelltowersthatareattachedtobuildings,thecampanilegenerallystandsasdetachedunit.Thewordcampanileinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_____.A.churchB.townhallC.towerD.unitGuessing8（猜測詞義）2．結(jié)構(gòu)線索www.pptc20Guessing9（猜測詞義）2．結(jié)構(gòu)線索8）標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)(，－（）‘’“”［］)e.g.Attheageof19,Galileodiscoveredisochronism—theprincipleinwhicheachoscillationofapendulumtakesthesametimedespitechangesinamplitude.Thewordisochronism

inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_____.A.aprincipleB.anoscillationC.apendulumD.anamplitudeGuessing9（猜測詞義）2．結(jié)構(gòu)線索www.pptc21Guessing10（猜測詞義）2．結(jié)構(gòu)線索9）指代關(guān)系e.g.Manyweedsarealsohostsfordisease-causingorganisms.Atleast50differentweedspeciesfightoffcompetitorsbyemittingtoxinsfromtheirroots,leaves,orseeds.Thesepoisonsdotheirworkinavarietyofways,suchasinhibitinggerminationofseedsanddestroyingphotosynthesisabilities.Thewordtoxins

inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_____.A.rootsB.leavesC.seedsD.poisonsGuessing10（猜測詞義）2．結(jié)構(gòu)線索www.ppt22Guessing11（猜測詞義）2．結(jié)構(gòu)線索10）關(guān)鍵詞e.g.Nonresidentialdesignconcernspublicspacessuchasconcerthall,banks,offices,buildinglobbies,theater,restaurants,hotels,andreligiousbuildings.Manycontractdesignersspecializeinoneormoreoftheseareas.Accessoriesaddinteresttoaroom.Theycanaccentorhighlightanareaandgivearoombeautyandpersonality.Thewordaccessories

inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_____.A.thingsthatbuildahouseB.thingsthatdestroyaroomC.thingsthatimprovearoomD.thingsthatcoatahouseGuessing11（猜測詞義）2．結(jié)構(gòu)線索www.ppt23Guessing12（猜測詞義）3．語境線索1）狹義語境線索在一個(gè)句子范圍內(nèi)，該詞語前后的語言單位（該詞語所屬的語法結(jié)構(gòu)）．1.Thehousewassurprisinglysound,thoughitwasmorethantwohundredyearsold.2.Thesepeoplearementallysound,butphysicallyhandicapped.3.Industrialexpansionisaverysound

investmentinpresentsociety.4.Intheend,theenemyforcesufferedasound

defeatandsoonwithdrewfromthefront.5.Ibelievethatit’ssoundforboysandgirlstohavebasicallythesameeducation.6.Fortunately,mywifewassafeandsoundafterherordeal.Guessing12（猜測詞義）3．語境線索www.pptc24Guessing13（猜測詞義）3．語境線索2）廣義語境線索超越一個(gè)句子范圍，它可以是句群、段落、章節(jié)甚至整篇文章。Astatesmanisawise,experiencedandrespectedpoliticalleader.“MothersmaystillwanttheirfavoritesonstogrowuptobePresident,but...theydonotwantthemtobecomepoliticiansintheprocess”Guessing13（猜測詞義）3．語境線索www.pptc25Today,boystrytoprovetheyaremeninmanydifferentways.Longago,itwasnothardforsomeboystoknowtheyhadbecomemen.AmericanIndianshadceremoniesandtestsforboystoprovetheyweremen.Inonetribe,boysweregivendrugswhichmadethemseevisionsofthegods.Havingavisionwasthefirststeptowardbeingaman.Inanothertribe,boyshadtoprovethattheycouldstandpain.Theyhadtoliestillongroundcoveredwithantsandlettheantsbitethemagainandagain.WhentheIndianboyshadbeenthroughtheseceremoniesandtests,theyknewtheyweremen.Today,boystrytoprovethey26Militaryawardshavelongbeenconsideredsymbolicofroyalty,andthuswhentheUnitedStateswasayoungnationjustfinishedwithrevolutionandeagertodistanceitselffromanythingtastingofmonarchy,therewasstrongsentimentagainstmilitarydecoration.Foracentury,fromtheendoftheRevolutionaryWaruntiltheCivilWar,theUnitedStatesawardednomilitaryhonors.TheinstitutionoftheMedalofHonorin1861wasasourceofgreatdiscussionandconcern.FromtheCivilWaruntilWorldWarI,theMedalofHonorwastheonlymilitaryawardgivenbytheUnitedStatesgovernment,andtodayitisawardedonlyinthemostextremecasesofheroism.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisstillsomewhatwaryofgrantingmilitaryawards,severalawardshavebeeninstitutedsinceWorldWarI.Theauthor’smainpurposeinthisparagraphisto_______.A.describethehistoryofmilitaryawardspriortotheCivilWarB.demonstrateaneffectofAmerica’sattitudetowardroyaltyC.giveanopinionofmilitaryawardsD.outlinevarioushistoricalsymbolsofroyaltyMilitaryawardshavelongbeen27閱讀中應(yīng)解決的問題1．Vocabulary(詞匯）一個(gè)一般性詞的意義2．Terms（術(shù)語）特定詞或詞組的意義3．Paraphrase（釋義）最佳的陳述4．Reference（指代）一個(gè)代詞所指代的原文中的詞5.Detail（細(xì)節(jié)）細(xì)節(jié)要點(diǎn)6.Cause（原因）解釋某種情況或事件是如何發(fā)生的7.True-False（正誤）確定正確的陳述8.Purpose（目的）理解作者為什么要這樣組織文章9.Opinion(觀點(diǎn)）認(rèn)清作者的觀點(diǎn)10.Inference（推理）根據(jù)原文信息作出相應(yīng)的結(jié)論11.Exception（排除）選擇一個(gè)原文中未被提及的陳述12.Insert（插入）將一句話插入文章中正確的位置13.Classification（分類）將多個(gè)短語所屬類別進(jìn)行匹配14.Summary（摘要）完成所考查文章的摘要閱讀中應(yīng)解決的問題1．Vocabulary(詞匯）一個(gè)一般28題型分析一、基礎(chǔ)理解題二、篇章應(yīng)用題題型分析一、基礎(chǔ)理解題29題型分析１1.VocabularyQuestions詞匯題目的：考查根據(jù)上下文理解特定詞和短語的能力．特點(diǎn)：難度不大，一般每篇文章后有３－５道題．分值１分．全部為單選題（４選１）．該題型考查的詞匯范圍很廣，涉及大學(xué)水平所有的學(xué)科及專業(yè)．出現(xiàn)頻率非常高．題型分析１1.VocabularyQuestions詞30例子：Somepoisonoussnakebitesneedtobetreatedimmediatelyorthevictimwillsufferparalysis…InstatingthatthevictimwillsufferparalysistheauthormeansthatthevictimwillA.losetheabilitytomoveB.becomeunconsciousC.undergoshockD.feelgreatpain例子：Somepoisonoussnakebites31題型分析22.ReferenceQuestions指代題目的：檢測考生確定某個(gè)代詞或形容詞的指代對(duì)象的能力．（代詞和指示形容詞可以用來指代句子或前后句子以及段落篇章中的其他名詞，這種語法現(xiàn)象被稱為指代．）特點(diǎn)：難度不大，一般每篇文章后有０－２道題．分值１分．全部為單選題（４選１）．出現(xiàn)頻率非常高．該題型考查的詞匯種類很多，第三人稱主格＼賓格＼物主代詞＼反身代詞；關(guān)系代詞和副詞（that,which,who,whom,whose,where,when);指示代詞或形容詞(this,that,these,those);量詞以及其他形式(all,none,afew,thelast,several,manyetc.).題型分析22.ReferenceQuestions指代32例子：Theselawsareuniversalintheirapplication,regardlessofculturalbeliefs,geography,orclimate.Ifpotshavenobottomsorhavelargeopeningsintheirsides,theycouldhardlybeconsideredcontainersinanytraditionalsense.Sincethelawsofphysics,notsomearbitrarydecision,havedeterminedthegeneralformofapplied-artobjects,theyfollowbasicpatterns,somuchsothatfunctionalformscanvaryonlywithincertainlimits…

ThewordtheyinthepassagereferstoA.applied-artobjectsB.thelawsofphysicsC.containersD.thesidesofpots例子：Theselawsareuniversali33題型分析33.FactualInformationQuestions事實(shí)信息題目的：檢測考生抓住文章中闡明的信息并排除干擾回答問題的能力．特點(diǎn)：有一定難度，一般每篇文章后有３－６道題．分值１分．全部為單選題（４選１）．出現(xiàn)頻率非常高．該類問題的選項(xiàng)通常是對(duì)事實(shí)性信息的復(fù)述．即正確答案通常是文章意思的同義轉(zhuǎn)述(paraphrases)．答案通常按行文順序排列，問題通常會(huì)示意答案會(huì)在哪段中出現(xiàn)“”).題型分析33.FactualInformationQu34例子：WilliamsburgisahistoriccityinVirginiathatwassettledbyEnglishcolonistsin1633,twenty-sixyearsafterthefirstpermanentEnglishcolonyinAmericawassettledatJamestown.Inthebeginning,thecolonyatWilliamsburgwasnamedMiddlePlantationbecauseofitslocationinthemiddleofaPeninsulabetweentworivers,theYorkandtheJames.ThesiteforWilliamsburghadbeenselectedbythecolonistsbecausethesoildrainagewasbettertherethanattheJamestownlocation,andtherewerefewermosquitoes.Accordingtothepassage,thecolonistschoseWilliamsburgbecause______.A.itwasinEnglandB.therewerenonearbyriversC.therewerelotsofmosquitoesD.thesoildrainedwell例子：Williamsburgisahistoric35題型分析4４.NegativeFactualInformationQuestions否定事實(shí)信息題目的：檢測考生對(duì)于事實(shí)性信息的理解和甄別的能力．根據(jù)文章中闡明的信息，判斷什么信息是正確的或錯(cuò)誤的或文章中沒有提到的．特點(diǎn)：有一定難度，一般每篇文章后有０－２道題．分值１分．全部為單選題（４選１）．出現(xiàn)頻率一般．該類問題通常要求考生判斷４個(gè)選項(xiàng)中哪一個(gè)在文章中沒有出現(xiàn)過(Notmentioned/included)或是不真實(shí)的(Nottrue)或是錯(cuò)誤的(False).詞類問題中通常包含NOT,EXCEPT,LEAST三種形式．題型分析4４.NegativeFactualInf36例子：Itistrue,inEnglish,thattherearemanydifferentkindsofexpressionsthatpeopleusetogiveanametoanythingwhosenameisunknownormomentarilyforgotten.Thewordgadgetisonesuchword.ItwasfirstusedbyBritishsailorsinthe1850sandprobablycamefromtheFrenchwordgachette,whichwasasmallhook.Ineverydayuse,thewordhasamoregeneralmeaning.Otherwordsarealsousedtogiveanametosomethingunnamedorunknown,andthesewordstendtobesomewhatimaginative.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutthewordgadget?A.itisusedtonamesomethingwhenthenameisnotknown.B.Itwasusedatthebeginningofthenineteenthcentury.C.itmostlikelycamefromawordintheFrenchlanguage.D.ItsfirstknownusewasbyBritishsailors.例子：Itistrue,inEnglish,tha37題型分析55.InferenceQuestions推理題目的：檢測考生根據(jù)已知內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推理引申的能力．特點(diǎn)：難度很大，一般每篇文章后有０－２道題．分值１分．全部為單選題（４選１）．出現(xiàn)頻率非常高．該題型的特征是文章中有些論點(diǎn)／觀點(diǎn)沒有明確闡述，但卻明確暗示出來了．例如，知道結(jié)果，推論造成結(jié)果的起因；文中有比較，要求推斷比較的基礎(chǔ)；文中對(duì)某一新現(xiàn)象有明確闡述，可能要求推論舊現(xiàn)象的特征．題型分析55.InferenceQuestions推38例子：Thenineteenthcenturybroughtwithitaburstofnewdiscoveriesandinventionsthatrevolutionizedthecandleindustryandmadelightingavailabletoall.Intheearly-to-mid-nineteenthcentury,aprocesswasdevelopedtorefinetallow(fatfromanimals)withalkaliandsulfuricacid.Theresultwasaproductcalledstearin.Stearinisharderandburnslongerthanunrefinedtallow.Thisbreakthroughmeantthatitwaspossibletomaketallowcandlesthatwouldnotproducetheusualsmokeandrancidodor.Stearinswerealsoderivedfrompalmoils,sovegetablewaxesaswellasanimalfatscouldbeusedtomakecandles…Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutcandlesbeforethenineteenthcentury?A.theydidnotsmokewhentheywereburned.B.Theyproducedapleasantodorastheyburned.C.Theywerenotavailabletoall.D.Theycontainedsulfuricacid.例子：Thenineteenthcenturybrou39題型分析66.RhetoricalPurposeQuestions修辭目的題目的：檢測考生能夠識(shí)別和確認(rèn)作者為什么要在文章中某一處以某種特殊方式陳述某個(gè)信息的能力．即考查考生通過文章表面特定的修辭方法或方式發(fā)掘作者潛在目的的能力．特點(diǎn)：難度很大，一般每篇文章后有０－２道題．分值１分．全部為單選題（４選１）．出現(xiàn)頻率一般．這里的修辭，不是一般意義上的修辭方式，如明喻、暗喻、擬人等，而是指作者運(yùn)用語言陳述內(nèi)容是所采用的一些比較靈活、相對(duì)特殊的寫作手法，如舉例、對(duì)比、類比等。題型分析66.RhetoricalPurposeQu40例子：…

Sculpturesmust,forexample,bestable,whichrequiresanunderstandingofthepropertiesofmass,weightdistribution,andstress.Paintingsmusthaverigidstretcherssothatthecanvaswillbetaut,andthepaintmustnotcrack,deteriorate,ordiscolor.Theseareproblemsthatmustbeovercomebytheartistbecausetheytendtointrudeuponhisorherconceptionofthework.Forexample,intheearlyItalianRenaissance,bronzestatuesofhorseswitharaisedforelegusuallyhadacannonballunderthathoof…WhydoestheauthordiscussthebronzestatuesofhorsescreatedbyartistsintheearlyItalianRenaissance?A.toprovideanexampleofaproblemrelatedtothelawsofphysicsthatanartisttriestoovercome.B.Toarguethatfineartistsareunconcernedwiththelawsofphysics.C.Tocontrasttherelativesophisticationofmodernartistsinsolvingproblemsrelatedtothelawsofphysics.D.Tonoteanexceptionalpieceofartconstructedwithouttheaidoftechnology.例子：…Sculpturesmust,forexam41題型分析７7.SentenceSimplificationQuestions簡化句子題目的：檢測考生識(shí)別文章中某一特定復(fù)雜句子所傳達(dá)的基本內(nèi)容，不受細(xì)枝末節(jié)的干擾，用簡化的句子表達(dá)原句基本內(nèi)容的能力．即考察句法（syntax)和同義轉(zhuǎn)述(paraphrase)的能力。特點(diǎn)：難度很大，一般每篇文章后有０－１道題．分值１分．全部為單選題（４選１）．出現(xiàn)頻率較高．句法的考查主要集中在基本句型、結(jié)構(gòu)和常見的句子修飾的手法上。同義轉(zhuǎn)述的能力指的是考生能夠用不同的語言表達(dá)方式傳達(dá)同樣的意義。題型分析７7.SentenceSimplificati42例子：Theunevendistributionoffoodresourcesisalargeandgrowingproblemintheworldtoday.StarvationiswidespreadintheThirdworldbecauseofclimatechange,naturaldisasters,politicalturmoil,andwars—allofwhichdisruptfoodproductionandcausemassmigrationsofrefugees.Peoplewhoareuprootedcannotgrowfood,andthosewhoarepoorcannotbuyit.Attheotherendofthescale,modernindustrialsocietiesaccountformostoftheconsumptionoftheworld’sresources,althoughwithinthesesocietiestheresourcesaredistributedunevenlyamongpeopleofdifferentclasses.Bothwealthysocietiesandwealthyindividualsconsumemostgoodsandservices,buttheyalsoproducemostoftheworlds’hazardouswaste.Whichsentencebelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A.Foodcannotbegrowninsomeregionsbecausethesoilistoopoor.B.Refugeesareunabletoproducefood,andpoorpeoplecannotaffordfood.C.Peoplecannotsurvivesolelyonrootcrops.Whicharepoorinnutrients.D.Somepeoplecanrelocatetofindfood,butpoorpeoplehavenowheretogo.例子：Theunevendistributionof43題型分析88.InsertTextQuestions插入文本題目的：檢測考生將特定的一句話插入文章順序相連的四個(gè)句子之間的能力。特點(diǎn)：難度相當(dāng)大，一般每篇文章后有０－１道題．分值１分．出現(xiàn)頻率較高．考生必須深入理解各個(gè)句子見的邏輯、詞匯和語法聯(lián)系。是國內(nèi)考試常見的ClozeTest在語篇層次上的發(fā)展。綜合性強(qiáng)，耗時(shí)較多。題型分析88.InsertTextQuestion44Lookatthefoursquares[]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Allthreeofthemhavestrengthsandweaknesses,butnoneadequatelyanswersallofthequestionsofthepaintingspresent.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Scholarsofferthreerelatedbutdifferentopinionsaboutthispuzzle.Oneopinionisthatthepaintingswerearecordoftheseasonalmigrationsmadebyherds.Becausesomepaintingsweremadedirectlyoverother,obliteratingthem,itisprobablythatapainting’svalueendedwiththemigrationitpictured.Unfortunately,thisexplanationfailstoexplainthehiddenlocations,unlessthemigrationswerecelebratedwithsecretceremonies.Lookatthefoursquares[]th45題型分析99.Prosesummary文章摘要題目的：檢測考生理解全篇中心思想和相關(guān)重要信息的能力。特點(diǎn)：難度相當(dāng)大，一般每篇文章后有０－１道題．分值較高，（３個(gè)正確選項(xiàng)的２分，２個(gè)得１分，２個(gè)以下得０分）．出現(xiàn)頻率一般．考生通過區(qū)分主要和次要觀點(diǎn)，以及文章沒有提及的觀點(diǎn)達(dá)到總結(jié)全片的目的。題型分析99.Prosesummary文章摘要題ww46題型分析1010.SchematicTableItems表格題目的：檢測考生從文章中歸納和組織重要但分散的觀點(diǎn)和其他相關(guān)重要信息的能力。特點(diǎn)：難度相當(dāng)大，一般每篇文章后有０－１道題．分值較高，３-4分）．出現(xiàn)頻率一般．考生不但要選出正確的選項(xiàng)，還要將其填入表格中的正確位置，根據(jù)選出答案的多少，得到不同的分?jǐn)?shù)。題型分析1010.SchematicTableIte47解題攻略1.詞匯題2.指代題3.事實(shí)信息題4.否定事實(shí)信息題5.推理題6.修辭目的題7.簡化句子題8.插入文本題9.文章摘要題10.完成圖表題解題攻略1.詞匯題48解題攻略１詞匯題常見題樣：Theword/phraseXinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto…Theword/phraseXinthepassagecouldbebestreplacedby…Theword/phraseXinthepassagemeans…InstatingX,theauthormeansthat…解題攻略１詞匯題常見題樣：49解題攻略１詞匯題解題策略：１）利用高亮顯示，迅速定位詞匯２）認(rèn)真閱讀該句３）確定詞匯的詞性和功能４）尋找上下文線索５）排除不可能的選項(xiàng)６）把選擇的詞匯放入原句中檢查解題攻略１詞匯題解題策略：50解題攻略２指代題常見題樣：Theword/phraseXinthepassagerefersto…Whatdoes(theword/phrase)Xinparagraphyreferto?解題攻略２指代題常見題樣：51解題攻略２指代題解題策略：１）利用高亮顯示，迅速定位代詞２）認(rèn)真閱讀該代詞所在句子或前后句子３）找出與之相匹配的名詞４）排除不可能的選項(xiàng)５）把選擇的名詞放入原句中檢查解題攻略２指代題解題策略：52解題攻略２指代題解題原則：１）“信手拈來”原則２）“三位一體”原則３）“結(jié)構(gòu)制勝”原則４）“火炬接力”原則解題攻略２指代題解題原則：53Therearealpinemeadowsbetweentheglaciersandtheforeststhatcontainbeautifulwildflowers.TheWonderlandTrailencirclestheentiremountain.Its90-mile(145-kilometer)lengthcanbehikedinaboutaweek’stime.TheNisquallyGlacierisprobablytheiceregionthatismostoftenexploredbyvisitors.NotfarfromthereliesParadiseValley,wherehotelaccommodationsareavailable.Whatdoesthewordthereinthepassagereferto______.A.ParadiseValleyB.wonderlandTrailC.NisqusallyGlacierD.MountRainier可以直接在該句或前一句中輕松找到所指代的對(duì)象。１）“信手拈來”原則可以直接在該句或前一句中輕松找到所指代的對(duì)象。１）“信手拈來54Differencesinthewaymenandwomenprocesslanguageareofspecialinteresttobrainresearchers.Ithasbeenknowthataphasia—akindofspeechdisorder—ismorecommoninmenthaninwomenwhentheleftsideofthebrainisdamagedinanaccidentorafterastroke.However,womenaremorelikelythanmentosufferaphasiawhenthefrontpartofthebrainisdamaged.Thisclearlyindicatesthatthebrainsofmenandwomenareorganizeddifferentlyinthewaytheyprocessspeech.Thewordtheyinthepassagerefersto______.A.men

B.womenC.brains

D.researchers指“性，數(shù)，格”一致的原則2）“三位一體”原則指“性，數(shù)，格”一致的原則2）“三位一體”原則www.pp55E.g.1.…touristsfromvariouscountriesthroughouttheworldflocktoNewOrleansforthecelebration,wheretheytakepartinaweekofnonstopactivitiesbeforereturninghomeforsomemuch-neededrest.E.g.2.Thetarnotonlytrappedtheanimals,leadingtotheirdeath,butitalsoservedasaremarkablyeffectivepreservant,allowingnear-perfectskeletonstoremainhiddenuntilthepresentera.利用一些具有特色的語言結(jié)構(gòu)，如主從復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，并列和平行結(jié)構(gòu)等。3）“結(jié)構(gòu)制勝”原則利用一些具有特色的語言結(jié)構(gòu)，如主從復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，3）“結(jié)構(gòu)制勝”56常見的并列或平行結(jié)構(gòu)：andorboth…and…,notonly…butalso…,aswellas,neither…nor…,most/many/some/such…others…,theformer…,thelatter…常見的并列或平行結(jié)構(gòu)：57Satellitesroutinelyrelaypicturesofdesertareas.Fromthesepictures,itcanbedeterminedwherelocustsarelikelytobreed.Withinformationonthelocusts’breedingareas,agricultureofficialscanusepesticidestokilltheseinsectsbeforetheybecomeamenace.Ifnoteradicated,asingleswarmcandevour80,000tonsofcornaday—sustenanceforhalfamillionpeopleforoneyear.Thewordtheyinthepassagerefersto______.A.pictures

B.pesticidesC.theseinsects

D.locusts多個(gè)代詞指代的對(duì)象是出現(xiàn)在文中最前面的名詞4）“火炬接力”原則多個(gè)代詞指代的對(duì)象是出現(xiàn)在文中最前面的名詞4）“火炬接力”原58解題攻略3事實(shí)信息題常見題樣：Accordingtothepassage,what/which/why/how/who/where/when…Accordingtotheparagraph,whichofthefollowingistrueabout…Accordingtotheparagraph,Xoccurredbecause…/XdidYbecause…/whydidXdoY…Itisstated/indicated/mentionedinparagraph…Theauthor’sdescriptionofXmentionswhichofthefollowing…InparagraphY,whatdoestheauthorsayabout…Theauthormentions…asanexampleof…解題攻略3事實(shí)信息題常見題樣：59解題攻略3事實(shí)信息題解題策略：第1步：略讀全文，把握大意結(jié)構(gòu)第2步：瀏覽題干，確定定位詞或題眼第3步：分析選項(xiàng)，找出核心詞第4步：尋讀文章，原文定位

第5步：仔細(xì)閱讀，比較選項(xiàng)第6步：排除干擾，正確推斷解題攻略3事實(shí)信息題解題策略：60解題攻略3事實(shí)信息題常見的句子與句子的十種銜接表達(dá)方式：1)時(shí)間：immediately,thereafter,soon,previously,formerly,andthen…2)順序：again,also,and,andthen,finally,first,next,still,too,andsoforth,afterward,subsequently,consequently,simultaneously,concurrently…3)比較和對(duì)比：whereas,but,yet,ontheotherhand,however,nevertheless,onthecontrary,bycomparison,where,comparedto,but,although,conversely,meanwhile,incontrast,althoughthismaybetrue,still,though,despite,asopposedto…解題攻略3事實(shí)信息題常見的句子與句子的十種銜接表達(dá)方式：w61解題攻略3事實(shí)信息題常見的句子與句子的十種銜接表達(dá)方式：4)因果：asaresult,because,consequently,forthispurpose,so,then,therefore,tothisend…5)舉例：forexample,forinstance,inthiscase,inanothercase,onthisoccasion,inthissituation,takethecaseof,todemonstrate,toillustrate,asanillustration,suchas…6)遞進(jìn)：besides,equallyimportant,finally,further,furthermore,no,lastly,what’smore,moreover,inaddition…7)排除：yet,still,however,nevertheless,inspiteof,despite,ofcourse,onceinawhile,sometimes…解題攻略3事實(shí)信息題常見的句子與句子的十種銜接表達(dá)方式：w62解題攻略3事實(shí)信息題常見的句子與句子的十種銜接表達(dá)方式：8)強(qiáng)調(diào)：definitely,extremely,obviously,infact,indeed,inanycase,absolutely,positively,naturally,surprisingly,always,forever,perennially,eternally,never,emphatically,unquestionably,withoutadoubt,certainly,undeniably,withoutreservation…9)證明：because,for,since,forthesamereason,obviously,evidently,furthermore,moreover,besides,indeed,infact,inaddition,inanycase,thatis…10)總結(jié)和概括：inbrief,onthewhole,summingup,toconclude,inconclusion,hence,therefore,accordingly,thus,asaresult,consequently,ashasbeennoted,aswehaveseen…解題攻略3事實(shí)信息題常見的句子與句子的十種銜接表達(dá)方式：w63解題攻略3事實(shí)信息題解題原則：１）“異曲同工”原則２）“無事生非”原則３）“背道而弛”原則４）“李代桃僵”原則５）“似是而非”原則解題攻略3事實(shí)信息題解題原則：64Theconflictbetweenthosewhowishtoconservealargeareaofunalteredandunimprovedspacesandthosewhowanttheabolitionofthelastremnantsofwildernessintheinterestofindustrialprofitwillnotberesolvedinthenearfuture.A.Thereisanunresolvedconflictcausedbypeoplewhowishtoabolishindustryandturnthespacesbackintoanaturalwildernessstate.B.Theconflictoverwhetheralargeareaofunalteredandunimprovedspaceshouldbegivenoverforindustrialdevelopmentandprofitisofinteresttothoseresolvedtoabolishthelandremnantsofwilderness.C.Lawyersareprofitingfromtheunresolvedconflictbetweenthepeoplewhowishtosavethelastremnantsofwildernessandthosewhowanttoalterandimprovethespaceforindustry.D.Thepeoplewhodesiretoconservealargeareaofuntouchednaturallandandthosewhowanttousealllandforindustrializationareinaconflictthatwillnothavean