小學(xué)英語語法知識(shí)

語法知識(shí)1.名詞一.名詞的概念：表示人或事物等名稱的詞。如:Tom,Beijing,China,milk,teacher.表示某一事物，有具體的和抽象的之分。分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。強(qiáng)調(diào)：不可數(shù)名詞都默認(rèn)為單數(shù)，所以總是用is或者was;專用名詞：表示人，地點(diǎn)、機(jī)構(gòu)、組織、國家*月份、星期、月份、節(jié)日等專門名稱的詞"如:Danny.Beijing,China,January,Sunday,ChristmasDay.（注意：專用名詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫.）可數(shù)名詞個(gè)瞬詞:boy,girlfbQokteggriday可數(shù)名詞集體名詞：dassTfamily,policeman等.不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞:milk,water,'rain.meat,paper,sugar抽象名詞：time,money,weather,help等口不可數(shù)名詞二、名詞的數(shù)：1、可數(shù)名詞分為單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。（1）表示一個(gè)人或物時(shí)，用單數(shù)形式：女口：apen,abook,adesk,abus,abike,anegg,anapple,anorange,anhour,aneye,anear,anarm,anoldman.（2）表示二者或者二者以上的人或者物時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)形式：女口：twobooks,threepencils,fourpeaches,fiveboys,somegifts,manypeople.2?可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成：名詞變復(fù)數(shù)不規(guī)則形式：（一定要記牢?。an-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,snowman-snowmen.foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose（鵝）-geese,child-children,people-people,sheep-sheep,fish-fish,deer（鹿）-deer,Chinese（中國人）-Chinese可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則形式：（1）在名詞末尾加s.例如：bike-bikes,map-maps,pen-pens,egg-eggs,day-days,boy-boys.⑵以s,sh,ch,x結(jié)尾的名詞，在詞尾加es.例如：bus-buses,class-classes,brush-brushes,watch-watches,peach-peaches,box-boxes,fox-foxes.⑶以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,先把f或fe變?yōu)関再加es.例如:leaf-leaves,wolf-wolves,knife（小刀）-knives.⑷以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，先把y變?yōu)閕后再加es.例如：baby-babies,family-families,strawberry-strawberries,（5）以o結(jié)尾的名詞，表示有生命的在詞尾加es,例如：potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes，

表示無生命的在詞尾加s.例如：zoo-zoos,radio-radios,photo-photos,piano-pianos.不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量表示法：不可數(shù)名詞沒有單復(fù)數(shù)變化，如果要表示數(shù)量時(shí)可以用下面的公式記憶：數(shù)詞+計(jì)量單位名詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞例如：apieceofpaper（一張紙）,apieceofmeat（一塊肉），acupoftea（一杯茶），abowlofrice（—碗米飯），abottleofpop（一瓶汽水），twocupsoftea（兩杯茶），threepiecesofbread（三塊面包），fivebagsofrice（五袋大米）.三、名詞的所有格：英語中表示人或事物的所屬關(guān)系時(shí)，用名詞的所有格，意思是“……的”。有生命事物的名詞的所有格：（1）單數(shù)名詞后加“'s”men's例如：LiMing'skite,Danny'shat,Jenny'scamera,myfather'scar.⑵以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加“'”例如：Teachers'Day,thenurses'office.⑶不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加“'s”例如：Children'sDay,Women'sDay,clothes.men's無生命事物的名詞的所有格：用of所有格表示。例如：thewindowsoftheclassroom,apictureofDanny,amapofChina,aflagofChina.名詞專項(xiàng)練習(xí)題一、寫出下列名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：l.book-9.class-17.fox-2.map-lO.dress-18.leaf-3.flag-ll.brush-19.wolf-4.day-12.dish-20.knife-5.boy-13.watch-21.baby-6.cat-14.peach-22.family-7.bird-15.beach-23.strawberry-8.bus-16.box-24.potato-

25.tomato-31.policeman-37.people-26.zoo-32.snowman-38.sheep-27.radio-33.child-39.deer-28.photo-34.foot-40.Chinese-29.man-35.tooth-30.woman-36.goose-二.翻譯下列短語：1.一杯茶：8.李明的照相機(jī)：2.兩張紙：9.教師節(jié)：3.三碗湯：10.兒童節(jié):五袋食鹽：六袋面粉：Jenny的連衣裙:中國的首都五袋食鹽：六袋面粉：Jenny的連衣裙:中國的首都：我的妹妹的玩具一張我家的照片:三、用所給名詞的正確形式填空:Thereisa(pen)andtwo(book)onthedesk.Icanseemany(bird)inthesky.Therearemany(child)inthepark.-Whatdotheydo?Theyare(policeman).Mysisterhasalotof(toy).Howmany(people)arethereinyourfamily?Therearemany(cow)and(sheep)onthefarmMyfatherandmybrotherare(teacher).—Aretheseyour(runner)?-Yes,theyare.Therearesixty(minute)inan(hour).Ihavetwo(piece)of(bread)anda(glass)of(milk)forbreakfast.Therearemanybeautiful(city)inChina.Kimhastwo(dress).Oneisold.Theotherisnew.Inspring,thetreeshavegreen(leaf).Heisoneofmy(friend).Mynewcameraiseighty(dollar).Aftersupper,Ioftenhelpmymotherwash(dish).Theskirtismy(sister).Todayismy(mother)birthday.-Whosebikeisthis?-It's(WangLei).四、把下列單數(shù)句改為復(fù)數(shù)句：Thisisabus.—Thatisabox.—Heisapoliceman.—4.1amagoodchild.—Heisdrawingasheep.—Hereisagiftforyou.—五、把下列復(fù)數(shù)句改為單數(shù)句。Theseareapples.—Theseareeggs.—Thoseareoranges.—Thoseareelephants.—Weareflyingkitesnow.—Therearemanychildrenintheroom.——2、冠詞冠詞是一種虛詞，不能獨(dú)立使用，通常放在名詞的前面，分為“不定冠詞”和“定冠詞”兩種。1、不定冠詞：a、an。用在單數(shù)名詞前，表示“一個(gè)，一件......”。an用在以元音“音素”開頭的單詞前。如：ane-mail,anorange,anoldman,anhour.a用語輔音音素開頭的單詞前，如：abook,apen2、定冠詞：the用在單數(shù)或者復(fù)數(shù)名詞前。the沒有具體意思，有時(shí)翻譯為這、那。它的基本用法：（1）用來表示特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。如:Themaponthewallisnew.（2）表示說話者雙方都知道的人或事物。如：Lookatthepicture,please.（3）表示再次提到前面談過的人或事物。如：Thisisastamp.Thestampisbeautiful.（4）用在表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物前。如：thesun太陽themoon月亮theearth地球（5）用在由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前。如：theGreatWall長城（6）用在江河、湖海等專有名詞前。如：theChangjiangRiver長江（7）此外，序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)、樂器名稱等詞前面和一些習(xí)慣用語中一般都用定冠詞the，如：thefirstday,thebestboy,playthepiano,inthesameclass練一練1、用a或an填空?！癠”ice-creamgoalkeeperteapotappleofficeEnglishbookumbrellaunithour2、根據(jù)需要，填寫冠詞a，an或the。

（1）Whoisgirlbehindtree?（2）oldmanhastwochildren,sonanddaughter.（3）Thisisorange.orangeisLucy's.（4）Helikesplayingguitar.Wehavesamehobby.（5）WeallhadgoodtimelastSunday.（6）Shewantstobedoctor.3.HaveEnglishboomeloneraseiHaveEnglishboomelonerasei3）goto不需要的填2)goto_在空白處填上適％的冠訶1）athome'school4）catchbadcold5）red^ppk可oranae10廠八延怦丄具TTliticis"in"intlicwoidanH?a—C.rheD./”Thisisorangebike.A.aB.anClheD/3.Italwaystakesushalfhoui'tohavelongwalkaftersupperA.a.a”B.a.theC.an.aD.anTtile一一_Eii^lishisusefullan^ua￡；einworld.A.aif.the—B頁，theC.ffief/FT,rlieWearegoin^tocinemaIllisevening.A.the」BJC/aD.an"He'sstandingonothersideofriver.A.a;afi.the5theC.the‘a(chǎn)ETa,thepotatoisavegetable,notfmit.A.lheTailB.TheTaC.A?tlieD.An,/Hewasfirsttocome.A.IheB.aC.theD./Dovouseebookoutable?A.the,aDa.anC.an,anD.a?theWhereasdesk?Ir'sinmiddleofth已room.A././B./.aC.a?/D.the,the11,Heisfiiendofmine.A.an—B./C.theD.aThereis_universitynearthefarm.A.aB.anC.theD./Hediedinauhmiiiof1989.A./B.tlie.aD.an14.1havebook.TVsinterestingone.Ilikereadingbooksveiymuch.A.a,anB.a,/,theC.an,an.theD./,ail,/TodayisChildieifsDay.A.aB.anC.the“D/Thisisbag.Thatiseraser.A.a.aB.a,anC.an,aD.an,an3.數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞?；鶖?shù)用于表示數(shù)量多少，而基數(shù)詞用于表示次序，常在日期中出現(xiàn)。區(qū)別：基數(shù)詞前面沒有“the”；序數(shù)詞前一定要有“the”。1、超過二十以上的兩位數(shù)需要在個(gè)位和十位之間加上“-”。如：21twenty-one

2、三位數(shù)以上的則需要在百位數(shù)后再加上and。如：101a/onehundredandone3、用基數(shù)詞來修飾可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，一定別忘了它的復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：十八個(gè)男孩2、三位數(shù)以上的則需要在百位數(shù)后再加上and。如：101a/onehundredandone3、用基數(shù)詞來修飾可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，一定別忘了它的復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：十八個(gè)男孩eighteenboys4、用基數(shù)詞修飾不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，如是復(fù)數(shù)，變它的量詞為復(fù)數(shù)。如：兩碗米飯twobowlsofrice5、序數(shù)詞一般力加“th”,特殊的有：first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth以及二十及二十以外的整十:twentieth,thirtieth,fortieth...“第幾十幾”：前面整十不變，后面“幾”改為序數(shù)詞。如：88eighty-eighth1、請翻譯下列短語。（1）60名學(xué)生（3）九杯涼水（5）12月31（7）第九周（9）2、把下列基數(shù)詞改成序數(shù)詞。（2）15本英語書（4）4個(gè)孩子6）6月2日（8）40年前（10）第一天one---wo---three---ine---tfourteen---tfivewenty---thinrty-five---eighty-one---、寫出相鄰的數(shù)訶twentvdtwelveninetythiity-eightonethousand選擇疋確答案fivefifty-eight昶ventyonehundredone1.Therearedaysiiiayea匚A.tlueeImtidiedssixty-fiveB.Threehmidredsandsisty-fiveC.tlireehundredandsixty-fiveD.tlueehundredandsixtyfive2.Tlieiearestudentsmthisschool.D.ycsteidaymomingeightD.ycsteidaymomingeightD.byeightyesterdayinomingA.eighthundtcdsandfoity-sixC.eighthundredandforty-six3Alybrothei'isinA.TlueeClass,OneGradeC.GiadeOne,ClassTlueeHewasdoingsomewashrngA.ateightyesterdaymorningC.ycsteidaymorningateightciglithimdrcdandfortysixDeightImndrcdforty-sixB.ClassThree.GradeOneD.classtliree,gradeoneTlieieareniontliiinayear.Decemberisthernontlioftheyear,A.Twelve;twelveB.twelve;TwelftliC.cwelftlrtwelveD.twelve:twelvetli6.Sundayisthedayofilieweek.A.seventhB.firstC.secondD.thirdT.Aunimnisseasoninayear.A.thefoirtiliB.thetliiidC.atliiid.D.tliiidTOC\o"1-5"\h\zS.Tomwastogettos匚lioolandIwas.A.fkstininthB.thefirst:theniuthC.afirst;aiiiinliD.thesecond;theninthWhat'sthedatetoday?It\.A.FridayB.timetogoC.cloudyD.June4kMondayisthesecondday,and.A.TuesdayistliefourthB.TliuLsdayisthefifththesecondisTuesdayD.thesecondisThursday4.代詞1）指示代詞：指示說明近處或遠(yuǎn)處、上文或下文、以前或現(xiàn)在的人或事物單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)含義This（這個(gè)）these（這些）指較近的人或物That（那個(gè)）those（那些）指較遠(yuǎn)的人或物注意：打電話時(shí)用this介紹自己，that詢問對方，如ThisisKatespeaking.Whoisthat?2）人稱代詞：1、人稱代詞分為：第一、第二、第三人稱，且有單復(fù)數(shù)之分。2、人稱代詞的主格在句中做主語，一般用在動(dòng)詞前（疑問句除外）；賓格在句中做賓語，多用于動(dòng)詞、介詞后。3、形容詞性物主代詞起形容詞的作用，后面一定要跟名詞，表示該名詞是屬于誰的。4、名詞性物主代詞=形容詞性物主代詞+名詞。如：Thisismybag.=Thisismine.Thatisherruler.=Thatishers.一般看后面有沒有名詞，如有，就用形容詞性物主代詞；如無，就用名詞性物主代詞。請牢記下表：單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)人稱主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey代詞賓格meyouhimheritusyouthem物主形容詞性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir代詞名詞性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs練一練1、按要求寫出相應(yīng)人稱代詞。I（賓格）she（形容詞性物主代詞）we（名詞性物主代詞）he（復(fù)數(shù)）us（單數(shù)）theirs(主格)its（賓格）2、想一想，把下表補(bǔ)充完整。人稱代詞物主代詞單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)主格賓格主格賓格形容詞性名詞性形容詞性名詞性第一人稱meusour第二人稱youyou第三人稱hethemhistheirheritits3、用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。Thatisnotkite.Thatkiteisverysmall,butisverybig.(I)Thedressis.Giveitto.(she)Isthiswatch?(you)No,it'snot.(I)isJack.Look!Thosestampsare.(he)dressesarered.(we)Whatcolourare?(you)Showyourkite,OK?(they)IisMimi.Thesecakesare.(it)Arethesetickets?No,arenot.aren'there.(they)Shallhavealookatthatclassroom?Thatisclassroom.(we)ismyaunt.Doyouknowjob?isanurse.(she)Whereare?Ican'tfind.Let'scallparents.(they)12)Don'ttouch.isnotacat,isatiger!(it)13)sisterisill.Pleasegoandsee.(she)14)Thegirlbehindisourfriend.(she)一小文意檢把句子補(bǔ)充完整?（我G勺）sisterisgoingtogive（他）aclictionaiy（我們）livedwith（我們的）grandparentsteuyearsaso.（他的）houseisbeautifiil.but（你的）issosmall.Whosebooksarethese?Arethey（他們的）or（你們的?Istheballsfor（我們）or（彳也們?Let（我們）goandsee（她）?Couldyoushow（我）yournewstoiy-book?Thispenisn't（我的?It's（你的o（她）does（她的）homeworkfromeighttonine.Does（他）oftenhelp（你們?Yes.（他）oftencomeshereandhelps（我們.一.擇正確的答泡把相應(yīng)的字耳編號(hào)嗎在扌A號(hào)內(nèi)（）1.coatisred.A.Myteacher'sB.myteadieis*C.Ourteachers*（）2.AreapupilofHuaineiSchool?A.youB.yourC?we（）3.Whichiscup,thegreenortheblue?A.Kate.one.oneB.Kate's,one.oneC.Kale*,or.one（）4.Tliereisapictureonthewalloverthere.Canyousee?A.itBitsC.ifs（）5.Arethosetliehouses?A.farmers^B.fanners1C?farnief（）6.A:Wherefsnewtoy?B:Isundeibed?A.you.its.yourB.you.i[,yourC.youi:it.yours（）7.friendKittypaintedapictureofforbnthday.A.My.LmeB?My.me.myC.Lmy.mine（）&Thoseshirtsaren't?A.yourB.yoursC.you（）9.arecatsandaredogs.A.This,liisB.These,thoseC.That,this（）10.Chinaisagreatcountry.allloveA.We.herB.Oui\herC.Us.it（）11.Herearetwopencils.is?A.Who's,yoursB.What,yourC.Which,youis()12.classroomishere.isovertlww.A.Ours.TheirsB?Our.Tlieii*C?Oiu:Theiis()13.Letbeginclass.A.us,usB.us.ourC?we,our()14.Therearefoily-fbuistudentsinClassA.Twenty-tlii'eeofaregirls.A.theirB.themC.they)TOC\o"1-5"\h\z()15?Isnewapartmentlargerthan?A.you.themB.yoiu;theirsC?yoimthem)()16.Mywatchisbroken.Canyourepaii(修理)for?A.itIB.it.meC?itwe()17.Theseflowersaiefor?A.youandIB.youandweC?youaiidme()18.Thisisn'tticket.isathome?A.youi:yoursB.youi;vouiC?yoiu,your()19.MycousinputonmysweaterandIputon.A.sheB.herC.hers()20.Lookattlieseelephants.Let'sfeedsomebananas?A.theyB.theirC.them()21.lathertooktoafootballmatchyesterdayaftenioon?A.His.lieB.His,himC.He.his()22.Pleasegiveandfi'iendsomewater.A.me.myBI.inyC?mine,mine三擇正確的代詞填空Openthedoorfor(I.me)please?Catcli(lie^liim)!He'sailiief.3.1loveMickeyveiymuch.Whatabout(you.your)?(They.Them)aremyclassmates?Lookat(They.them).Theyaredrawingpictures.Aretheseoranges(theii;theirs)?Thebluebikeis(her,his),notmine.Lookatthecar.(It's,Its)colourisblack?Yourbagsaregreen(tlieii;tlieiis)areyellow.Tlieiischoolisin(liecountiy.(Oui;Ours)schoolisinthecity.五、形容詞、副詞1、形容詞表示某一事物或人的特征，副詞表示某一動(dòng)作的特征形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)構(gòu)成方法原級(jí)比較級(jí)（表示兩個(gè)人、物之間進(jìn)行比較時(shí)），由比較級(jí)+than構(gòu)成最高級(jí)（大于等于三個(gè)人、物之間進(jìn)行比較），由the+形容詞或副詞最高級(jí)一般在詞尾加-er,esttall,long,oldtaller,longer,oldertallest,longest,oldest以e結(jié)尾的詞,直接加-r,estnice,fine,largenicer,finer,largernicest,finest,largest以輔音+y結(jié)尾的詞,先把y改成i，再加-er,estbusy,early,easybusier,earlier,easierbusiest,earliest,easiest以“輔元輔”結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)尾的詞，先雙最后一個(gè)輔音字母，再加-er,estbig,hot,red,thinbigger,hotter,thinnerbiggest,hottest,thinest少數(shù)以-er,-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞末尾加-er,estclever,narrowcleverer,narrowercleavest,narrowest其他雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞，在前面加more,mostimportant,easilymoreimportant,moreeasilymostimportant,mosteasily常用的不規(guī)則變化的形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí):原級(jí)比較級(jí)---最高級(jí)good/wellbetter--bestmanymore--mostmuch/manymore--mostlittleless---leastbad/badly/ill---worse---worstold---older/elder---oldest/eldestfar---farther,further-----farthest,furthest練一練1、寫出下列形容詞、副詞的比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)bigoodlongtallldshorthingavyotheyoungfatlightstronghighfarbigoodlongtallldshorthingavyotheyoungfatlightstronghighfarwellfastslowlowearlylate2、用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。wellfastslow1)Icanswimas(fast)asthefish,Ithink.2)Look!Hishandsare(big)thanmine.Ithinkyoudothesethings(well)thanyourclassmates.Whosebagis(heavy),yoursormine?DoesJimrunas(slow)asDavid?Yes,butMikeruns(slow)thanthem.Youhavesevenbooks,butIhave(many)thanyou.Ihaveten.Ijump(far)thansomeoftheboysinmyclass.8)I'mvery(thin),butshe's(thin)thanme.9)Itgetsand(warm)whenspringcomeshere.棍據(jù)句克填入單詞恂正確形式：MybroTheristwoyears(old)thaiime.2.Tomisas(fat)asJntiIsyoursister(yoirne)thanyou?Yes,sheis.4.Whois(tlmij.youorHelen?Hjelenis5.^iosepencil-boxis(big);yoiusorhers?Hemis.6.Mary'shairisas(laig)拇Lucy's".Ben(jump)(high)thansomeoftheboysinlusclass.8.Nancysing(well)thanHelen?Yes,she.?.Fangfangisnotas(tall)astheothergills.lO.Mvevesai'e(big)than(she)Whichis(hea\y):tiieelephantorthepig?12.^110getsup(eailyJ.TiniorTom?B.hegillsgetup(eai'ly)thantheboysTVo.thev.14.Jimnms(slow).ButRmruiis(slow).15.Hiecliilddoesn't(write)as__(fast)astliestudent.二、翻譯句子：［、準(zhǔn)比Jim年紀(jì)人？是你。isthanJim?are.2、i隹比David!t￡強(qiáng)壯？是GaoSlianthanDavid?GaoShan3、誰的鉛筆更長,他的還是她的？我想是她的。pencilis,or?is,Itliiiik.4、誰的蘋果更重，你的姐姐的還是你的弟弟的？我的弟弟的。apples,youroryour?My5、你和你的叔叔一樣高嗎？足的°asasyouruncle?YesJam.6、他和他的朋友Jim_樣年輕aHeasasJim.7、她利她的雙舸胎哥哥一樣胖嗎？不，她比他建。asastwin?No.tlianhim.SYangLing每天睡得比SuYhtig晚。YangLingtothanSuYangevery-day我跳得和Mike—樣遠(yuǎn)。IasasMike.Tom比你跑得快嗎？不是妁，他和我咆得一樣快°TOC\o"1-5"\h\zTonithanyou?No.he.Heasas.多做運(yùn)動(dòng)，你會(huì)更強(qiáng)壯。moreexercise.yoif11soon我的科學(xué)很好，但足語丈不好。IatScience.ButIdontwellinChinese.你放風(fēng)竽比工兵放得高嗎？不，我比他放得低〉youthekitetliaiiWangbine?No.Iitthan.14一我喜歡游泳。我所有的朋友都游得比我慢，HikeAllmytlwune.1我的姐姐起得比我早＞Myupthanme.女孩比男孩唱得好嗎？是的。thegirlstheboys?Yes.they.她不扌宜長體育。但我跳得沒旳?她高qSliedoesiftinPE.ButIdon'tthan.你足球埸得比你的同班同學(xué)好嗎？不.他們踢得和我一樣好.youfootballthanyourclassniates?No.they__asasme.我母親比我父親年紀(jì)小。Mythanmy.她的毛衣和我的一樣重。sweaterasas.21.找的連衣裙人短了。我想買一條人