實(shí)驗(yàn)室生物安全課件整理

Objectives目的了解:Classificationsofbiohazardousmaterial危險(xiǎn)生物材料分類Riskgrouppathogens病原體危險(xiǎn)性分組–定義Routesofexposure接觸途徑Barriersforcontainment隔離設(shè)施Methodsofdecontamination排除污染的方法Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/20221OHS4Objectives目的了解:EvaluationonlyDefinition定義BiohazardousMaterials危險(xiǎn)生物材料:Biologicalagentsorsubstancespresentin,orarisingfrom,theworkenvironmentwhichpresents,ormaypresent,ahazardtothehealthorwellbeingoftheworkerorcommunity存在、或產(chǎn)生于工作環(huán)境，可能導(dǎo)致群體或個(gè)人的健康危害的生物介質(zhì)或物質(zhì)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/20222OHS4Definition定義BiohazardousMaterBiohazardousAgents

危險(xiǎn)生物介質(zhì)Classifiedintoeightgroups分為8組:culturedanimalcellsandthepotentiallyinfectiousagentsthesecellsmaycontain培養(yǎng)的動(dòng)物細(xì)胞，并可能發(fā)生感染primatebodyfluidsandotherpotentiallyinfectedclinicalspecimens靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物體液和可能傳染的醫(yī)用樣品microorganismsincludingBacteria,Viruses,Fungi,RickettsiaeandChlamydiae微生物類包括細(xì)菌、病毒、真菌、立克次氏體和Chlamydiae等Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/20223OHS4BiohazardousAgents

危險(xiǎn)生物介質(zhì)ClasBiohazardousAgents

危險(xiǎn)生物介質(zhì)Parasites寄生蟲(chóng)Allergens過(guò)敏原、tissuesfromexperimentalanimalsincludinganimaldander實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物組織包括動(dòng)物頭屑plantviruses,bacteriaandfungi植物病毒、細(xì)菌和真菌toxins(bacterial,animalorplant)生物毒素（細(xì)菌、動(dòng)物或植物）Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/20224OHS4BiohazardousAgents

危險(xiǎn)生物介質(zhì)ParaLaboratoryBiosafety

實(shí)驗(yàn)室生物安全TwomainsourcesofBiohazardousmaterialinuseinmostLaboratories實(shí)驗(yàn)室常用危險(xiǎn)生物材料的兩個(gè)主要來(lái)源:PathogensusedandtestedforinMicroDept微生物實(shí)驗(yàn)室試驗(yàn)用病原體Biologicalfluidsamples(eg.Plasma,urine),submittedforchemicalanalysis用于化學(xué)分析的生物液體樣品（如血漿、尿）Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/20225OHS4LaboratoryBiosafety

實(shí)驗(yàn)室生物安全TwLaboratoryBiosafety

實(shí)驗(yàn)室生物安全TheriskgroupofpathogensasclassifiedbyWHO世界衛(wèi)生組織對(duì)病原體危險(xiǎn)性分組RiskGroup1Agents第一組介質(zhì)Lowindividualandcommunityrisk低個(gè)體和群落風(fēng)險(xiǎn)RiskGroup2Agents第二組介質(zhì)Moderateindividualrisk,limitedcommunityrisk中度個(gè)體風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，有限群落風(fēng)險(xiǎn)RiskGroup3Agents第三組介質(zhì)Highindividualrisk,lowcommunityrisk高個(gè)體風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，低群落風(fēng)險(xiǎn)RiskGroup4Agents第四組介質(zhì)Highindividualrisk,highcommunityrisk高個(gè)體風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，高群落風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/20226OHS4LaboratoryBiosafety

實(shí)驗(yàn)室生物安全ThRiskGroup1Agents

第一組介質(zhì)Non-pathogenicbacteria,fungi非病原體細(xì)菌、真菌Nospecialfacilities,equipmentorproceduresarerequired無(wú)需特殊設(shè)備或操作Standardwell-designedexperimentalanimalandlaboratoryfacilitiesandbasicsafelaboratorypracticessuffice標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的設(shè)計(jì)合理的實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物、實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備及滿足基本安全試驗(yàn)操作Hand-washingfacilitiesmustbeprovided必須提供洗手池Disinfectantsmustbeproperlyused必須合理使用消毒劑Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/20227OHS4RiskGroup1Agents

第一組介質(zhì)Non-pRiskGroup2Agents

第二組介質(zhì)E.Coli,Salmonella,ringwormfungi,influenzavirus,herpessimplexvirus大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌、ringworm真菌、流行性感冒病毒和單純皰疹病毒Laboratoryseparatedfromotheractivities,biohazardsign,roomsurfacesimperviousandreadilycleanable實(shí)驗(yàn)室與其它活動(dòng)分開(kāi)，貼有危險(xiǎn)生物標(biāo)志，室內(nèi)臺(tái)面防滲，隨時(shí)可進(jìn)行清潔Equipmentshouldincludeanautoclave,certifiedHEPAfilteredclassIorIIbiologicalsafetycabinet實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)施包括高壓滅菌鍋、高效空氣過(guò)濾器、一級(jí)或二級(jí)生物安全柜Allcontaminatedmaterialtobeproperlydecontaminated所有污染材料須經(jīng)凈化Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/20228OHS4RiskGroup2Agents

第二組介質(zhì)E.CoRiskGroup3Agents

第三組介質(zhì)Anthrax,tuberculosis,HIV,hantavirus炭疽、結(jié)核、愛(ài)滋和hanta病毒Specializeddesignandconstructionoflaboratories,withcontrolledaccessdoubledoorentryandbodyshower實(shí)驗(yàn)室須專門設(shè)計(jì)，雙道門和淋浴Allwallpenetrationsmustbesealed所有墻體滲漏必須進(jìn)行密封Ventilationsystemdesignmustensurethatairpressureisnegativetosurroundingareasatalltimes,withnorecirculationofair通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)必須保證與周圍區(qū)域一直呈負(fù)壓，不可使空氣再流通Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/20229OHS4RiskGroup3Agents

第三組介質(zhì)AnthrRiskGroup3Agents

第三組介質(zhì)AirexhaustedthroughadedicatedexhaustorHEPAfiltrationsystem空氣排放須經(jīng)過(guò)專用排氣系統(tǒng)或高效空氣過(guò)濾器系統(tǒng)Laboratorywindowssealedandunbreakable實(shí)驗(yàn)室窗戶須密閉并不可擊碎Backuppoweravailable應(yīng)有備用發(fā)電機(jī)CertifiedHEPAfilteredclassIIbiologicalsafetycabinet經(jīng)鑒定的高效空氣過(guò)濾器二級(jí)生物安全柜Dedicatedhandwashingsinkwithfoot,kneeorautomaticcontrols,locatedneartheexit在出口處設(shè)有專門的可用腳、膝蓋或自動(dòng)控制的洗手池Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202210OHS4RiskGroup3Agents

第三組介質(zhì)AireRiskGroup4Agents

第四組介質(zhì)Infectiousagentsareallviruses具有傳染性的介質(zhì)全部為病毒Ebolaviruses埃博拉病毒HerpesBvirus(Monkeyvirus)B皰疹病毒FootandMouthVirus腳和口病毒FootandMouthVirusEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202211OHS4RiskGroup4Agents

第四組介質(zhì)InfecRiskGroup4Agents

第四組介質(zhì)Highestlevelofcontainment最高級(jí)別屏蔽Representsanisolatedunitthatiscompletelyself-containedtofunctionindependently設(shè)立一個(gè)設(shè)備齊全的隔離單元，完全能夠獨(dú)立操作Facilitiesarehighlyspecialized,securewithanairlockforentryandexit設(shè)備專門設(shè)計(jì)，由空氣鎖控制出入ClassIIIbiologicalsafetycabinetsorpositivepressureventilatedsuits三級(jí)生物安全柜，正壓通風(fēng)Separateventilationsystemwithfullcontrolstocontaincontamination為全面控制污染物，采用單獨(dú)的通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202212OHS4RiskGroup4Agents

第四組介質(zhì)HigheRoutesofExposure

接觸途徑Themostcommonroutesofexposureare主要為:Oral口Respiratory呼吸Skinpuncture皮膚劃傷Penetrationthroughunbrokenskin皮膚滲透Conjunctival結(jié)膜Vectors(mosquitoes,fleas,ticks)帶菌者（蚊子、跳蚤、虱子）Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202213OHS4RoutesofExposure

接觸途徑ThemosRoutesofExposure

接觸途徑Respiratoryexposuresaccountfor65-75%ofallinfectionsforwhichacauseisknown.傳染途徑中有65-75%是呼吸造成的Itisthereforecriticalforpeopleworkingwithbiohazardousandpotentiallyinfectiousmaterialstoknowtherisksassociatedwiththemandtheappropriatelaboratorytechniquestopreventunnecessaryexposures.因此實(shí)驗(yàn)操作中接觸危險(xiǎn)生物材料或潛在傳染性材料時(shí)，了解其危害，采用適當(dāng)技術(shù)防止不必要的接觸十分關(guān)鍵Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202214OHS4RoutesofExposure

接觸途徑RespiraPrimaryBarriers

第一道隔離primarycontainmentisthefirstlineofdefensewhenworkingwithinfectiousorganisms當(dāng)工作中與傳染性生物體接觸時(shí)，第一道隔離是第一道防衛(wèi)gloveboxes手套箱biologicalsafetycabinets生物安全柜animalcagingequipment動(dòng)物籠養(yǎng)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202215OHS4PrimaryBarriers

第一道隔離primaryPrimaryBarriers

第一道隔離Thegeneralprinciplesapplicabletocontainmentwithinaprimarybarriersystemincludethefollowing:第一道隔離一般原則Minimizethevolumetobecontained.隔離體積最小化Providesafe(i.e.non-contaminating)transferofmaterialintoandoutofthecontainerwithoutdestroyingthebarrier.采用安全的從容器中取放材料的方法，勿毀壞隔離Providemeansfordecontaminationoftheenclosureandeffluents.采用凈化隔離欄和污物的方法Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202216OHS4PrimaryBarriers

第一道隔離ThegeneBiologicalSafetyCabinets

生物安全柜

Threetypes分為3種ClassI一級(jí)–protectsworkerandenvironment保護(hù)操作者和環(huán)境ClassII二級(jí)–protectsworker,environmentandproduct保護(hù)操作者、環(huán)境和產(chǎn)品ClassIII三級(jí)–forGroup4work,maximumprotectionofworker,environmentandproduct用于第4類危險(xiǎn)品的操作，最大限度保護(hù)操作者、環(huán)境和產(chǎn)品Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202217OHS4BiologicalSafetyCabinets

生物安ClassIBSC一級(jí)生物安全柜SimilartochemicalfumehoodexceptexhaustpassesthroughHEPAfilter類似化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的通風(fēng)櫥，排出的氣體要通過(guò)高效空氣過(guò)濾器Oftenusedtoencloseequipmentsuchascentrifugesorbalances常常用于放置離心機(jī)和天平Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202218OHS4ClassIBSC一級(jí)生物安全柜SimilartocClassIBSCSchematic

一級(jí)生物安全柜示意圖Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202219OHS4ClassIBSCSchematic

一級(jí)生物安全柜示ClassIIBSC

二級(jí)生物安全柜SuppliesadownwardflowofHEPAfilteredairtoprotectproduct提供氣流向下的經(jīng)高效空氣過(guò)濾器凈化的空氣，保護(hù)產(chǎn)品Furtherclassifiedbasedonratioofexhaustedvs.re-circulatedair進(jìn)一步基于排氣/再循環(huán)空氣比值進(jìn)行細(xì)化為A、B1、B2和B3型TypeA–75fpmfacevelocity,30%internalexhaustTypeB1–100fpm,>50%externalexhaustTypeB2–100fpm,100%externalexhaustTypeB3–100fpm,30%externalexhaustEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202220OHS4ClassIIBSC

二級(jí)生物安全柜SuppliesaClassIIBSC二級(jí)生物安全柜TypeATypeB1Thecabinetexhaustneedstobeconnectedtothebuildingexhaust.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202221OHS4ClassIIBSC二級(jí)生物安全柜TypeATypeClassIIIBSC二級(jí)生物安全柜ForRiskGroup4materials第四組介質(zhì)Sealedunit密閉單元–“glovebox”“手套箱”ExhaustispassedthroughdoubleHEPAfiltersorotherwisetreated(e.g.airincineration)topreventescapeoflevel4materialtotheenvironment排氣須經(jīng)過(guò)雙層的高效空氣過(guò)濾器或其它處理方法（如空氣焚燒），阻止第四組介質(zhì)進(jìn)入環(huán)境Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202222OHS4ClassIIIBSC二級(jí)生物安全柜ForRiskGClassIIIBSC二級(jí)生物安全柜gloveportswithO-ringforattachingarm-lengthglovestocabinet圓形手套固定端口，可戴手臂長(zhǎng)度的手套在安全柜中操作

B.sash窗框

C.exhaustHEPAfilter排氣濾膜

D.supplyHEPAfilter供氣濾膜

E.double-endedautoclaveorpass-throughbox雙頭高壓滅菌鍋或貫通箱Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202223OHS4ClassIIIBSC二級(jí)生物安全柜gloveportSecondaryBarriers第二道隔離Ifprimarybarriersfail第一道隔離失敗clothingandotheritemsofpersonalprotectiveequipmentbecomeanimportantlineofdefense工作服及其它個(gè)人防護(hù)用品成為重要的防線Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202224OHS4SecondaryBarriers第二道隔離IfprimDecontamination凈化Sterilization殺菌Completeinactivationoftheinfectivepotentialofabiologicalagent完全阻止生物介質(zhì)的可能傳染Usuallybyautoclave常用高壓滅菌鍋Disinfection消毒Reductioninnumberorviabilityofpathogenicmicroorganismsbelowthepointofbeingabletotransmitdisease減少微生物病原體的數(shù)量和繁殖，使其無(wú)法傳播疾病Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202225OHS4Decontamination凈化SterilizationSterilization殺菌Bysteamatatemp.of121?C.for15minutes121?C蒸15分鐘Bydryheatatatemperatureof160-170?C.for2-4hours干燥加熱需160-170?2-4小時(shí)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202226OHS4Sterilization殺菌BysteamatatDisinfection消毒ModeofactionCelllysis細(xì)胞溶解Proteincoagulationordenaturation蛋白凝固或變性Enzymedenaturationorinactivation酶變性或失活Destructionofenzymesubstrate酶作用物破壞Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202227OHS4Disinfection消毒ModeofactionEvDisinfection消毒Manychemicaldisinfectantsavailable主要化學(xué)消毒劑Alcohols醇類Formaldehyde‘s甲醛PhenolicCompounds酚化合物QuaternaryAmmoniumCompoundsorQuats季銨鹽ChlorineCompounds氯化物IodineCompounds碘化物Glutaraldehyde‘s戊二醛Hydrogenperoxide‘s過(guò)氧化氫Chlohexidinecompounds六氯化合物Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202228OHS4Disinfection消毒ManychemicaldiAlcohols醇類Ethanoloriso-propanol乙醇或丙醇Denatureproteins蛋白質(zhì)變性Effectiveagainstlipidcontainingviruses,envelopedvirusesandvegetativebacteria對(duì)含油脂病毒、膜包被病毒和植物細(xì)菌有效Lesseffectiveagainstmycobacteriumandfungi對(duì)分支桿菌和真菌作用小Flammable,inactivatedbyorganicmatter,volatile可燃、遇有機(jī)物活性差、揮發(fā)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202229OHS4Alcohols醇類Ethanoloriso-propaAldehydes醛類Formaldehydeandglutaraldehyde蟻醛和戊二醛Effectiveagainstabroadspectrumofmicroorganisms對(duì)廣譜微生物有效Requireslong(20-30min)contacttime作用時(shí)間長(zhǎng)（20-30分鐘）Lesssusceptibletoinactivationbyorganicmaterial對(duì)有機(jī)體的去活作用小Shortuse-life使用有效期短Humanhealthconcerns-respiratoryirritant,contactdermatitis對(duì)人體健康有害-呼吸刺激、接觸性皮炎Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202230OHS4Aldehydes醛類FormaldehydeandgPhenolics酚類Usuallyphenoliccompoundwithdetergent常為分化合物清潔劑Effectiveagainstvegetativebacteria,fungiandlipid-containingviruses對(duì)植物細(xì)菌、真菌和含脂病毒有效EffectiveoverawidepHrangepH范圍寬Skinandeyeirritation皮膚和眼的刺激Noteffectiveagainstspores對(duì)孢子無(wú)效Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202231OHS4Phenolics酚類UsuallyphenoliccoQuaternaryAmmoniaComponds

季銨鹽化合物Cationicdetergents陽(yáng)離子清潔劑/strongsurfactants強(qiáng)表面活性劑Effectiveagainstvegetativebacteria(some)andnon-lipid-containingviruses對(duì)植物細(xì)菌（部分）和不含脂病毒有效Stable,Non-irritating穩(wěn)定、無(wú)刺激Ineffectiveagainstmycobacteria,lipid-containingviruses,spores對(duì)分支桿菌、含脂病毒和孢子無(wú)效Neutralizedbyorganicmaterial(teins)與有機(jī)物（特別是蛋白）中和Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202232OHS4QuaternaryAmmoniaComponds

季銨ChlorineComponds氯化物Strongoxidant強(qiáng)氧化劑“Universal”decontaminant普遍采用的純化劑Maybepreparedas1/100or1/50(forsporesandmycobacteria)dilutionfromhouseholdbleachandtapwater用家用漂白劑或自來(lái)水稀釋制備成1/100或1/50（對(duì)孢子和分枝桿菌）溶液Dilutesolutionsareunstable,preparefrequently稀釋溶液不穩(wěn)定，常配Neutralizedbyorganicmaterial用有機(jī)物質(zhì)中和Corrosive具腐蝕性Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202233OHS4ChlorineComponds氯化物StrongoxiIodineComponds碘化物Similarinactiontochlorine與氯相似Effectiveagainstvegetativebacteriaandviruses對(duì)植物細(xì)菌和病毒有效Lesscorrosiveandtoxicthanchlorine比氯的腐蝕性和毒性低Self-indicating自顯示:brown棕->yellow黃->clear無(wú)色Maystainsurfaces使表面染色Neutralizedbyorganicmaterial用有機(jī)物中和Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202234OHS4IodineComponds碘化物SimilarinaHydrogenPeroxide過(guò)氧化氫StrongOxidant強(qiáng)氧化劑6%sol’niseffectiveagainstvegetativebacteria,mycobacteria,fungiandviruses濃度6%的溶液即對(duì)植物細(xì)菌、分支桿菌、真菌和病毒有效Limitedsporicidalactivity殺孢子能力有限Unstable不穩(wěn)定Corrosivetocertainmetals對(duì)某些金屬具有腐蝕作用Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202235OHS4HydrogenPeroxide過(guò)氧化氫StrongOxDisinfection消毒Effectivenessisdependenton消毒效果由theconcentrationofthechemicalbeingused化學(xué)試劑濃度thepresenceoforganicmaterial有機(jī)體的存在theamountoftimerequiredforthechemicaltobeeffective化學(xué)試劑的作用時(shí)間thetemperatureandpHatwhichthechemicaliseffective化學(xué)試劑的溫度和pH值thelevelofcontaminationinvolved污染程度thetypeofcontaminationinvolved污染類型thephysicalcharacteristicsofthecontaminatedsurface/object污染物/表面的物理性質(zhì)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202236OHS4Disinfection消毒EffectivenessisEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202237OHS4Evaluationonly.12/11/202237OHSummary小結(jié)Biohazardshavebeenclassifiedinto4categoriesbasedonlevelsofrisk根據(jù)危害程度生物材料分為4個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級(jí)Laboratoriesmustminimizethespreadofpathogensbyusingcontainmentprocedures通過(guò)隔離屏蔽措施，實(shí)驗(yàn)室必須最大限度地減少病原體的擴(kuò)散Chemicalsfordecontaminationshouldbeavailableinthelab實(shí)驗(yàn)室中可使用化學(xué)試劑去除污染Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202238OHS4Summary小結(jié)BiohazardshavebeenLaboratoryBiosafety

實(shí)驗(yàn)室生物安全Questionsorconcerns?Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202239OHS4LaboratoryBiosafety

實(shí)驗(yàn)室生物安全Q謝謝！40謝謝！404141Objectives目的了解:Classificationsofbiohazardousmaterial危險(xiǎn)生物材料分類Riskgrouppathogens病原體危險(xiǎn)性分組–定義Routesofexposure接觸途徑Barriersforcontainment隔離設(shè)施Methodsofdecontamination排除污染的方法Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202242OHS4Objectives目的了解:EvaluationonlyDefinition定義BiohazardousMaterials危險(xiǎn)生物材料:Biologicalagentsorsubstancespresentin,orarisingfrom,theworkenvironmentwhichpresents,ormaypresent,ahazardtothehealthorwellbeingoftheworkerorcommunity存在、或產(chǎn)生于工作環(huán)境，可能導(dǎo)致群體或個(gè)人的健康危害的生物介質(zhì)或物質(zhì)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202243OHS4Definition定義BiohazardousMaterBiohazardousAgents

危險(xiǎn)生物介質(zhì)Classifiedintoeightgroups分為8組:culturedanimalcellsandthepotentiallyinfectiousagentsthesecellsmaycontain培養(yǎng)的動(dòng)物細(xì)胞，并可能發(fā)生感染primatebodyfluidsandotherpotentiallyinfectedclinicalspecimens靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物體液和可能傳染的醫(yī)用樣品microorganismsincludingBacteria,Viruses,Fungi,RickettsiaeandChlamydiae微生物類包括細(xì)菌、病毒、真菌、立克次氏體和Chlamydiae等Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202244OHS4BiohazardousAgents

危險(xiǎn)生物介質(zhì)ClasBiohazardousAgents

危險(xiǎn)生物介質(zhì)Parasites寄生蟲(chóng)Allergens過(guò)敏原、tissuesfromexperimentalanimalsincludinganimaldander實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物組織包括動(dòng)物頭屑plantviruses,bacteriaandfungi植物病毒、細(xì)菌和真菌toxins(bacterial,animalorplant)生物毒素（細(xì)菌、動(dòng)物或植物）Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202245OHS4BiohazardousAgents

危險(xiǎn)生物介質(zhì)ParaLaboratoryBiosafety

實(shí)驗(yàn)室生物安全TwomainsourcesofBiohazardousmaterialinuseinmostLaboratories實(shí)驗(yàn)室常用危險(xiǎn)生物材料的兩個(gè)主要來(lái)源:PathogensusedandtestedforinMicroDept微生物實(shí)驗(yàn)室試驗(yàn)用病原體Biologicalfluidsamples(eg.Plasma,urine),submittedforchemicalanalysis用于化學(xué)分析的生物液體樣品（如血漿、尿）Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202246OHS4LaboratoryBiosafety

實(shí)驗(yàn)室生物安全TwLaboratoryBiosafety

實(shí)驗(yàn)室生物安全TheriskgroupofpathogensasclassifiedbyWHO世界衛(wèi)生組織對(duì)病原體危險(xiǎn)性分組RiskGroup1Agents第一組介質(zhì)Lowindividualandcommunityrisk低個(gè)體和群落風(fēng)險(xiǎn)RiskGroup2Agents第二組介質(zhì)Moderateindividualrisk,limitedcommunityrisk中度個(gè)體風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，有限群落風(fēng)險(xiǎn)RiskGroup3Agents第三組介質(zhì)Highindividualrisk,lowcommunityrisk高個(gè)體風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，低群落風(fēng)險(xiǎn)RiskGroup4Agents第四組介質(zhì)Highindividualrisk,highcommunityrisk高個(gè)體風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，高群落風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202247OHS4LaboratoryBiosafety

實(shí)驗(yàn)室生物安全ThRiskGroup1Agents

第一組介質(zhì)Non-pathogenicbacteria,fungi非病原體細(xì)菌、真菌Nospecialfacilities,equipmentorproceduresarerequired無(wú)需特殊設(shè)備或操作Standardwell-designedexperimentalanimalandlaboratoryfacilitiesandbasicsafelaboratorypracticessuffice標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的設(shè)計(jì)合理的實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物、實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備及滿足基本安全試驗(yàn)操作Hand-washingfacilitiesmustbeprovided必須提供洗手池Disinfectantsmustbeproperlyused必須合理使用消毒劑Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202248OHS4RiskGroup1Agents

第一組介質(zhì)Non-pRiskGroup2Agents

第二組介質(zhì)E.Coli,Salmonella,ringwormfungi,influenzavirus,herpessimplexvirus大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌、ringworm真菌、流行性感冒病毒和單純皰疹病毒Laboratoryseparatedfromotheractivities,biohazardsign,roomsurfacesimperviousandreadilycleanable實(shí)驗(yàn)室與其它活動(dòng)分開(kāi)，貼有危險(xiǎn)生物標(biāo)志，室內(nèi)臺(tái)面防滲，隨時(shí)可進(jìn)行清潔Equipmentshouldincludeanautoclave,certifiedHEPAfilteredclassIorIIbiologicalsafetycabinet實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)施包括高壓滅菌鍋、高效空氣過(guò)濾器、一級(jí)或二級(jí)生物安全柜Allcontaminatedmaterialtobeproperlydecontaminated所有污染材料須經(jīng)凈化Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202249OHS4RiskGroup2Agents

第二組介質(zhì)E.CoRiskGroup3Agents

第三組介質(zhì)Anthrax,tuberculosis,HIV,hantavirus炭疽、結(jié)核、愛(ài)滋和hanta病毒Specializeddesignandconstructionoflaboratories,withcontrolledaccessdoubledoorentryandbodyshower實(shí)驗(yàn)室須專門設(shè)計(jì)，雙道門和淋浴Allwallpenetrationsmustbesealed所有墻體滲漏必須進(jìn)行密封Ventilationsystemdesignmustensurethatairpressureisnegativetosurroundingareasatalltimes,withnorecirculationofair通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)必須保證與周圍區(qū)域一直呈負(fù)壓，不可使空氣再流通Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202250OHS4RiskGroup3Agents

第三組介質(zhì)AnthrRiskGroup3Agents

第三組介質(zhì)AirexhaustedthroughadedicatedexhaustorHEPAfiltrationsystem空氣排放須經(jīng)過(guò)專用排氣系統(tǒng)或高效空氣過(guò)濾器系統(tǒng)Laboratorywindowssealedandunbreakable實(shí)驗(yàn)室窗戶須密閉并不可擊碎Backuppoweravailable應(yīng)有備用發(fā)電機(jī)CertifiedHEPAfilteredclassIIbiologicalsafetycabinet經(jīng)鑒定的高效空氣過(guò)濾器二級(jí)生物安全柜Dedicatedhandwashingsinkwithfoot,kneeorautomaticcontrols,locatedneartheexit在出口處設(shè)有專門的可用腳、膝蓋或自動(dòng)控制的洗手池Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202251OHS4RiskGroup3Agents

第三組介質(zhì)AireRiskGroup4Agents

第四組介質(zhì)Infectiousagentsareallviruses具有傳染性的介質(zhì)全部為病毒Ebolaviruses埃博拉病毒HerpesBvirus(Monkeyvirus)B皰疹病毒FootandMouthVirus腳和口病毒FootandMouthVirusEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202252OHS4RiskGroup4Agents

第四組介質(zhì)InfecRiskGroup4Agents

第四組介質(zhì)Highestlevelofcontainment最高級(jí)別屏蔽Representsanisolatedunitthatiscompletelyself-containedtofunctionindependently設(shè)立一個(gè)設(shè)備齊全的隔離單元，完全能夠獨(dú)立操作Facilitiesarehighlyspecialized,securewithanairlockforentryandexit設(shè)備專門設(shè)計(jì)，由空氣鎖控制出入ClassIIIbiologicalsafetycabinetsorpositivepressureventilatedsuits三級(jí)生物安全柜，正壓通風(fēng)Separateventilationsystemwithfullcontrolstocontaincontamination為全面控制污染物，采用單獨(dú)的通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202253OHS4RiskGroup4Agents

第四組介質(zhì)HigheRoutesofExposure

接觸途徑Themostcommonroutesofexposureare主要為:Oral口Respiratory呼吸Skinpuncture皮膚劃傷Penetrationthroughunbrokenskin皮膚滲透Conjunctival結(jié)膜Vectors(mosquitoes,fleas,ticks)帶菌者（蚊子、跳蚤、虱子）Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202254OHS4RoutesofExposure

接觸途徑ThemosRoutesofExposure

接觸途徑Respiratoryexposuresaccountfor65-75%ofallinfectionsforwhichacauseisknown.傳染途徑中有65-75%是呼吸造成的Itisthereforecriticalforpeopleworkingwithbiohazardousandpotentiallyinfectiousmaterialstoknowtherisksassociatedwiththemandtheappropriatelaboratorytechniquestopreventunnecessaryexposures.因此實(shí)驗(yàn)操作中接觸危險(xiǎn)生物材料或潛在傳染性材料時(shí)，了解其危害，采用適當(dāng)技術(shù)防止不必要的接觸十分關(guān)鍵Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202255OHS4RoutesofExposure

接觸途徑RespiraPrimaryBarriers

第一道隔離primarycontainmentisthefirstlineofdefensewhenworkingwithinfectiousorganisms當(dāng)工作中與傳染性生物體接觸時(shí)，第一道隔離是第一道防衛(wèi)gloveboxes手套箱biologicalsafetycabinets生物安全柜animalcagingequipment動(dòng)物籠養(yǎng)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202256OHS4PrimaryBarriers

第一道隔離primaryPrimaryBarriers

第一道隔離Thegeneralprinciplesapplicabletocontainmentwithinaprimarybarriersystemincludethefollowing:第一道隔離一般原則Minimizethevolumetobecontained.隔離體積最小化Providesafe(i.e.non-contaminating)transferofmaterialintoandoutofthecontainerwithoutdestroyingthebarrier.采用安全的從容器中取放材料的方法，勿毀壞隔離Providemeansfordecontaminationoftheenclosureandeffluents.采用凈化隔離欄和污物的方法Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202257OHS4PrimaryBarriers

第一道隔離ThegeneBiologicalSafetyCabinets

生物安全柜

Threetypes分為3種ClassI一級(jí)–protectsworkerandenvironment保護(hù)操作者和環(huán)境ClassII二級(jí)–protectsworker,environmentandproduct保護(hù)操作者、環(huán)境和產(chǎn)品ClassIII三級(jí)–forGroup4work,maximumprotectionofworker,environmentandproduct用于第4類危險(xiǎn)品的操作，最大限度保護(hù)操作者、環(huán)境和產(chǎn)品Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202258OHS4BiologicalSafetyCabinets

生物安ClassIBSC一級(jí)生物安全柜SimilartochemicalfumehoodexceptexhaustpassesthroughHEPAfilter類似化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的通風(fēng)櫥，排出的氣體要通過(guò)高效空氣過(guò)濾器Oftenusedtoencloseequipmentsuchascentrifugesorbalances常常用于放置離心機(jī)和天平Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202259OHS4ClassIBSC一級(jí)生物安全柜SimilartocClassIBSCSchematic

一級(jí)生物安全柜示意圖Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202260OHS4ClassIBSCSchematic

一級(jí)生物安全柜示ClassIIBSC

二級(jí)生物安全柜SuppliesadownwardflowofHEPAfilteredairtoprotectproduct提供氣流向下的經(jīng)高效空氣過(guò)濾器凈化的空氣，保護(hù)產(chǎn)品Furtherclassifiedbasedonratioofexhaustedvs.re-circulatedair進(jìn)一步基于排氣/再循環(huán)空氣比值進(jìn)行細(xì)化為A、B1、B2和B3型TypeA–75fpmfacevelocity,30%internalexhaustTypeB1–100fpm,>50%externalexhaustTypeB2–100fpm,100%externalexhaustTypeB3–100fpm,30%externalexhaustEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202261OHS4ClassIIBSC

二級(jí)生物安全柜SuppliesaClassIIBSC二級(jí)生物安全柜TypeATypeB1Thecabinetexhaustneedstobeconnectedtothebuildingexhaust.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.12/16/202262OHS4ClassIIBSC二級(jí)生物安全柜TypeATypeClassIIIBSC二級(jí)生物安全柜ForRiskGroup4materials第四組介質(zhì)Sealedunit密閉單元–“glovebox”“手套箱”Exhau