跨文化交際復(fù)習(xí)試題及答案解析復(fù)習(xí)過程

跨文化交際復(fù)習(xí)試題

及答案解析判斷題T1Asaphenomenon,interculturalcommunicationhasexistedforthousandsofyears.However,asadiscipline,itshistoryisonlyaboutfiftyyears.作為一種現(xiàn)象，跨文化傳播已經(jīng)存在了數(shù)千年。然而，作為一門學(xué)科，它的歷史只有大約五十年。F2InterculturalCommunicationasadisciplinefirststartedinEurope.跨文化交際是歐洲第一門學(xué)科F3Cultureisastaticentity靜態(tài)的實體whilecommunicationisadynamicprocess.文化是個靜態(tài)的實體而溝通是一個動態(tài)的過程T4Culturecanbeseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagiven約定的特定的culture.文化可以被看作是一種共享的知識，人們需要知道的是在一個特定的文化中扮演適當(dāng)?shù)男袨門5Althoughculturalstereotypehasitslimitations(over-generalization),itstillcontributestoaperson'sculturalcognition.認(rèn)識、認(rèn)知文化刻板印象雖有其局限性，但仍有助于人的文化認(rèn)知。T6Ininterculturalcommunication,weshouldseparateone'sindividualcharacterfromculturalgeneralization.在跨文化交際中，我們要把自己的個性和文化的泛化分開。T7Culturalmistakesaremoreseriousthanlinguisticmistakes.Thelinguisticmistakemeansthatsomeoneisnotfullyexpressinghisorherideawhileculturalmistakescanleadtoseriousmisunderstandingandevenill-feelingbetweenindividuals.文化錯誤比語言錯誤更嚴(yán)重。語言錯誤意味著有人不能充分表達(dá)自己的想法，而文化上的錯誤會導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的誤解，甚至個人之間的不適感F8Allpeopleofthesamenationalitywillhavethesameculture.所有同一民族的人都會有相同的文化T9Althoughtwoculturesmaysharethesameideas,theirmeaningandsignificancemaynotbethesame.雖然兩國文化有著相同的想法，但它們的意義和意義可能不一樣F10One'sactionsaretotallyindependentofhisorherculture.個人的行為完全獨立于他或她的文化ComprehensionCheckT1、Allculturesrequireandvaluepoliteness,butthewaysinwhichpolitenessisachievedmayvarysignificantly.所有的文化都需要和價值的禮貌，但禮貌的方式可能會有所不同T_2、Don'ttakeoffence-gettingtheformofaddress”wrong”israrelyintendedtobeoffensive.不要拿“錯誤”的形式來攻擊，這是很難得的進(jìn)攻T_3、Addressingformslike“MissMary”,”Brown”bytheChinesemaybeaformofculturalcompromise.解決形式如“瑪麗小姐”，“棕色”由中國可能是一種文化妥協(xié)的形式。T_4.RanksinthearmedforceslikeCaptain,Colonelcanbeusedastitles.上校，上校，上校，可以用作頭銜F_5.WesternerscanunderstandwhatUnclepolicemanorP.L.A.Unclemeans.西方人能夠理解警察叔叔和解放軍叔叔的手段。F6.WecanaddressJasonDouglas,whoisalawyer,asLawyerDouglas.我們可以解決杰森道格拉斯，他是個律師，律師道格拉斯。F_7.Chinesehospitalitytowardthewesternersisalwaysgreatlyappreciated.中國人對西方人的熱情好客是非常贊賞的。F_8.TheChinesewayofshowingconcernisusuallyappreciatedbytheWesterners.西方人對中國人的關(guān)注往往受到西方人的贊賞。F_9.”Thankyouforcoming!”isatypicalexpressionusedbyWesternhostswhentheguestsjustarrived.謝謝你的到來！“當(dāng)客人剛到的時候，這是西方主人使用的一種典型的表達(dá)形式。T_10.”I'msorrytohavewastedyourtime”or“I'msorrytohavetakenupsomuchofyourtime”areusuallyappropriateforthebusinessvisit.我很抱歉浪費了你的時間”或者“我很抱歉占用了你這么多時間”，通常都是適合商務(wù)拜訪的。ComprehensionCheckTl.sometimestheChinesewayofshowingmodestymaybeconsideredasfishingforcompliments.有時，中國人表現(xiàn)出謙虛的方式可以被視為對贊美的贊美T2.ThesocialfunctionsofChineseandEnglishcomplimentsareroughlythesame.漢語和英語的社會功能大致相同。T3.Ininformalsituations,alargenumberofcomplimentsareusedtomakepeoplefeelcomfortable.在非正式場合，大量的贊美是讓人感到舒服的F4.Theculturalassumptionofcomplimentsisthesamebetweencultures.文化的假設(shè)是文化的相同的。T5.AdjectivesandverbsareoftenusedtoconveycomplimentmessageinEnglish,whileadjectives,adverbsandverbsareoftenusedinChinese.形容詞和動詞常被用來傳遞英語中的恭維話，而形容詞、副詞和動詞常被用在漢語里。F6.Englishcomplimentsoftenbeginwiththeword“you”whileChinesecomplimentsoftenstartwiththeword“I”.英語的贊美常以“你”一詞開頭，而中國人的贊美常以“我”一詞開頭F7.ChinesepeoplegivemorecomplimentsindailylifethanAmericans.在日常生活中，中國人比美國人更為贊美。F8.Americanstendstobeself-effacingintheircomplimentsresponses.美國人往往自謙在稱贊別人的反應(yīng)。F9.Complimentsonother'sbelongingsaresometimesanindirectwayofrequestinAmericanculture.對他人財物的贊美有時是美國文化中的一種間接的方式T10.Ifaguestcomplimentssomethinginanotherperson'shome,theChinesehostorhostesswillprobablygivethatthingtotheguest.如果一個客人在別人家里贊美別人的話，中國主人或女主人很可能會把這件事告訴客人。ComprehensionCheckF1Verbalcommunicationismoreimportantthannonverbalcommunication.言語交際比非語言交際更為重要F2“Dragon”meansthesametotheWesterneras“龍”totheChinese.“龍”是指同為西方人的“龍”到中國。F3TheChinesephrase“知識分子”hasthesamemeaningas“intellectual”.中國“知識分子”具有相同的含義是“知識T4Aterminonelanguagemaynothaveacounterpartinanotherlanguage.在種語言中的個術(shù)語在另一種語言中可能沒有對等詞F5Inreferringtoanimalsandbirds,theChinesepracticeisgenerally,butnotalways,touse“公”or“母”toshowwhetheracreatureismaleorfemale.ThisisthesamewiththeEnglishlanguage.在談到動物和鳥類，中國的做法是通常，但不總是，用“公”或“母”來表明該生物是否是男性或女性。這與英語是一樣的。T6ThefollowingsixEnglishword:“vice”,“associate”,“assistant”,“deputy”,“l(fā)ieutenant”and“under”canallmean“副”inChineselanguage.以下六個英文單詞：“副”、“聯(lián)想”、“助理”、“副”、“中尉”和“下”都是“副”在漢語中F7ThereareasmanysimilaritiesasdissimilaritiesbetweenEnglishproverbsandChineseproverbs.有許多相似之處，英語諺語和漢語諺語的異同。T8Violatingaculturaltabooisasseriousasviolatingaverbaltaboo,違反文化禁忌的是嚴(yán)重違背了言語禁忌T9Patternsofthoughtvarieswithculture.思維方式隨文化而變化。T10Particularthoughtpatternspredominateineachculture,e.g.Americancultureispredominantlyfactual-inductive,Russiancultureispredominantlyaxiomatic-deductive,andArabculturesarepredominatelyintuitive-affective.在每一個特定的思維模式主導(dǎo)文化的T10,例如美國文化主要是事實的歸納，俄羅斯文化主要是公理化演繹，和阿拉伯文化以直觀的情感。ComprehensionCheckT1Speakingisjustonemodeofcommunication.Therearemanyothers.說只是一種交流方式。還有許多人F2Someresearchersassertthatinface-to-facecommunication,about70%ofinformationiscommunicatedthroughspeaking,andover30%sissentbynonverbalmeans.一些研究者斷言，在面對面的交流中，約有70%的信息是通過說話，而超過30%則是通過非語言方式發(fā)送的T3Environmentisoneofthefivestudyareasthatnonverbalcommunicationcovers.環(huán)境是非語言交際的五個研究領(lǐng)域之一T4Muchofournonverbalbehavior,likeculture,tendstoelusive,spontaneousandfrequentlygoesbeyondourawareness.我們大部分的非語言行為，如文化，往往難以實現(xiàn)，自發(fā)的，往往超越我們的認(rèn)識F5LatinAmerican,African,ArabandmostAsianculturesareM-Timecultures.拉丁美洲，非洲，阿拉伯和大多數(shù)亞洲文化是單一的文化。T6Arabbelongstotoughcultures.阿拉伯屬于艱難的文化T7Insomecultures,eyecontactshouldbeavoidedinordertoshowrespectorobedience.在一些文化中，為了表示尊重或服從，應(yīng)該避免使用目光接觸T8theappropriatenessofphysicalcontactvarieswithdifferentcultures.身體接觸的適宜性因不同的文化而不同F(xiàn)9WesternwomenusuallylikeChinesetotouchtheirbodiesorsmallchildren.西方婦女通常喜歡中國人接觸他們的身體或小孩。F10Seatingarrangementsreflectculture.Chinesepeopletendtotalkwiththoseoppositethemratherthanthoseseatedorstandingbesidethem.座位安排體現(xiàn)文化。中國人傾向于和他們說話，而不是坐在他們旁邊的人ComprehensionCheckF1.Genderistheculturalmeaningof“sex”.性別是“性”的文化內(nèi)涵F2.Sexandgenderaresynonymous.同義的性別和性別是同義詞T3.Aladymightbefeminine,masculineoracombinationofboth.一位女士可能是女性，男性或兩者的結(jié)合T4.Womenaregenerallycomfortablewithbuildingcloserelationshipsandconfidingtoothers,whilemostmenarereservedaboutinvolvementanddisclosure.女性一般舒適與建筑密切關(guān)系和信任別人，而大多數(shù)人都保留對參與和披露。F5.Mostmenusecommunicationtocreateconnectionorequalitybetweenpeople.大多數(shù)人用溝通來建立聯(lián)系或平等的人F6.Womenusuallyusecommunicationtoestablishstatusandpower.女性通常使用溝通來確立地位和權(quán)力T7.Infeminineculture,communicationisaway—probablytheprimaryway—toexpressandexpandcloseness.在女性文化中，傳播是表達(dá)和擴(kuò)大親密關(guān)系的主要途徑。T8.Masculinesocializationstressesdoingthingsandregardsactionasprimarywaystocreateandexpresscloseness.男性社會化強(qiáng)調(diào)做事情，把行動視為創(chuàng)造和表達(dá)親密的主要方式。T9.Thefirstandlastprincipalforeffectivecross-gendercommunicationissuspendingjudgment.有效的跨性別傳播的第一個和最后一個主要是中止判斷。T10.Itisdifficultbutpossibletoseektranslationcuesthatwillfacilitateourcommunication.這是困難的，但可能尋求翻譯線索，將有利于我們的溝通。T1.Themostcommonproblemsincross-culturalnegotiationsconcern(1)rulesforconductingbusiness,(2)theselectionofnegotiators,and(3)methodsofdecision-making.最常見的問題，在跨文化談判的關(guān)注(1)的規(guī)則，進(jìn)行業(yè)務(wù)，(2)的選擇，談判，和(3)決策方法。T2.TheJapanesebelievethatsocializingisintegraltothenegotiationprocesswhiletheAmericansdonotthinkso.日本人認(rèn)為，社交是談判過程中不可或缺的一部分，而美國人卻不這么認(rèn)為F3.Americannegotiationteammembersareusuallyselectedonthebasisoftheirsocialandprofessionalstatus.美國談判團(tuán)隊成員通常在他們的社會和職業(yè)地位的基礎(chǔ)上F4.LikeJapaneseandChinesenegotiators,adetailedwrittenagreementisnotcentraltothenegotiationprocessintheMiddleEast,MexicoandFrance.與日本和中國的談判人員一樣，在中東、墨西哥和法國的談判進(jìn)程中，有一個詳細(xì)的書面協(xié)議是不一樣的。T5.TheBritishemployanegotiatingstylesimilartothatofAmericans,butmoresilenceisutilizedandtheyarelessegalitarian.英國人采用了類似于美國人的談判風(fēng)格，但更多的是利用沉默，他們也不太平等。T6.Germanspreferclear,firm,andassertireexpressionwhiletheJapaneseencourageconvert,fragmentedexpression.德國人喜歡明確的，堅定的，和assertire表達(dá)而日本鼓勵轉(zhuǎn)換、碎片化的表達(dá)T7.Mexicannegotiatorspreferthedeductiveapproach.Moreemphasisisplacedoncontemplationandintuition.墨西哥談判者更喜歡演繹的方法。更強(qiáng)調(diào)的是沉思和直覺。F8.TheBraziliansdonotopenlydisagreeduringformalnegotiations;theywouldconsiderthisinsultingandembarrassing.在正式談判中，巴西人不會公開地不同意，他們會考慮這種侮辱和尷尬。T9.CreatingacomfortableclimateandspendingtimeontheexploratoryphaseofnegotiationsarecrucialinMiddleEastandBrazil.創(chuàng)造一個舒適的氣候和花費時間在談判的探索階段是至關(guān)重要的中東和巴西。F10.WomenarefrequentparticipantsonaJapanesenegotiationteam.女性經(jīng)常參加一個日本談判小組。名詞解釋economicglobalization（經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化）：theintegrationofnationaleconomiesintotheinternationaleconomythroughtrade,foreigndirectinvestment,capitalflows,migration,andthespreadoftechnology.bartersystem（物物交換）：exchangewithoutmoneyFarmingcommunitiestradedtheirsurplusproduceinexchangeforproductsandserviceswithoutthemediumofmoney.Humansocietyhasalwaystradedgoodsacrossgreatdistances.globalvillage（地球村）：theworldformonecommunityAllthedifferentpartsoftheworldformonecommunitylinkedtogetherbyelectroniccommunications,especiallytheInternet.meltingpot（大熔爐）：asocio-culturalassimilationofpeopleofdifferentbackgroundsandnationalities.culture（文化）：canbeenseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagivenculture.culturaldiversity（文化融合）：referstothemixofpeoplefromvariousbackgroundsinthelaborforcewithafullmixofculturesandsub-culturestowhichmembersbelong7.Communication（交際）：meantosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyourthoughts,hopes,andknowledge.8interculturalcommunication（跨文化交際）：communicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalbackgroundsanddistinet（不同）enoughtoalter（改變）theircommunicaion。Pragmatics（語用學(xué)）：thestudyoftheeffectthatlanguagehasonhumanperceptionsandbehavior.Semantics（語義學(xué)）：asystemthatassociateswordstomeaning.Itisthestudyofthemeaningofwords.Denotation（引申含義）：theliteralmeaningordefinitionofaword theexplicit,particular,definedmeaning.Chronemics（時間學(xué)）：Thestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.（1） PolychromicTime:payingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.（2） PolychronicTime（多元時間觀念）：beinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.Proxemics（空間學(xué)）：Referstotheperceptionanduseofspace.Kinetics（身勢學(xué)）:thestudyofbodylanguage.身勢學(xué)Paralanguage（副語言）：Involvingsoundsbutnotwordandlyingbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.Aplanetaryculture（行星文化）：integratesEasternmysticismwithWesternscieneeandrationalism（理性主義）.Interculturalperson（跨文化的人）：representssomeonewhosecognitive（認(rèn)知的），affective,andbehavioral（行為的）characteristicsareopentogrowthbeyondthepsychologicalparameters（心理界限）ofhisorherownculture.High-contextcultures（含蓄的文化）assignmeaningtomanyofthestimulisurroundinganexplicitmessage.Inhigh-contextcultures,verbalmessageshavelittlemeaningwithoutthesurroundingcontext,whichincludestheoverallrelationshipbetweenallthepeopleengagedincommunication.Low-contextcultures（夕卜向型的文化）excludemanyofthosestimuliandfocusmoreintenselyontheobjectivecommunicationevent,whetheritbeaword,asentence,oraphysicalgesture.Inlow-contextcultures,themessageitselfmeanseverything."I"culture（個體主義）：I.Freedomtocontroltheirwondestiny2.Self-relianeetostandontheirownfeet3.PrivacytomindtheirownbusinessFamilytiestendtoberelativelyunimportant"We"culture（集體主義）：I.Harmonytostriveforthecommongood2.Competitionisnotencouraged3.Limitrightstoproperty4.Filialpiety（孝順）5.lnter-dependantPowerdistanee（權(quán)利差距）：describesthedistribution（分布）ofinflueneewithintheculture,theextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersoforganizationsandinstitutionsacceptandexpectthatpowerisdistributedunequally.Culturesareclassifiedonacontinuum（延續(xù)體）ofhightolowdistanee,thatishierarchy（等級主義）v.s.egalitarian（平等主義）.Masculinecultures（剛性文化）：Theseculturesplacehighvaluesonmaculinetraitsandstressassertiveness,competitionandmaterialsuccess.Femininecultures（柔性文化）：Theseculturesplacehighvaluesonfeminnetraitsandstressqualityoflife,interpersonalrelationshipsandconcernfortheweak.Enculturation（文化習(xí)得）：alltheactivitiesoflearningone'sculturearecalledenculturationAcculturation（文化適應(yīng)）：theprocesswhichadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimilaritybetweenthetwocultures.Ethnocentrie（文化中心主義）：thebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior.Communication：meantosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyourthoughts,hopes,andknowledge.Source交際邀請Thesourceisthepersonwithanideaheorshedesirestocommunicate.Eneoding編碼Unfortunately（orperhapsfortunately）,humansarenotabletosharethoughtsdirectly.Yourcommunicationisintheformofasymbolrepresentingtheideayoudesiretocommunicate.Encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol.Message編碼信息Thetermmessageidentifiestheencodedthought.Encodingistheprocess,theverb;themessageistheresultingobject.Channel交際渠道Thetermchannelisusedtechnicallytorefertothemeansbywhichtheencodedmessageistransmitted.Thechannelormedium,then,maybeprint,electronic,orthelightandsoundwavesoftheface-to-facecommunication.Noise干擾Thetermnoisetechnicallyreferstoanythingthatdistortsthemessagethesourceencodes.Receiver交際接受Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Decoding解碼Decodingistheoppositeprocessofencodingandjustasmuchanactiveprocess.Thereceiverisactivelyinvolvedinthecommunicationprocessbyassigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceived.Receiverresponse接受反應(yīng)Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Receiverresponsereferstoanythingthereceiverdoesafterhavingattendedtoanddecodedthemessage.Feedback反饋Feedbackreferstothatportionofthereceiverresponseofwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning.Context場景Thefinalcomponentofcommunicationiscontext.Generally,contextcanbedefinedastheenvironmentinwhichthecommunicationtakesplaceandwhichhelpsdefinethecommunication.Connotation（內(nèi)涵）：thesuggestivemeaningofaword allthevalues,judgment,andbeliefsimpliedbyawordthehistoricalandassociativeaccretionoftheunspokensignificancebehindtheliteralmeaning.Taboo禁忌語：referstosomeobjects,wordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,orincertaincultureforreligiousorsocialreasons.Euphemism委婉語：Meanstheactofsubstitutingamild,indirect,orvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive.Strikewhiletheironishot趁熱打鐵Morehaste,lessspeed.欲速不達(dá)Topassfisheyesforpearls魚目混珠asstubbornasamule犟得像頭牛dumbbell笨蛋 tofishintheair水底撈月todrinklikeafish牛飲 asdryassawdust味同嚼蠟tobeattheendofone'srope山窮水盡landscapeengineer園林工人tonsorialartist理發(fā)師sanitationengineer清潔工shoerebuilder補(bǔ)鞋匠softinthehead發(fā)瘋的recklessdisregardfortruth撒謊totakethingswithoutpermission偷竊industrialclimate勞資關(guān)系緊張justicehaslongarms天網(wǎng)恢恢，疏而不漏fatoffice肥缺diamondcutdiamond棋逢對手goldensaying金玉良言Youwillcrossthebridgewhenyougettoit船到橋頭自然直betterbetheheadofadogthanthetailofalion寧為雞頭，勿為牛后treaduponeggs如履薄冰簡答題9componentsofcommunication（交際的十大要素）source（來源）：thepersonwhodesirestoencoding（編碼）：theprocessofputtingonideaintoasymbolmessage（信息）：identifiestheencodingthoughtchannel（渠道）：themeansoftransmission（傳播途徑）noise（干擾）：anythingdistortsthemessagesreceiver（接受者）：thepersonwhoattendstothemessagedecoding（解碼）：assigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceived?receiverresponse（接受者反應(yīng)）：anythingthereceiverdoesfeedback（反饋）：theportionwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaningcontext（場景）：helpdefine（使明確）thecommunicationDiscussthefourtrendsthatmakeourworldmoreinterdependent.convenienttransportationsystems（便捷的交通系統(tǒng)）②innovativecommunicationsystems（革新通信技術(shù)）③economicglobailzation（經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化）④widespreadmigrations（廣泛的移民）Whatarethethreeingredients（組成）ofculture?artifacts（thematerialandspiritualproductspeopleproduce）behavior（whattheydo）③concepts（共有觀點）（whattheythink）Howtounderstandculturaliceberg?justasaniceberg,culturehassomeaspectsthatareobservableandothersthatcanonlybesuspectedanimagined.Alsolikeaniceberg,nine-tenthofcultureisbelowthesurfaceWhatarethecharacteristic（特點）ofculture??shared②learned（enculuration文化習(xí)得：learningone'sculture）dynamic（動態(tài)的）（accultration文化適應(yīng)：adoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureethnocentric（ethnocentrism文化中心主義：ownculturalbackgroundissuperior）Whatarethecharacteristicofcommunication?①dynamic（動態(tài)性）；②irreversible（不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的）③symbolic（符號的）④systematic（系統(tǒng)性）⑤transactional（互動性）⑥contextual（語境）1.HowisChineseaddressingdifferentfromAmericanaddressing?InChinesethesurnamecomesfirstandisfollowedbythegivenname；inEnglishthisorderisreversed.InChinaseniority（資歷）ispaidrespectsto.Nowadays,manyEnglish-speakingpeopletendtoaddressothersbytheirgivennames,evenwhenmeetingforthefirsttime.（Aboutaddressingbyrelationship）Chineseoftenextenkinshiptermstopeoplenotrelatedbybloodormarriage.Americanstendtousejustthefirstnameandleaveoutthetermofrelationship.Chineseuseaperson'stitle、office、orprofessiontoindicate（表明）theperson'sinfluential（有權(quán)勢的）status.InEnglish,onlyafewoccupationsortitlescouldbeused，suchasdoctor,governor,mayor,professor,nurseandcaptain.（p24）1.WhatarethedifferentfeaturesofM-TimeandP-time?M-Timethinktimeisperceivedasalinearstrucure.認(rèn)為時間是線性的P-Timeislessrigid（刻板）andclock-bound,moreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.Whatarethedifferentfeatureofm-timeandp-time?P97M:DoonethingatatimeTaketimecommitmentsseriouslyArecommittedtothejobAdherereligiouslytoplansEmphasizepromptnessAreaccustomedtoshort-termrelationshipsP:DomanythingsatonceConsidertimecommitmentsanobjectivetobeachieved,ifpossibleArecommittedtopeopleandhumanrelationshipsChangeplansoftenandeasilyBasepromptnessontherelationshipHavestrongtendencytobuildlifetimerelationshipsM-timeisnotedforitsemphasisonschedules,segmentation,punctualityandpromptness.Itfeaturesoneeventatatimeandtimeisperceivedasalinearstructure.P-timeislessrigidandclock-bound.Itfeaturesseveralactivitiesatthesametimeandtimeisperceivedasmoreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.Whatarethesocialfunctionsofcompliments?（贊美的社會功能是什么？）Creatingorreinforcing（加固）solidarity,greetingpeople,expressingthanksorcongratulations,encouragingpeople,softeningcriticism（委婉批評），startingaconversation,orevenovercomingembarrassment（窘迫）.HowistheChinesewritingstyledifferenttheAmericanwritingstyle?TheChineseemployacircularapproachinwriting.Inthiskindofindirectwriting,thedevelopmentoftheparagraphmaybesaidtobe‘turningandturninginawideninggyre'.Thecirclesorgyresturnaroundthesubjectandshowitfromavarietyoftangentialviews,butthesubjectisneverlookedatdirectly.Aparagraphissetoffbyanindentationofitsfirstsentencesorbysomeotherconventionaldevise,suchasextraspacebetweenparagraphs.Incontrast,theAmericansaredirectandlinearinwriting.AnEnglishexpositoryparagraphusuallybeginswithatopicstatement,andthen,byaseriesofsubdivisionsofthattopicstatement,eachsupportedbyexampleandillustrations,proceeds,todevelopthatcentralideaandrelatethatideatoallotherideasinthewholeessay,andtoemploythatideainproperrelationshipwiththeotherideas,toprovesomething,orperhapstoarguesomething.WhatdifferentworldviewcanbedrivefromBuddhism（佛教）andChristianity（基督教）?Buddhistsdonotbelieveinagodorgodswhocreatedtheworld.However,theydobelievethatthereisasupremeandwonderfultruththatwordscannotteach,andritualcannotattain.Buddhistsarenotfavorablydisposedtothenotionoffreeenterpriseandthepursuitofmaterialwell-being.Seenfromawesternworldview,havingnodesiresadverselyaffectsmotivesforpersonalenrichmentandgrowthgenerally.Thus,littlesupportisaccordedtofreeenterprise.Christianityrecognizestheimportanceofworkandfreeownershipofproperty.Protestant,inparticular,seesthesalvationoftheindividualthroughhardworkandpiety.WhatistheAmericancultur