Chapter-1-PREFACE-先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)雙語(yǔ)教學(xué)課件

AdvancedManufacturingTechnology

(AMT)HuzhouTeachersCollegeAdvancedManufacturingTechnolPREFACEPREFACEManufacturingManufacturing(fromLatin,"makingbyhand")istheuseoftoolsandlabortomakethingsforuseorsale.Thetermmayrefertoarangeofhumanactivity,fromhandicrafttohightech,butismostcommonlyappliedtoindustrialproduction,inwhichrawmaterialsaretransformedintofinishedgoodsonalargescale.

Manufacturingtechnology

Technologyistheprocessbywhichhumansmodifynaturetomeettheirneedsandwants.AdvancedmanufacturingtechnologyAMT

involvesnewmanufacturingtechniquesandmachinescombinedwiththeapplicationofinformationtechnology,micro-electronicsandorganizationalpracticeswithinthemanufacturingprocess.technologyAdvancedmanufacturingtechnologyisamodernmethodofproductionincorporatinghighlyautomatedandsophisticatedcomputerizeddesignandoperationalsystems.AMTaimsatmanufacturinghighqualityproductsatlowcostwithintheshortestdeliverytime.Advancedmanufacturingtechnologyistypicallyreflectedbytheachievementsinhighprecisionandsophisticatedautomationmanufacturingoperations.AdvancedmanufacturingtechnolhardwaretechnologiesofAMTsAMTs“soft”technologiesofAMTshardwaretechnologiesofAMTsASameexamplesSameexamplesThehardwaretechnologieshavefoundwideacceptanceindiscretemanufacturingandinresourceandprocessingsectors.Computernumericcontrolshavebeenappliedtosystemsformachining,forming,cuttingandmoulding.Theaccuracy,speedandcontrolofrobotshaveimprovedsignificantlyand,asaresult,theyareusedextensivelyinwelding,painting,materialhandlingandanenormousnumberofuniqueassemblyapplications.ThehardwaretechnologieshaveVisionsystemsprovide,inrealtime,monitoringforprecisionmachiningandhigh-speedprintingandremotehandlingofminingequipmentusedthousandsofmetresunderground.Computer-aideddesign(CAD)andrapidprototypinghavesubstantiallyshortenedthedevelopmenttimefornewproducts.Visionsystemsprovide,inreaComputer-integratedmanufacturing(CIM)isappliedinmachineshopsfortoolbuilding,theproductionofenginesandbodyassembliesforpassengercars,themanufactureofairplanelandinggearandtheproductionofhypodermicneedlesforthemedicaldevicessector.CIMS是英語(yǔ)Computer-integratedmanufacturComputerIntegratedManufacturingSystem是計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)。它是隨著計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)與制造的發(fā)展而產(chǎn)生的。它是在信息技術(shù)、自動(dòng)化技術(shù)與制造的基礎(chǔ)上，通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)把分散在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)制造過(guò)程中各種孤立的自動(dòng)化子系統(tǒng)有機(jī)地集成起來(lái)，形成適用于多品種、小批量生產(chǎn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)整體效益的集成化和智能化制造系統(tǒng)。集成化反映了自動(dòng)化的廣度，智能化則體現(xiàn)了自動(dòng)化的深度，它不僅涉及物資流控制的傳統(tǒng)體力勞動(dòng)自動(dòng)化，還包括信息流控制的腦力勞動(dòng)的自動(dòng)化。ComputerIntegratedManufactur11ComplementarytothehardwaretechnologiesofAMTsisawiderangeof"soft"manufacturingprocesstechnologies.Just-in-time(JIT)manufacturing,totalqualitymanagement(TQM)andsupplychainmanagementarebutafewofthemany"soft"AMTsadoptedbymanufacturesandprocessorsglobally.ComplementarytothehardwareThenatureofcompetitioninmanufacturinghaschanged.High-qualityandhighlycustomizedgoodsaredemanded.Thereisapremiumforbeingthefirsttomarketwithaproduct.Thishascreatedademandfor"hard"and"soft"technologiesthathelpshortendesignandproductioncycles.ThenatureofcompetitioninmFreetradehasincreasedthebreadthofgeographicalcompetition,makingiteasyforforeignmanufacturerstoentertheChinesemarketandforChinesefirmstoenterforeignmarkets.Thesourceofthiscompetitionvaries,someofitfromlow-wageareasandsomeofitfromverytechnologicallysophisticatedcountries.FreetradehasincreasedthebManufacturingpracticesandprocesseshavecomeunderincreasedpressurefromglobalcompetition.Demandsforimprovedcustomerservice,breadthofproductline,improvedquality,quickresponseandamuchshortenedtime-to-marketfornewproductintroductioncannotbeignoredbyfirms.Inthefaceoftheseintensepressures,manufacturersaroundtheworldaremovingawayfrommassproductionmanufacturingprocesses.Theyareturningtogreaterflexibilityandspeedinmanufacturingpractices.Thesepracticeshavebecomethefoundationfor"BestinClass"manufacturersandprocessors.ManufacturingpracticesandprManufacturinghasbeeninfluencedbytradeliberalization,globalcompetition,marketfragmentation,technologicalinnovationandthedemandsofmoresophisticatedconsumers,inresponsetothesepressures,manufacturersareincorporatingmoreflexibilityandtechnologyintheirproductionpractices.Thesefeatureshavebecomeatrade-markofworld-classcorporations.AMTsareakeyenablerforfirmsattemptingtomeetworld-classperformancetargets.ManufacturinghasbeeninfluenManufacturingtechnologyhasdevelopedformanyyears.Overtheseyears,ithasgonethroughmanychangesandprogressedthefollowingstages:1.Befor1770:craftspeoplewithanvil（鐵砧）andhammer（錘、榔頭）.Ablacksmith(鐵匠)workingironwithahammerandanvilManufacturingtechnologyhaAlathe（車(chē)床）from1911showingcomponentparts.2.1770:constructionofsimpleproductionmachinesandmechanization（機(jī)械化）started.3.Attheturnof20thcentury:fixedautomaticmechanismsandtransferlinesformassproductioncomealong.Alathe（車(chē)床）from1911showing3.Attheturnof20thcentury:fixedautomaticmechanismsandtransferlinesformassproductioncomealong.1913FordModelTassemblyline3.Attheturnof20thcentury:Chapter-1-PREFACE-先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)雙語(yǔ)教學(xué)課件4.Next:machiningtoolswithsampleautomaticcontrol.

5.1952:theintroductionofnumericalcontrol(NC)openedanewerainautomation.6.Next:computerizednumericalcontrol(CNC)formachinetools.plugboardcontroller4.Next:machiningtoolswiths7.1961:industrialrobotsweredevelopedwithCNCsystem.8.Present:afullyautomaticfactorywithFMS（FlexibleManufactureSystem，一組數(shù)控機(jī)床和其他自動(dòng)化的工藝設(shè)備，由計(jì)算機(jī)信息控制系統(tǒng)和物料自動(dòng)儲(chǔ)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)有機(jī)結(jié)合的整體），CAD/CAMtechniques.

7.1961:industrialrobotswere異源的異源的Chapter1

ComputersinManufacturingComputersarebeinggivenanincreasinglyimportantroleinmanufacturingsystems.Acomputer'sabilitytoreceiveandhandlelargeamountsofdata,coupledwiththeirfastprocessingtime,makesasystemapproachindispensable.Chapter1

ComputersinManufComputerapplicationinmanufacturingproductioncontrolsthephysicalprocessandistypicallyreferredtoascomputer-aidedmanufacturing(CAM).

ItisbuiltonthefoundationofsuchsystemsasCNC,AC,robotics,automatedguidedvehiclesystem(AGVS),automatedstorage/retrievalsystem(AS/RS),andflexiblemanufacturingsystem(FMS).ComputerapplicationinmanufaManyinterrelatedmanufacturingactivitiesaregroupedtogethertoformaspecialapplicationsystemthatmaybereferredtoasaproductionandcontrolsystem(PACS).APACSisdefinedasasubsysteminaglobalmanufacturingenvironment.Itmaybeasinglesubsystem,oritmaybeacomplexsetofsubsystems.ManyinterrelatedmanufacturinAnillustrationofPACSworkinginaglobalmanufacturingsystemisshowninFig.1.2.

Fig.1.2InteractionofPACSinaManufacturingSystemAnillustrationofPACSworkinForPACStomeettheirdesignedfunctionalrequirements,theyshouldbedesignedtofunctionindependentlyofotherPACS.Also,PACSshouldbeabletoworkcollectivelywithotherPACSinatotalintegratedmanufacturingenvironment.EachPACSinthetotalsystemcanhaveaneffectontheotherPACSinthetotalsystem,andasystemsplanningapproachmustbetakenforthefollowingreasons:ForPACStomeettheirdesigneTopreventduplicationofeffortToenablevitalinformationtopassefficientlythroughthesystemToalloweachPACStoknowitsrelationtotheothersandhowitaffectstheothersTomakethewholemanufacturingsystemfunctionmoreefficientlyandproductivelyTopreventduplicationofeffoComputersarebyfarthemostpowerfulsingleapproachusedinintegratingandmanipulatingtheseriesofinterrelatedmanufacturingPACSandactivities.Theadvancesintechnicalproductionhavebroughtaboutacomputertechnologyandmanufacturingtechnologythathasenhancedmanufacturingtechnologydevelopment.ComputersarebyfarthemostThismarriageisthebasisforcomputer-aidedproductionandcontrolsystems(CAPACS),whicharecomputer-drivenCAPACS.Thus,CAPACShaveincreasedtherolesofsmartmachinesinproductionandcontrolfunctions.Thewaysinwhichproductionoperationsareconceptualized,formulized,discharged,andperformedarebeingchangedbyCAPACS.ThismarriageisthebasisforTypicalCAPACSinmanufacturingareasfollows:TypicalCAPACSinmanufacturinFig.1.3givesanoverviewofCAPACSworkingfromanintegrateddatabasesystem.Fig.1.3overviewofCAPACSFig.1.3givesanoverviewofCTheapplicationofCAPACStothemanufacturingprocessenablesthetotalsystemtoincreaseproductivity,reducewaste,andproducethingsitwouldnototherwisebeabletomake.Asaresult,newtechnologies,demandsforproductsofhigherqualityandlowerproductioncosts,andtheneedsforimprovedtechnologyinacompetitivesocietyhavecausedextensiveuseofCAPACS.TheapplicationofCAPACSt1.1.1AutomationConceptsAutomationmaybedefinedasasystemthatisrelativelyself-operating.KUKAIndustrialrobotsengagedinvehicleunderbodyassembly1.1.1AutomationConceptsAutomAutomationorindustrialautomationornumericalcontrolistheuseofcontrolsystemssuchascomputerstocontrolindustrialmachineryandprocesses,reducingtheneedforhumanintervention.Suchasystemincludescomplexmechanicalandelectronicdevicesandcomputer-basedsystemthattaketheplaceofobservation,effort,anddecisionbyahumanoperator.Itisasystemthatexhibitspropertiesofhumanbeingsbyfollowingpredeterminedoperationsorrespondingtoencodedinstructions.Automationorindustrialautom1.1.2ComputerProcessControlProcesscontrolinvolvesthecontrolofvariablesinamanufacturingprocess,whereoneormanycombinationofmaterialsandequipmentproducesormodifiesaproducttomakeitmoreusefulandhencemorevaluable.

Industrialprocessesareproceduresinvolvingchemicalormechanicalstepstoaidinthemanufactureofanitemoritems,usuallycarriedoutonaverylargescale.1.1.2ComputerProcessControInprocesscontrolsystems,thecomputerservesasthecontrolmechanismthatautomaticallycontrolscontinuousoperations.Twokindsofcontrolsystemsaretheopenloopandtheclosedloop.OpenloopsystemControlsystemClosedloopsystemInprocesscontrolsystems,th

Inanopen-loopcontrolsystem,thecomputerdoesnotitselfautomatetheprocess.Thatis,thereisnoself-correction.Theprocessremainsunderthedirectcontrolofhumanoperators,whoreadfromvarioussourcesofinformationsuchasinstruments,setcalibrateddialsforprocessregulation,andchangethecontrollingmedium.Inanopen-loopcontrolsyste

Closed-loopcontrolsystemsusecomputerstoautomatetheprocess.Thecomputerisdirectlyinchargeoftheprocess.Itadjustsallcontrolsfromtheinformationprovidedbysensingdevicesinthesystemtokeeptheprocesstothedesiredspecifications,atechniquethatusesafeedbackmechanism.Closed-loopcontrolsystemsChapter-1-PREFACE-先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)雙語(yǔ)教學(xué)課件

Feedbackistheactionofmeasuringthedifferencebetweentheactualresultandthe

desiredresultandusingthatdifferencetodrivetheactualresulttowardthedesiredresult.Thetermfeedbackcomesfromameasuredsampleoftheoutputoftheprocess(production)functionthatbecomestheinputofthecontrolfunction.FeedbackistheactionofChapter-1-PREFACE-先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)雙語(yǔ)教學(xué)課件Thatis,theoutputofthecontrolfunction,meetingspecialdesignedrequirementsistheinputtothecontrolsystem.Thus,thesignalbeginsattheoutputofthecontrolledproductionfunctionandendsattheinputtotheproduction.Thatis,theoutputoftheManagementinformationsystemsaredesignedtoaidintheperformanceofmanagementfunctions.Whenrequired,informationsystemsareusedtoaidmanagementinthedecision-makingfunctionsoftheenterprise,itsgoalbeingtogetthecorrectinformationtotheappropriatemanagerattherighttime.1.1.3ManagementInformationSystems(MIS)ManagementinformationsystemsSALESDATAUNITPRODUCTCOSTPRODUCTCHANGEDATAEXPENSEDATAMISMISReportsMISFILESMANAGERSMISManagementInformationSystem(MIS)isasubsetoftheoverallinternalcontrolsofabusinesscoveringtheapplicationofpeople,documents,technologies,andproceduresbymanagementaccountantstosolvingbusinessproblemssuchascostingaproduct,serviceorabusiness-widestrategy.ManagementInformationSystems(MIS)SALESUNITPRODUCTEXPENSEMISMISR

Engineeringisthedisciplineandprofessionofapplyingtechnicalknowledgeandutilizingnaturallawsandphysicalresourcesinordertodesignandimplementmaterials,structures,machines,devices,systems,andprocessesthatrealizeadesiredobjectiveandmeetspecifiedcriteria.

1.1.4EngineeringEngineeringisthediscipliComputersareusedextensivelyinmostengineeringfunctions.TypicalengineeringfunctionsusingCAPACSare:design,processplanning,analysisandoptimization,synthesis,evaluationanddocumentation,simulation,modeling,andqualitycontrolplanning.ComputersareusedextensivelyUsingCAPACSinengineeringincreasestheproductivityofengineersandimprovesthequalityofdesigns.Forexample,theapplicationofcomputerstoanengineeringdesignprocessisperformedbyaCADsystem.Engineerscandesignandthoroughlytestconceptsquicklyandsimplyfromoneworkstation.UsingCAPACSinengineering

1.

ProductionApplications

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1.42.Computer-aidedEngineeringandProductionComputer-aidedengineering(oftenreferredtoasCAE)istheuseofinformationtechnologyforsupportingengineersintaskssuchasanalysis,simulation,design,manufacture,planning,diagnosisandrepair.

2.Computer-aidedEngiCAEareascoveredinclude:StressanalysisoncomponentsandassembliesusingFEA(FiniteElementAnalysis);Thermalandfluidflowanalysis,Computationalfluiddynamics(CFD);Kinematics;Mechanicaleventsimulation(MES).Analysistoolsforprocesssimulationforoperationssuchascasting,molding,anddiepressforming.Optimizationoftheproductorprocess.CAEareascoveredinclude:StreTheproductioncycle(CAD/CAMcycle)hasfourdistinctphasesinthemanufacturingofaproduct.Theproductioncycle(CAD/CAMDefinitionTranslationConstructionSupportCADCAD/CAMCAMIntegratedcomputer-aidedengineeringandproductionsystem(CAD/CAMsystems)streamlineafirm’soperation.DefinitionTranslationConstructDefinitionistheengineeringdesignprocess.Translationisthemanufacturingengineeringthatprovidestheinitiatingactionsforthemanufacturingprocesses,includingtoolordersfortheproductiontoolstoaccomplishfabricationandassembly.Construction(production)consistsofthephysicalactionsoffabricationandassemblyoftheproduct.DefinitionistheengineeringSupportisthepreparationofmaintenancemanuals,partscatalogs,andspares,togetherwithfieldsupportofthecustomer.

Thesebasicphasesareboundtogetherbymanagementcontrolsystemsthatprovidescheduling,budgets,jobtracking,shoploadingandcontrol,orderwriting,procurementandinventorycontrol,andsoon.SupportisthepreparationofCAD—Pure

Computer-aided

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DesCAD/CAM—Common

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Integratedcompute-aidedengineeringandproductionsystems(CAD/CAMsystems)streamlineafirm'soperation.Theyreducedesigntime,accuratelycreatetestconditions,anddirectlylinkthemtoproduction,allofwhichreduceproductioncostsandtime,thusmakingthepriceandavailabilityoftheendproductmorecompetitive.Integratedcompute-aidedenChapter-1-PREFACE-先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)雙語(yǔ)教學(xué)課件

MostintegratedCAD/CAMsystemsperformthefollowingkeymanufacturingfunctions:PreliminaryanddetaileddesignsanddraftingSolidgeometricmodelingTestingandanalyzingmodelsFiniteelementmodelingGeneratingcutter-lineoutputfilesforNCmachinesProcessplanningandgrouptechnologyMostintegratedCAD/CAMsys

Throughcomputer-integratedCAD/CAMsystems,factoryautomation,processcontrol,designengineering,facilitiesengineering,andthedesignofmaterialhandlingsystemsandqualitycontrolsystemsareintegratedthroughacommondatabasesystem.Asaresult,theproductioncycleisshortenedandbettermanaged,andthetimefromproductdesigntoproductshipmentisgreatlyreduced.Throughcomputer-integrated

1.1.5BusinessIntoday'smanufacturingenvironment,computersareplayingimportantrolesinsupportingvariousbusinessfunctions.Typicalofsuchkeybusinessfunctionsinamanufacturingenterpriseareproductionplanningandcontrol,financeandaccounting,distributionmanagement,maintenanceschedulingandcontrol,managementinformationsystems,dataprocessing,andproductplanning.1.1.5BusinessIntoday's

Theapplicationsofcomputerstoassistoraidinperformingvariousoperationsinthesefunctionsarereferredtoascomputer-aidedbusiness(CAB).

Businessoperationsarethoseongoingrecurringactivitiesinvolvedintherunningofabusinessforthepurposeofproducingvalueforthestakeholders.Theyarecontrastedwithprojectmanagement,andconsistofbusinessprocesses.Theoutcomeofbusinessoperationsistheharvestingofvaluefromassetsownedbyabusiness.TheapplicationsofcomputeComputersaidinplanningfortheaccomplishmentofobjectivesthrougheffectivemanagement.Theyassistinplanningandestablishingexactlywhere,how,andwhenvariousactivitiesthatarepartofalong-termprogramarecarriedout.Theyhelpplannersproduceoptimizedschedules,improveproductionlineefficiency,andusemanufacturingresourceplanning(MRPII),whichisaformalsystemforplanningandmanagingaproductionfunction'sresources.Computersaidinplanningf

ProductionProcesses:

Manufacturingengineeringpreparesthetoolplanandtheprocessplan.Procurerordersmaterialasdefinedonbillsofmaterial.Tooldesignpreparesdesignstofulfillthemanufacturingplanandtoolmanufacturing

buildsthetools.Thenproductioncontrolissuesfabricationandassemblyorderstomakesurethatthepropertoolsareintherightplaceattherighttimeandthataproductiscreated.ProductionProcesses:

Qualityassuranceinspectspartsandassembliesinconformancewiththeengineeringdefinitionoftheproduct,anddeliverytothecustomerisaccomplished.Qualityassurance,orQAforshort,referstoplannedandsystematicprocessesthatprovideconfidenceofaproduct'sorservice'seffectiveness.Qualityassuranceinspects

Centraltothewholeprocessistheengineeringdesign.Allfunctionsrelatetoitfortheiractions.Theabilityofthedesignertocommunicateconceptsisofparamountimportance.Interpretiveissuesarekeptatanabsoluteminimum.Anengineeringdesignprocessisaprocessusedbyengineerstohelpdevelopproducts.CentraltothewholeprocesIntegrationrequiresalltheusersoftheengineeringdesign,evenengineeringitself,tointerfacewiththemasterdrawingfilefortheextractionofdatafunctioninthechainofeventsleadingtotheenditem.Thereareotherassistsinthisprocess.TypicalofsuchtoolsareNCprocessors,graphicsystems,engineering/scientificprocessors,CAD/CAMworkstations,andfiniteelementsolver.Integrationrequiresallth1.1.6

Computer

Control

of

Manufacturing

SystemsComputer-controlledmanufacturingsystemsusecomputersasanintegralpartoftheircontrol.Asaresult,computercontrolsareusedinmodernmanufacturingautomationfromproductinceptionthroughproductdesign,alloperationsbetween,andincludingproductshipmentandsupport.1.1.6

Computer

Control

of

MaTheycontrolstand-alonesystemssuchasrobotswelding,spraypainting,processingplanning,andprocessing.Theyprovideoptimalcontrolovertheuseofresourcestoproduceasalableproductmixtosatisfysalesforecastsandproduceaprofitforthefirm.Andtheycontrolcomplexsystemssuchasautomatedstorage/retrievalsystems(AS/RS),automatedguidedvehiclesystem(AGVS),andflexiblemanufacturingsystems(FMS).Theycontrolstand-alonesysteAutomatedStorageandRetrievalSystems(oftenreferredtoasASRSorAS/RS)referstoavarietyofcomputer-controlledmethodsforautomaticallydepositingandretrievingloadsfromdefinedstoragelocations.AutomatedStorageandRetrievaTheAutomatedGuidedVehicleorAutomaticGuidedVehicle(AGV)isamobilerobotusedinindustrialapplicationstomovematerialsaroundamanufacturingfacilityorawarehouse.LaserGuidedUnitloadAGVTheAutomatedGuidedVehicleoThefactoryofthefutureisbuiltontheconceptofanintegratedcontrolsystem(ICS),anewthrustinmanufacturingisbeginningtomeanasignificantchangeintheeveryconceptsofcontrol.

Acontrolsystemisadeviceorsetofdevicestomanage,command,directorregulatethebehaviorofotherdevicesorsystems.Thefactoryofthefutureisb1.Computer-integratedControlSystem

ThephilosophyofanICSistotietogetherthesubsystemsofbusiness,engineering,andproductionoverthecompletemanufacturingcycletocreateasmoothmanufacturingbusinessmachine.Thatis,anICSaccountsforallthevariablesintheprocessofdoingbusinessandfortheinterrelationshipsamongthesevariables.

1.Computer-integratedContrTechnologiessuchascomputersystems,communicationsystems,programmablelogicalcontrollers(PLC),distributedcontrolsystems,anduser-orientedinformationsystemshavebeendeveloped,perfected,andarebeingmarketedforcomputerICS.Aprogrammablelogiccontroller(PLC)orprogrammablecontrollerisadigitalcomputerusedforautomationofindustrialprocesses,suchascontrolofmachineryonfactoryassemblylines.Technologiessuchascomput

ICSaredirectedatcreatingandcontrollingasingle,integratedplanforoperatingthefacilityandproducingacooperative,harmoniousworkingrelationshipamongallpartsofthebusiness.ICSaredirectedatcreatinThesesystemsaresupportedbyperfecteddevicessuchassensors,transducers,transmitters,receivers,measuringmeans,andcommunicationmedia.Suchcomponentsandsystemsaretypicaltechnologicaltoolsforcomputerintegratedcontrolsystems.Thesesystemsaresupported2.LevelsofControlSuccessfulimplementationinthefactoryofthefuturewillbeachievedbytop-downdesignofhierarchicalcontrolarchitectureasdepictedinFig.1.5.Suchaconceptualarchitectureshouldbeimplementedincrementallyinabottom-upfashion.2.LevelsofControlFig.1.5.HierarchicalAutomationSystemManagementControlSupervisoryControlSupervisoryControlSupervisoryControl

ProcessControlProcessControlLevel1Level2Level3AreaAAreaBAreaCFig.1.5.HierarchicalAutomatiAtthelowestlevel,level3,thesystemconcentratesoncontrolofindividualmachinesorprocesses.Thislevelreceivesdirectivesfromhigher-levelcontrolsystemsoroperators.Itistheprimarylevelofcontrolandisusuallythefastestactinglevel.Atthelowestlevel,level3,AtLevel2,relatedorsequentialmachinesorprocessesaretiedtogetherdynamically.Thislevelprovidesforinter-processcoordinationthatproducesaoptimumsequencing,throughputmaximization,andimproveduseofcapitalandmaterial.AtLevel2,relatedorsequent

Simulatorstopredictupsetsandbottlenecksortoaidengineersinimprovingoperationsbegintoappear.Usually,Level2controlstakelongertorespondtoanactionthanatLevel3.Insomecases,thecontrolactionishuman-oriented.Simulatorstopredictupsets

ThefullsystemcomestogetheratLevel1.Usingresource-planningsystems,high-leveldynamicsimulators,maintenance-planningsystemsandothertools,theentirecomplexcanbeputundercontrol.Thislevelofcontrolisstillintendedforreal-timecontrol.However,controlactionsareslowoftenintheorderofdays.Thefullsystemcomestoget

3.DistributedControl

Theprimaryrequirementofdistributedcontrolisthetransferofinformationfromonestationlevelcontrollertoanotherorfromonecomputertoanotheronthesamelevel.

Thus,interlockedinformationispassedamongpeercomputersorcontrollerstocoordinatemachineryandprocessfunctionsastheproductmovesfromonestepoftheproductionprocesstothenext.3.DistributedControl

Real-timecontrolofmachineryandindustrialprocessesrequiresmillisecondresponsetosensoryinputandcoordinationofrelatedprocesselements.Itisthereal-timerequirementsthatmakethedecentralizationconceptsoimportant.Supervisoryandadministrationfunctions,wherereal-timecommunicationisnotsocritical,mustnotinterferewiththetime-criticalcontrolloop.Real-timecontrolofmachinChapter-