比較勞工政策期末筆記(英文版)

TheindeterminacyofthelaborcontractTheindeterminacyofthelaborcontract.Employer:stronglyresistedGovernment:uselegalmeanstorestrictlaborconflicts.SharpclassconfrontationIntenseclassconflicteg:《結(jié)社法》英國Ingeneral,thelaborconflictsweremainlyintheimprovementoflaborconditions,theactivities.CharacteristicsofFordism:EconomiesofscaleUniformityandstandardizationLargeenterprisesKeynesianCollectivewagebargaining.NewideasofcontemporaryindustrialrelationsThelaborworldisfacingunprecedentedchallengesbecauseofthecapitalglobalizationEconomicoperationmechanismeconomicstructure.ThetheoreticalsystemRicardotoBentham'sutilitarianismasthestartingpoint,toestablishalabortheoryofvalueasthebasis,tothedistributiontheoryasthecenterofthetheoreticalsystem5.IdeologicalandculturalfactorsthatinfluencedSmith：(1)Scientificrevolutionandtheenlightenment(2)Physiocraticschooleconomicliberalism(3)EconomicindividualismofDavidHume.MullerJentsch，DistinguishesontologicallybetweensystemtheoryMarxisttheory,institutionalism,actiontheoryandeconomicapproachesTheprimacyofmarketThestatebehavesessentialasanagentofmaketforcesPoliticalforcesareequallyimportanttomarketforces,thelabormarketisseenasapoliticalaswellsaneconomicforumThestateisregardedasanindependentactorandthesubordinatetothemarket.convergencetheories：kerrBackground：commontechnologiesandcross-nationalmarketswouldcreateconvergenceGlobaleconomyForces：Hcation,equalityandthelonofcomparisonstheLaborTheoryofvalueLabouronlysourceofvalueFocusisonuniqueaspectsoflabourwithrespecttoallothercommoditiesOnlycommoditywithdifferencebetweencommodity"and"commodity-powerAcorollary:iflabouronlysourceofvalue,thencapitalmerelycontributesstoredlabour-valuetoproductTheoreticalperspectivesoncomparativeemploymentrelationsintroductionEmploymentrelations:interdisciplinaryempiricalmethodologiesEmpiricalbias:Conceptualdevelopment，Theoreticalinnovation，Comparativeresearch，EmpiricalcomparisonsofemplovmentmodelsCollingandTerryTheinequalityorasymmetryofpowerresourcesoftheactorsinvolvedthedynamicnatureoftherelationshipandtheco-existenceofconflictandcooperationtheinfluenceofglobalizationFirstly:,globalizationhasexpandedtheboundariesofthemarketplaceSecondly,globalizationhasdisturbedthestatusquobetween"capital"and"labor"ineachcountryThirdly.,globalizationishavingacontradictoryImpactonIRFourth,liberalizationleadstocompetitionhichcouldincreaseeconimicInequalitiesFifth.ThestrengthofworkerscontinuestobeWeakenedineconomicglobalization.LabororganizationsanditsbargainingpowerweakenedSixth.ThedevelopmentofeconomicglobalizationIsalsopregnantwithanewmechanismtorestrainthepowerofcapital,toprovideanewopportunityforrebuildingtherelativebalancebetwveenemployersandemployeesThepoliticaleconomyoremploymentrelationsHumansbeingsandcitizensofpoliticaldemocraciesApoliticalprocessAmoreinstitutionalsensePowerresourcetheory:PreviousresearchInadequateAnimportantcomparativeresearchmodelbackgroundIn1929theAmericanGreatDepressionRooseveltUnemploymentlabormovementNewDealeraolarge-scaleinterventioninpubliclifeolaborpolicythatfavorstotradeunionsothecoordinationoflaborrelationsandthelaborstandardstodeterminethebasisofthelegalpolicyinUSislaidinthiseraoalargewaveofstrikesBigbusinesslargescaleofproductionHeavyoverheadcostsRequirenewformofpublicRegulationtoprotectconsumersandworkersfromexploitationo1935CongresspassedtheNationalLaborRelationsAct01935Wagneracto1947Taft-Hartleyact01959Landrum-GriffinActUnion1)NewdealeraunionismtransformedlifeformanyworkersAssureworkersofafairshareofproductivitygainsCorporatistmodel,theimplementationof"labor,employersandgovernmenttripartitecooperationmechanism3)During1970sUnionrateisgettinglowerandlowerThenumberotstrikesdecreasedyearbyyearPolIticalIntluencewasdiminishingthereason:First,thesuppressfromgovernmentandenterprisesandenterprisesSecond,theimpactofeconomicglobalizationThird,thepolicyfocuseschangedfromthecorporatismtoafreecompetitivemarketeconomyFourththecauseoftheunionitselfsplitandcorruptionconclusionThespecialrelationshipbetweentradeunionsandpoliticalpartiesObama'spolicies:oHighertaxes,higherenergycosts,mandatoryorganizationsoflaborunion,andObama-stylehealthcarereformoRepeatedextensionofthelong-termunemploymentbenefitpolicyoThetensionsbetweenObamaandunionsarealsoresistedLaborunionsplayanimportantroleinAmericanpolitics,economyandsociallifeLaborunionisadouble-edgedswordopositivesignificanceimprovetheeconomictreatmentofworkers,safeguardtheirrightsandinterests,promotetherationalizationofincomedistributionandpoliticaldemocratizationoGovernmentEmployeeUnionisanimportantweightforthepoliticalbalanceofthecityoMaintainingthedynamicbalanceofthecapitalistsociety.oNegativesignificance:Disruptingtheeconomicandsocialordercomparisonohightaxes-h-ar-dforemployersoCuttaxes-goodforemployersobettereconomy-le-ssneedsofTradeunionoCrisis-moreneedsoLiberalism(positive,biggov,smallsociety)oConservatism,Nationalism,populismbackgroundA4B41979:Collectivebargainingwasthedominantmethodofpaydetermination2010normandcollectiveagreementsdeclinedThepowerresourcesofworkershadsubstantiallydeclinedTheactorsoftheprocessesinemploymentrelationsEarly19CLate19CPost-secondworldwar:voluntarist1960s,thissystembegantounravel1968-1970s,unsuccessfulThetraditionofvoluntarismThetraditionofvoluntarism1979-1997(2)tradeunionsandcollectivebargainingthestateoftradeunionmustbemeasuredalonganumberofdimensionsmembershiphasdeclinedandthescalehasdeclined2011:asingleconfed1979-2010:slumpedthreemainreasonp173unionsresponsetothep174(3)employersandemployerorganizationsemployerassociatedearly1980:thebargainingfunctionofassociationsdisappearedThecontractshavechangedwithadeclineintheproportionoffull-timecontracts1980-2004:consultationhasdeclinedTheliteratureonIRCombusion(4)governmentdistinctroles1970s:Keynesianviewsinfluencep1761979conservativegovernmentp176neo-liberalpolicy1997-2010:laborgovernmentdepartedfromconservativegovernmenp177(5)employmentrelationsoutcomesConclusion:thegrowthofindividuallegalclaimsagainstemployersThatcher'sunionpressurepolicyLimitinganddeprivingtradeunionpowersthroughlegislativeandadministrativeways.Takeanuncompromisingpositionagainsttheunion'sstrikeactionanddemandsIndirectlyweakeningtradeunionsthrougheconomicandsocialpoliciesTheeffectoflaborpolicyEconomiceffectTheBritisheconomyhasregaineditsvitalityPoliticaleffectTheinfluenceofThatcher'stoughpolicyagainsttradeunionontheConservativeParty'smainlymanifestedintermsofsignificantrulingperformanceoftheConservativeParty(wonthelongestcontinuouspost-warperiodofadministration).(3)SocialeffectsPovertyandunemployment()thewealthgapbetweenemployersandemployeesInstitutionsandactorchoices。institutionsareimportantvariablesforcomparativeemploymentrelations'research。ActorchoicescouldshapeIndustrialrelationsstructures,processesandoutcomesCharacteristicsofBritishlaborrelationsafterWorldWarIIWeaknessoflegalsystemThegrowingroleofgovernment(mainlylimitedtradeunions)LaborRelationsundertheReformofLaborPartyafter1998corporatismlaborrelationsreformplanachievethepartnershipbetweenemployersandemployeesathirdroad:transcendingsocialdemocracyandneoliberalismItscoreistoemphasizechangeandinnovationtoseekthebalancebetweendevelopmentanyjustice,rightsandobligationsThisstageoftheBritishtradeunions,activelyexploretheroadtorevivalTradeunionmembershipintheUKreachedapeakof13millionin1979andthendeclinedsteadilyuntiltheendofthetwentiethcentury.Thenumbersstabilizedataround7.3millionbetween2000and2012,andhavebeenincreasingagain,particularlyamongprivatesectorworkersTradeunionsstillremainamongthebiggestmembershiporganizationsinthecountry.AccordingtoFulton,in2011,overaquarter(27%)ofallUKemployeesweremembersofatradeunion,thoughuniondensitywasmuchhigherinthepublicsector(57%)thanintheprivatesector(15%)Theoriginoftheunion(Swedish)TheswedishtradeunionisthemostpowerfulunionamongallWesterntradeunionorganizationsTheSwedishConfederationofTradeUnions(LO)wasestablishedin1898.TheSwedishEmployersConfederation(SAF)wasestablishedin1902.conclusionAttheendof1960s,SwedenhadthewidestrangeofsocialwelfareprogramsintheWesterncountries,thelargestpublicsectorandthemostpowerfulstateintervention.Asaresult,tradeunionsandgovernmentswhichrepresentedthealienationforcesofmarketeconomicshadbegantoplayarole.Strategiesofemployers,unions,andworkersMarketforces,institutionalimperatives,andstatepoliciesareeitherreflectedbyorimplementedthroughemployerstrategiesBothtosafeguardtheinterestsofworkersandtheoverallinterestsofthecountry,bothrepresentingworkersandrepresentativesofthepartyandgovernmentAlthoughuniondependenceonthepartymaygrantunionscertainoliticalpower,thismayfundamentallyaffecttheirrepresentativeroleinthelongrunhangesintheinternalenvironmentoftheunionChangesUnionshaveexperiencedagradualdeclineduringthepast15years,followedbyasharpdropfrom2007andonwardsThetransferofworkersfrompublictoprivatesectorhassimultaneouslyimpliedatransferfromindustrytotheservicereasonschangesofworkforcecompositionyoungpeopleshowcriticalattitudestouniontheLiberal-ConservativegovernmentputpressureontheunionCHANGEBackgroundmassunemploymenindustrialconflictneweconomictheories,stateinterventionmeasuresagainstunemploymentemploymentIstronginterestsinkeepingwagedown2pushedstronglyforcentralizationofcollectivebargainingResultTheunionsandemployersconcludedtheBasicAgreementof1938.alsocalledtheSotcherbadenAgreementChangesintheexternalenvironmentoftradeunionsCondition：Theparty-unionrelationshipremainedcloseatthetoplevelReason：electoralplatforms1970seconomycrisisConditions:Risingunemployment,politicalradicalizationwithinthelabormarket,thepossibilityofbargainingforhigherwagesbecamerestrictedMeasures:UnionsturnedtoSocialDemocraticgovernmentforpoliticalreforms.SeverallawsonemploymentprotectwereintroduceThecharacteristicsoftradeunionorganizations1.lowdensityandhighcoverageoftheNordicmodel.LOandSAFsignedthe"SotcherbaBorgAgreement"in1938,formallyestablishedtheprincipleof"consultationandcooperation,thetwosidesarefreetonegotiateandrefusethegovernmentinterventioninanycase..UnitedstateandUnitedKingdom:lowdensity,lowcourageBackground.economicgrowth.rapidandsustainedGDPgrowth.Workers'incomehassignificantlyincreased.theshareofwagesinGDPhassteadilydeclined.theshareoflaborremunerationinGDPalsodeclined.Thegrowthofincomeinequality.Workers'rightsarefrequentlyviolated.quittingtheirjobsandlabourconflictshasskyrocketedNew"Swedishmodel"from1980Thethirdway:betweentighteningandexpansionChangesintheexternalenvironmentoftradeunionsthechangesofdomesticpoliticalconditionsConditions:TheunionshadtoreconsidertheirstronglinkstotheSocialDemocratsandbeopenfortalksalsowithotherparties.In1980s.alooserparty-unionrelationshipemerged.theinfluencesofEUEUlegislationonminimumwagesthreatenedtointerfereindomesticlabourlegislationandmakecollectiveagreementsobsoleteReasons.TheSocialDemocratslosttheirhegemonicposition.Theopenandstronglinksbetweenthepartyandtheblue-collarunionsandLO,theunionconfederationwereincreasinglycriticized.agrowingurgeforindividualfreedomamongimportantpartsoftheelectorateanddiscontentwiththe"StrongSociety".TherewasstrongoppositionfromindustrytosocialistreformsinitiatedbytheunionANALYSISPERSPECTIVESMarketInstitutions:redistribution-basedState:themostpowerfulactorThefirstisdecentralizedaccumulationtoliberalizelocaleconomiesThesecondislegalisticlegitimationofauthoritarianruletorulethecountrybylawwithoutpoliticalcontrolRelationshipbetweenDPandun