考研考博-英語(yǔ)-吉林體育學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-吉林體育學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Theessentialweaknessoftheoldandtraditionaleducationwasnotjustthatitemphasizedthenecessityforprovisionofdefinitesubject-matterandactivities.Thesethingsarenecessitiesforanythingthatcanrightlybecallededucation.Theweaknessandevilwasthattheimaginationofeducatorsdidnotgobeyondprovisionofafixedandrigidenvironmentofsubject-matter,onedrawnmoreoverfromsourcesaltogethertooremotefromtheexperiencesofthepupil.Whatisneededintheneweducationismoreattention,notless,tosubject-matterandtoprogressintechnique.ButwhenIsaymoreIdonotmeanmoreinquantityofthesameoldkind.Imeananimaginativevisionwhichseesthatnoprescribedandready-madeschemecanpossiblydeterminetheexactsubject-matterthatwillbestpromotetheeducativegrowthofeveryindividualyoungperson;thatevennewindividualsetsanewproblem;thathecallsforatleastasomewhatdifferentemphasisinsubject-matterpresented.Thereisnothingmoreblindlystupidthantheconventionwhichsupposesthatthematteractuallycontainedintextbooksofarithmetic,history,geography,etc.,isjustwhatwillfurthertheeducationaldevelopmentofallchildren.

Butwithdrawalfromthehardandfastandnarrowcontentsoftheoldcurriculumisonlythenegativesideofthematter.Ifwedonotgofarinthepositivedirectionofprovidingabodyofsubject-mattermuchricher,morevariedandflexible,andalsointruthmoredefinite,judgedintermsoftheexperienceofthosebeingeducated,thantraditionaleducationsupplied,weshalltendtoleaveaneducationalvacuuminwhichanythingmayhappen.Completeisolationisimpossibleinnature.Theyoungliveinsomeenvironmentwhetherweintenditornot,andthisenvironmentisconstantlyinteractingwithwhatchildrenandyouthbringtoit,andtheresultistheshapingoftheirinterests,mindsandcharacter—eithereducativelyormis-educatively.Iftheprofessededucatorgivesuphisresponsibilityforjudgingandselectingthekindofenvironmentthathisbestunderstandingleadshimtothinkwillbecontributivetogrowth,thentheyoungareleftatthemercyofalltheunorganizedandcasualforcesofthemodernsocialenvironmentthatinevitablyplayuponthemaslongastheylive.Intheeducativeenvironmenttheknowledge,judgmentandexperienceoftheteacherisagreater,notasmallerfactor,thanitisinthetraditionalschool.Thedifferenceisthattheteacheroperatesnotasajudgesetonhighandmarkedbyarbitraryauthoritybutasafriendlyco-partnerandguideinacommonenterprise.

1.Intheauthor’sview,thebasicfaultofoldeducationconsistsin（）.

2.Theauthoragitatesreformsinthe（）.

3.Itseemsthatneweducationalistsfavor（）.

4.Therewillbetheriskofforminganeducationalblankif（）.

5.Pupilsmaybewellguardedagainstillsocialinfluencesaslongas（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.theinadequatesupplyofspecificsubjectsandprograms

B.thepoorimaginativecapacitiesofeducators

C.providinginflexibleeducationalconditions

D.makingpupilsreadtextbookswithoutdatedcontent

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.oldsubject-mattertofollowtechnologicaladvances

B.staleteachingmaterialsandteachingmethods

C.prescribedtextbooksandunchangingsystems

D.generalconsentaboutmultipurposetextbooks

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.teachingpupilsaccordingtoeachone’stalent

B.introducingthelatestinformationtotheyouth

C.renderinginstructionclosetopupils’experiences

D.supplementingalltextbookswithfreshmaterials4.Therewillbetheriskofforminganeducationalblankif（）.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.therigidschoolcurriculaarethoroughlytransformed

B.thenegativeeffectofoldeducationisonlypartlyrecognized

C.thetraditionalsubject-mattertotallysubstitutesfornewone

D.thereplacementofunvaryingcourseswithflexibleonesfails5.Pupilsmaybewellguardedagainstillsocialinfluencesaslongas（）.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.educatorsdiscardtheirliabilityforthebeing-educated

B.teachershavesoundjudgmenttomaketherightchoice

C.instructorshelpestablishconditionsfavorabletopupils’growth

D.schoolmastersfunctionasequalco-operatorsinajointbusiness

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：在作者看來(lái)，舊教育的基本錯(cuò)誤在于_____。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“basicfault”和“oldeducation”可以定位到文章第一段Theessentialweaknessoftheoldandtraditionaleducationwasnotjustthatitemphasizedthenecessityforprovisionofdefinitesubject-matterandactivities.Thesethingsarenecessitiesforanythingthatcanrightlybecallededucation.Theweaknessandevilwasthattheimaginationofeducatorsdidnotgobeyondprovisionofafixedandrigidenvironmentofsubject-matter,onedrawnmoreoverfromsourcesaltogethertooremotefromtheexperiencesofthepupil.（舊的和傳統(tǒng)的教育的本質(zhì)弱點(diǎn)不僅僅是它強(qiáng)調(diào)提供明確的主題和活動(dòng)的必要性。這些東西對(duì)于任何可以被稱為教育的東西都是必需的。教育工作者的缺點(diǎn)和不幸是，他們的想象力不能超越為學(xué)生提供一個(gè)固定的、僵化的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境，而且他們的學(xué)習(xí)來(lái)源與學(xué)生的經(jīng)歷相距甚遠(yuǎn)。），B選項(xiàng)“教育工作者缺乏想象力”，符合原文表達(dá)的意思。A選項(xiàng)“特定科目和課程供應(yīng)不足”和C選項(xiàng)“提供固定的教育條件”，和原文表達(dá)的意思沖突，D選項(xiàng)“讓學(xué)生閱讀內(nèi)容過(guò)時(shí)的課本”在文中并沒有提及，綜上所述，本題的正確答案是B選項(xiàng)。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：作者在_________上鼓勵(lì)改革。根據(jù)題干可以定位到文章第一段第四句話Whatisneededintheneweducationismoreattention,notless,tosubject-matterandtoprogressintechnique.（新教育所需要的是更多的關(guān)注，而不是更少的關(guān)注素材和技術(shù)的進(jìn)步。），可知A選項(xiàng)“跟隨技術(shù)進(jìn)步的老題材”符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“陳舊的教材和教學(xué)方法”，C選項(xiàng)“規(guī)定的教科書和不變的系統(tǒng)”和D選項(xiàng)“對(duì)多用途教科書的普遍認(rèn)可”在文中均未提及。綜上所述，本題的正確答案是A選項(xiàng)。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：新的教育學(xué)家似乎更青睞_________。根據(jù)題干可以定位到文章第一段Whatisneededintheneweducationismoreattention,notless,tosubject-matterandtoprogressintechnique.ButwhenIsaymoreIdonotmeanmoreinquantityofthesameoldkind.Imeananimaginativevisionwhichseesthatnoprescribedandready-madeschemecanpossiblydeterminetheexactsubject-matterthatwillbestpromotetheeducativegrowthofeveryindividualyoungperson;（新教育所需要的是更多的關(guān)注，而不是更少的關(guān)注素材和技術(shù)的進(jìn)步。但是，當(dāng)我說(shuō)“更多”的時(shí)候，我并不是指同樣的數(shù)量上的“更多”。我指的是一種富有想象力的愿景，認(rèn)為沒有現(xiàn)成的計(jì)劃可以確定最能促進(jìn)每個(gè)年輕人教育成長(zhǎng)的確切主題；），原文表達(dá)的意思是沒有固定的教材可以促進(jìn)每個(gè)年輕人的成長(zhǎng)，不同的年輕人應(yīng)該使用不同的教育素材，因此A選項(xiàng)“因材施教”，符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“向青年介紹最新的信息”，C選項(xiàng)“貼近學(xué)生的經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行教學(xué)”，D選項(xiàng)“用新材料補(bǔ)充所有教科書”，均不符合原文意思，所以本題的正確答案是A選項(xiàng)。

4.細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干：如果_________，將有形成教育空白的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“educationalblank”可以定位到文章第二段第二句Ifwedonotgofarinthepositivedirectionofprovidingabodyofsubject-mattermuchricher,morevariedandflexible,andalsointruthmoredefinite,judgedintermsoftheexperienceofthosebeingeducated,thantraditionaleducationsupplied,weshalltendtoleaveaneducationalvacuuminwhichanythingmayhappen.（如果我們不能比傳統(tǒng)教育提供一個(gè)主題更豐富、更多樣和靈活的主體的正確方向，不能在事實(shí)上比傳統(tǒng)教育更加明確，不能判斷針對(duì)這些教育的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，針對(duì)任何發(fā)生的事情，我們都將可能形成教育空白。），D選項(xiàng)“用靈活的課程替代不變的課程失敗了”說(shuō)法與句意一致。A選項(xiàng)“僵化的學(xué)校課程被徹底改變了”與句意相反。B選項(xiàng)“舊教育的負(fù)面影響只被部分認(rèn)識(shí)到”，在文中沒有提及，說(shuō)法無(wú)根據(jù)。C選項(xiàng)“傳統(tǒng)的題材完全取代了新的題材”與句意相反。綜上所述，本題的正確答案是D選項(xiàng)。

5.主旨大意題。題干：只要_________，學(xué)生們就可以很好地防范不良的社會(huì)影響。根據(jù)題干可以定位到文章第二段Theyoungliveinsomeenvironmentwhetherweintenditornot,andthisenvironmentisconstantlyinteractingwithwhatchildrenandyouthbringtoit,andtheresultistheshapingoftheirinterests,mindsandcharacter—eithereducativelyormis-educatively.Iftheprofessededucatorgivesuphisresponsibilityforjudgingandselectingthekindofenvironmentthathisbestunderstandingleadshimtothinkwillbecontributivetogrowth,thentheyoungareleftatthemercyofalltheunorganizedandcasualforcesofthemodernsocialenvironmentthatinevitablyplayuponthemaslongastheylive.（不管我們?cè)敢馀c否，年輕人都生活在某種環(huán)境中，而這種環(huán)境不斷地與兒童和青少年帶給它的東西相互影響，其結(jié)果是他們的興趣、心智和性格的塑造——是受教育的或者是受誤導(dǎo)的。如果自詡的教育家放棄判斷和選擇在他的理解下有利于成長(zhǎng)的環(huán)境的責(zé)任，那么年輕人就會(huì)任由現(xiàn)代社會(huì)環(huán)境中所有無(wú)組織的、隨意的力量擺布，只要他們活著，這些力量就不可避免地會(huì)對(duì)他們產(chǎn)生影響。），所以只有教育者判斷和選擇對(duì)年輕人有利的環(huán)境，才能避免他們受到不良的影響，B選項(xiàng)“老師有足夠的判斷力來(lái)做出正確的選擇”，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“教育者放棄他們對(duì)受教育者的責(zé)任”和原文的意思相反，排除。C選項(xiàng)“教師幫助建立有利于學(xué)生成長(zhǎng)的條件”，教師只能幫助判斷和選擇環(huán)境，而不是主動(dòng)創(chuàng)造條件，所以C選項(xiàng)不對(duì)。D選項(xiàng)“校長(zhǎng)在聯(lián)合企業(yè)中扮演平等的合作者的角色”，在文中并沒有提及。綜上所述，本題的正確答案是B選項(xiàng)。

2.單選題

Moststudentsarriveatcollegeusing“discrete,concreteandabsolutecategoriestounderstandpeople,knowledge,andvalues.”Thesestudentslivewithadualisticview,seeing“theworldinpolartermsofwe-right-goodvs.other-wrong-bad.”Thesestudentscannotacknowledgetheexistenceofmorethanonepointofviewtowardanyissue.Thereisone“right”way.Andbecausetheseabsolutesareassumedbyorimposedontheindividualfromexternalauthority,theycannotbepersonallysubstantiatedorauthenticatedbyexperience.Thesestudentsareslavestothegeneralizationsoftheirauthorities.Aneyeforaneye!Capitalpunishmentisaptjusticeformurder.TheBiblesaysso.

Moststudentsbreakthroughthedualisticstagetoanotherequallyfrustratingstage—multiplicity.Withinthisstage,studentsseeavarietyofwaystodealwithanygiventopicorproblem.However,whilethesestudentsacceptmultiplepointsofview,theyareunabletoevaluateorjustifythem.Tohaveanopinioniseveryone’sright.Whilestudentsinthedualisticstageareunabletoproduceevidencetosupportwhattheyconsidertobeself-evidentabsolutes,studentsinthemultiplisticstageareunabletoconnectinstancesintocoherentgeneralizations.Everyassertion,everypoint,isvalid.Intheirdemocracytheyaredirectionless.Capitalpunishment?Whatsenseisthereinansweringonemurderwithanother?

Thethirdstageofdevelopmentfindsstudentslivinginaworldofrelativism.Knowledgeisrelative:rightandwrongdependonthecontext.Nolongerrecognizingthevalidityofeachindividualideaoraction,relativistsexamineeverythingtofinditsplaceinanoverallframework.Whilethemultiplistviewstheworldasunconnected,almostrandom,therelativistseeksalwaystoplacephenomenaintocoherentlargerpatterns.Studentsinthisstageviewtheworldanalytically.Theyappreciateauthorityforitsexpertise,usingittodefendtheirowngeneralizations.Inaddition,theyacceptorrejectostensibleauthorityaftersystematicallyevaluatingitsvalidity.Inthisstage,however,studentsresistdecisionmaking.Sufferingtheambivalenceoffindingseveralconsistentandacceptablealternatives,theyarealmostoverwhelmedbydiversityandneedmeansformanagingit.Capitalpunishmentisappropriatejustice—insomeinstances.

Inthefinalstagestudentsmanagediversitythroughindividualcommitment.Studentsdonotdenyrelativism.Rathertheyassertanidentitybyformingcommitmentsandassumingresponsibilityforthem.Theygatherpersonalexperienceintoacoherentframework,abstractprinciplestoguidetheiractions,andusetheseprinciplestodisciplineandgoverntheirthoughtsandactions.Theindividualhaschosentojoinaparticularcommunityandagreestolivebyitstenets.Theaccusedhashadthebenefitofdueprocesstoguardhiscivilrights,ajuryofpeershasfoundhimguilty,andthestatehastherighttoendhislife.ThisisaprinciplemycommunityandIendorse.

31.Studentswhoare“dualistic”thinkersmaynotbeabletosupporttheirbeliefsconvincinglybecause________.

32.Whichoneofthefollowingassertionsissupportedbythepassage?

33.Inparagraphtwo,theauthorstatesthatintheir“democracy”studentsinthemultiplicitystagearedirectionless.Thewriterdescribesmultiplicitystudentsasbeingina“democracy”because________.

34.WhichoneofthefollowingkindsofthinkingisNOTdescribedinthepassage?

35.Whichoneofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthemessage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.mostoftheirbeliefscannotbesupportedbyarguments

B.theyhaveacceptedtheir“truths”simplybecauseauthoritieshavesaidthesethingsare“true”

C.theyhalf-believeandhalf-disbelievejustabouteverything

D.theirteachersalmostalwaysthinkthat“dualistic”thinkersarewrong

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Committedthinkersarenotverysureoftheirpositions.

B.Relativisticthinkershavelearnedhowtomakesenseoutoftheworldandhavechosentheirownpositionsinit.

C.Multiplicitythinkershavedifficultyunderstandingtherelationshipsbetweendifferentpointsofview.

D.Dualisticthinkershavethoughtoutthereasonsfortakingtheirpositions.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.therearesomanydifferentkindsofpeopleinademocracy

B.inan“ideal”democracy,allpeopleareconsideredequal;byextension,soaretheiropinions

C.Democratsgenerallydonothaveagoodsenseofdirection

D.inademocracytheindividualhasultimateauthorityoverhimself,notthestate

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Peoplewhoassurethatthereisnorightorwronginanyissue.

B.Peoplewhomakeunreasonedcommitmentsandstickbythem.

C.Peoplewhobelievethatrightorwrongdependsonthesituation.

D.Peoplewhothinkthatallbehaviorcanbeaccountedforbycauseandeffectrelationships.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Fourmethodsofthoughtarecomparedandcontrasted.

B.Itisshownhoweachoffourtypesofthoughtevolvedfromeachother.

C.Fourmethodsofthoughtarepresented,andeachisshowntocomplementtheother.

D.Theevolutionofthoughtthroughfourstagesispresented,andeachstageisillustratedbyhowitviewscapitalpunishment.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】31.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段第五、六句Andbecausetheseabsolutesareassumedbyorimposedontheindividualfromexternalauthority,theycannotbepersonallysubstantiatedorauthenticatedbyexperience.Thesestudentsareslavestothegeneralizationsoftheirauthorities.（因?yàn)檫@些絕對(duì)的東西是由外部權(quán)威假定或強(qiáng)加給個(gè)人的，不能被個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)證實(shí)或驗(yàn)證。這些學(xué)生被權(quán)威所概括的東西奴隸。），可知持二元論的人所認(rèn)為的真理是權(quán)威灌輸?shù)?，不能被個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)證實(shí)或驗(yàn)證，所以可能無(wú)法令人信服，B選項(xiàng)“他們視這些東西為‘真理’，僅僅是因?yàn)闄?quán)威說(shuō)這些是‘真實(shí)的’”正確。A選項(xiàng)“他們的大多數(shù)信仰都沒有論據(jù)支持”：根據(jù)第二段第五句studentsinthedualisticstageareunabletoproduceevidencetosupportwhattheyconsidertobeself-evidentabsolutes（處于二元論階段的學(xué)生無(wú)法提供證據(jù)來(lái)支持他們認(rèn)為是不言而喻的絕對(duì)真理），可知二元論拿不出論據(jù)支持，而不是大多數(shù)信仰沒有論據(jù)支持，故錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“他們對(duì)任何事情都是將信將疑”和D選項(xiàng)“他們的老師幾乎總是認(rèn)為‘二元’思想是錯(cuò)誤的”文章沒有提到，故錯(cuò)誤。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

32.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第四句themultiplistviewstheworldasunconnected,almostrandom,therelativistseeksalwaystoplacephenomenaintocoherentlargerpatterns.（多元論者認(rèn)為世界是不相連的，幾乎是隨機(jī)的，相對(duì)主義者總是試圖將現(xiàn)象置于連貫的更大模式中。），可知多元論者不把各個(gè)觀點(diǎn)聯(lián)系在一起，所以C選項(xiàng)“多樣性思考者很難理解不同觀點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系”正確。A選項(xiàng)“承諾性思想家不太確定自己的立場(chǎng)”：根據(jù)第四段第一句Inthefinalstagestudentsmanagediversitythroughindividualcommitment.（在最后階段，學(xué)生們通過(guò)個(gè)人承諾來(lái)管理多樣性。）和倒數(shù)第三句Theindividualhaschosentojoinaparticularcommunityandagreestolivebyitstenets.（個(gè)人選擇加入一個(gè)特定的社區(qū)，并同意按照它的原則生活。），可知承諾性思想家有自己的立場(chǎng)，故錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“相對(duì)主義思想家已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了如何在這個(gè)世界上有意義，并選擇了他們自己的立場(chǎng)”：根據(jù)第三段第三句Nolongerrecognizingthevalidityofeachindividualideaoraction,relativistsexamineeverythingtofinditsplaceinanoverallframework.（相對(duì)主義者不再承認(rèn)每個(gè)個(gè)體的想法或行動(dòng)的有效性，他們檢查每一件事，以在整體框架中找到它的位置。），可知相對(duì)主義者沒有特定的立場(chǎng)，故錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“二元論的思考者已經(jīng)考慮了堅(jiān)定他們立場(chǎng)的原因”：根據(jù)第一段倒數(shù)第四句Thesestudentsareslavestothegeneralizationsoftheirauthorities.（這些學(xué)生是他們權(quán)威所概括的東西的奴隸。），二元論者的觀點(diǎn)是被灌輸?shù)模麄儧]有想過(guò)為什么有這樣的立場(chǎng)，故錯(cuò)誤。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

33.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第四句Tohaveanopinioniseveryone’sright.（發(fā)表意見是每個(gè)人的權(quán)利。）和第六句Everyassertion,everypoint,isvalid.（每一個(gè)斷言，每一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，都是有效的。），可知在多元論中，每個(gè)人每個(gè)觀點(diǎn)都一樣受到尊重，所以B選項(xiàng)“在‘理想的’民主中，所有的人都被認(rèn)為是平等的；推而廣之，他們的觀點(diǎn)也是如此”正確；沒有強(qiáng)調(diào)人和觀點(diǎn)的多樣，故A選項(xiàng)“民主主義允許存在不同種類的人”錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“民主黨人通常沒有很好的方向感”：根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第三句Intheirdemocracytheyaredirectionless.（在他們的民主中，他們是沒有方向的。），這里指的是思想的方向，而非物理方向，故錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“在民主政體中，個(gè)人對(duì)自己擁有最高權(quán)力，而不是國(guó)家”：這里的民主講的是思想，而非政治，故錯(cuò)誤。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

34.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。A選項(xiàng)“確信任何問題都沒有對(duì)錯(cuò)之分的人”：根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第四句，持多元論的人認(rèn)為Everyassertion,everypoint,isvalid.（每一個(gè)斷言，每一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，都是有效的。），符合文章意思，故錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“做出不合理承諾并堅(jiān)守承諾的人”：根據(jù)第一段第五、六句，持二元論的人盲目聽從theseabsolutesareassumedbyorimposedontheindividualfromexternalauthority（由外部權(quán)威假定或強(qiáng)加給個(gè)人的絕對(duì)的東西），繼而areslavestothegeneralizationsoftheirauthorities（被權(quán)威所概括的東西奴隸），符合文章意思，故錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“相信對(duì)錯(cuò)取決于情況的人”：根據(jù)第三段第二句rightandwrongdependonthecontext（對(duì)與錯(cuò)取決于語(yǔ)境），符合文章意思，故錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為所有行為都可以用因果關(guān)系來(lái)解釋的人”：文章沒有提及，不符合文章意思，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

35.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】主旨大意題。文章層層遞進(jìn)講解了學(xué)生思想發(fā)展的四個(gè)階段，每個(gè)階段用對(duì)死刑的看法進(jìn)行具體的說(shuō)明和區(qū)分，所以D選項(xiàng)“通過(guò)四個(gè)階段的思想演變，每一個(gè)階段都是通過(guò)它如何看待死刑來(lái)說(shuō)明的”正確。A選項(xiàng)“比較和對(duì)比了四種思維方法”：概括不全面，故錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“展示了四種類型的思想是如何相互演化的”和C選項(xiàng)“提出四種思維方式，并且每一種方法都是相輔相成的”：文章沒有提到這四種思維方式的具體關(guān)系如相互演化或相輔相成，故錯(cuò)誤。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Hisideasareinvariablycondemnedas（

）byhiscolleagues.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.imaginative

B.ingenious

C.impractical

D.denied

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。imaginative“富于想象力的，有創(chuàng)造力的”；ingenious“有獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的，機(jī)靈的”；impractical“不切實(shí)際的”；denied“否定”。由“condemned譴責(zé)”可知此空應(yīng)填貶義詞，故C項(xiàng)符合題意。句意：他的想法總是被同事們指責(zé)為不切實(shí)際。

4.單選題

Wehopethestudentswould（

）theinformationcontainedinthelecture.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.associate

B.understand

C.assimilate

D.assess

【答案】C

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析題。associate“使聯(lián)合，使發(fā)生聯(lián)系”；understand“理解，獲悉，推斷”；assimilate“吸收，使同化”；assess“評(píng)定，估價(jià)”。由句中“informationcontainedinthelecture講稿中包含的信息”可知C選項(xiàng)“吸收”正確。

5.單選題

Thechildhasagood（）memory:shecanrepeatthestorieshermothertellsherexactly.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.convey

B.verbal

C.optimistic

D.authentic

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。convey動(dòng)詞，“傳達(dá)，運(yùn)輸”；verbal“口頭的，言語(yǔ)的”；optimistic“樂觀的”；authentic“真正的”。根據(jù)下文“她能準(zhǔn)確地復(fù)述她母親講給她聽的故事”，說(shuō)明孩子的口頭記憶很好，所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

6.填空題

Thisafternoonwe’remeetingwith（1）E.U.environmentalofficialandsomeAustralianspecialiststotalkabouthowto（2）groundwaterpollutionintheTianjinarea.

【答案】1.an

2.prevent

【解析】1.語(yǔ)法題。考查不定冠詞。第一個(gè)空格后的“official官員”為單數(shù)知第一個(gè)空格應(yīng)填一個(gè)不定冠詞a或an,再由EU的發(fā)音“[，i:'ju:]"中第一個(gè)字母為元音發(fā)音知第一個(gè)空應(yīng)填“an”。

2.語(yǔ)義題。句意:探討天津地區(qū)地下水污染防治對(duì)策

7.單選題

Theletterwasperemptoryintone.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.temperate

B.moderate

C.arbitrary

D.percussive

【答案】C

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.temperate氣候溫和的；心平氣和的B.moderate溫和的，適度的

C.arbitrary任意的；專橫的，專制的D.percussive打擊聲的

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】劃線單詞peremptory表示“強(qiáng)制的，絕對(duì)的，專橫的”，C選項(xiàng)含義最為接近。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、D項(xiàng)與劃線單詞意思不符合。

【句意】這封信語(yǔ)氣堅(jiān)決。

8.單選題

Thereiswidespreadbeliefthattheemergenceofgiantindustrieshasbeenaccompaniedbyanequivalentsurgeinindustrialresearch.Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.Whileindustriallaboratoriescontributedsuchimportantproductsasnylonandtransistors,independentinventorsdevelopedairconditioning,theautomatictransmission,thejetengine,thehelicopter,insulin,andstreptomycin.Stillotherinventions,suchasstainlesssteel,television,silicones,andPlexiglasweredevelopedthroughthecombinedeffortsofindividualsandlaboratoryteams.

Despitethesefinding,weareurgedtosupportmonopolisticpoweronthegroundsthatsuchpowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation.Wearetoldthattheindependentinventor,alongwiththesmallfirm,cannotaffordtoundertaketheimportantresearchneededtoimproveourstandardoflivingwhileprotectingourdiminishingresources;thatonlythegiantcorporationorconglomerate,withitsprodigiousassets,canaffordthekindofexpendituresthatproducethetechnologicaladvancesvitaltoeconomicprogress.Butwhenweexamineexpendituresforresearch,wefindthatofthemorethan$35billionspenteachyearinthiscountry,almosttwo-thirdsisspentbythefederalgovernment.Morethanhalfofthisgovernmentexpenditureisfunneledintomilitaryresearchandproductdevelopment,accountingfortheenormousincreaseinspendinginsuchindustriesasnuclearenergy,aircraft,missiles,andelectronics.Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefense-linkedresearchprojectswilleitherimproveourstandardoflivingordomuchtoprotectourdiminishingresources.

Recenthistoryhasdemonstratedthatwemayhavetoalterourlongstandingconceptionoftheprocessactuatedbycompetition.Thepricevariable,onceperceivedasthedominantaspectoftheprocess,isnowsubordinatetothecompetitionofthenewproduct,thenewbusinessstructure,andthenewtechnology.Whileitcanbeassumedthatinahighlycompetitiveindustrynotdominatedbyasinglecorporation,investmentininnovation—ariskyandexpensivebudgetitem—mightmeetresistancefrommanagementandstockholdersconcernedaboutcost-cutting,efficientorganization,andlargeadvertisingbudgets,itwouldbeanegregiouserrortoequatethemonopolisticproducerwithbountifulexpendituresonresearch.Large-scaleenterprisestendtooperatemorecomfortablyinstableandsecurecircumstances,andtheirmanagerialbureaucraciestendtopromotethestatusquoandresistthethreatimplicitinchange.Moreover,insomecases,industrialgiantsfacedwithlittleornocompetitionseektoavoidthecapitallossresultingfromobsolescencebydeliberatelyobstructingtechnologicalprogress.Bycontrast,smallfirmsundeterredbylargeinvestmentsinplantandcapitalequipmentoftenaggressivelypursuenewtechniquesandnewproducts,investingininnovationinordertoexpandtheirmarketshares.

Theconglomeratesarenot,however,completelyexceptfromstrongcompetitivepressures.ThereareinstancesinwhichtheytoomustcompetewithanotherindustrialGoliath,andthentheirweaponsmayincludelargeexpendituresforinnovation.

36.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（）.

37.Accordingtothepassage,importantinventionsofthetwentiethcentury（）.

38.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthesecondparagraphofthepassage?

39.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?

40.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheauthor’smainpoint?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.advocateanincreaseingovernmentsupportoforganizedindustrialresearch

B.pointoutacommonmisconceptionabouttherelationshipbetweentheextentofindustrialresearchandthegrowthofmonopolisticpowerinindustry

C.describetheinadequaciesofsmallfirmsindealingwiththeimportantmatterofresearchandinnovation

D.showthatAmerica’sstrengthdependsuponindividualingenuityandresourcefulness

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.wereproducedlargelyasaresultofgovernmentalsupportformilitaryweaponsresearchanddevelopment.

B.cameprimarilyfromthehugelaboratoriesofmonopolisticindustries

C.wereproducedatleastasfrequentlybyindependentinventorsasbyresearchteams

D.havegreaterimpactonsmallerfirmsthanonconglomerates

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Expendituresforvariousaspectsofresearcharelisted.

B.Reasonsforsupportingmonopolisticpoweraregivenandthenquestioned.

C.Argumentsarepresentedforminimizingcompetitivebiddingforresearch.

D.Resourcesnecessaryforresearcharedefined.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Monopolisticpowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation.

B.Governmentalexpenditureformilitaryresearchwilldomuchtoprotectourdwindlingresources.

C.Industrialgiants,withtheirmanagerialbureaucracies,respondmorequicklytotechnologicalchangethansmallerfirmsdo.

D.Firmswithasmallshareofthemarketaggressivelypursueinnovationsbecausetheyarenotlockedintooldcapitalequipment.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Inthelastdecade,conglomerateshavesignificantlyincreasedtheirresearchbudgetsfordefensetechnology.

B.Taxrestructuringpermitssmallerfirmstowriteoffalargerpercentageofprofitsagainstresearch.

C.Aten-yearstudyoftheextentofresourcesdevotedtoresearchbysmallerenterprisesrevealsasteadydecline.

D.Militaryresearchisbeingdirectedmoreextensivelytospacetechnologythantoshort-rangemissiles.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】36.主旨目的題。文章第一段是全文的主題段，前兩句的對(duì)比指出了文章的主旨，“Thereiswidespreadbeliefthattheemergenceofgiantindustrieshasbeenaccompaniedbyanequivalentsurgeinindustrialresearch.Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.”即大型工業(yè)的發(fā)展不代表工業(yè)研究投入的增加。從而得出本題答案。

37.

細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞importantinventions定位到原文第一段第二句?！癆recentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.（最近一項(xiàng)關(guān)于世紀(jì)之交以來(lái)重要發(fā)明的研究顯示，超過(guò)一半的發(fā)明是獨(dú)立于有組織的工業(yè)研究的單個(gè)發(fā)明家的發(fā)明。）”從而得出本題答案。

38.

細(xì)節(jié)推理題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段。第二段第二句“Wearetoldthattheindependentinventor,alongwiththesmallfirm,cannotaffordtoundertaketheimportantresearchneededtoimproveourstandardoflivingwhileprotectingourdiminishingresources;thatonlythegiantcorporationorconglomerate,withitsprodigiousassets,canaffordthekindofexpendituresthatproducethetechnologicaladvancesvitaltoeconomicprogress.”指出，用于改善生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的研究只能由大型企業(yè)承擔(dān)，但在第三句“Butwhenweexamineexpendituresforresearch,wefindthatofthemorethan$35billionspenteachyearinthiscountry,almosttwo-thirdsisspentbythefederalgovernment.”又指出，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)政府支出的用于工業(yè)研究的資金有一大部分用于防御項(xiàng)目，有人對(duì)這些研究是否會(huì)提高生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提出質(zhì)疑。從而得出本題答案。

39.

細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。定位第三段最后一句?！癇ycontrast,smallfirmsundeterredbylargeinvestmentsinplantandcapitalequipmentoftenaggressivelypursuenewtechniquesandnewproducts,investingininnovationinordertoexpandtheirmarketshares.（相比之下，小公司不受大型工廠和資本設(shè)備投資的阻礙，往往積極追求新技術(shù)和新產(chǎn)品，投資于創(chuàng)新，以擴(kuò)大其市場(chǎng)份額。）”即可得出本題答案。

40.

細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。通過(guò)閱讀文章后發(fā)現(xiàn)，作者的主要觀點(diǎn)是看好小公司的發(fā)展前途，所以削弱的話，必然是對(duì)小公司進(jìn)行負(fù)面評(píng)價(jià)，從而得出本題答案。

9.單選題

Wewouldjustassoonstayathome（）goforawalk.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.than

B.but

C.as

D.so

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定句型。would(just)assoon...as意為“寧愿...也不...”。句意“我們寧愿待在家里也不愿出去散步。”所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

10.單選題

Frank’sremarkthathewas“slightlybruised”intheaccidentisa/an______;hesufferedtwofracturedribs.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.synecdoche

B.metonymy

C.understatement

D.personification

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)synecdoche“提喻法”，B項(xiàng)metonymy“轉(zhuǎn)喻”，C項(xiàng)understatement“保守的陳述，不充分的陳述”，D項(xiàng)personification“人格化，化身，擬人法”。根據(jù)hesufferedtwofracturedribs“他兩根肋骨骨折”可知，F(xiàn)rank’sremarkthathewas“slightlybruised”intheaccidentisa/an______表示的是“弗蘭克說(shuō)他在事故中有輕微擦傷只是保守的陳述”。句意：弗蘭克說(shuō)他在事故中有“輕微瘀傷”是輕描淡寫的；他兩根肋骨骨折。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

11.翻譯題

Whileattractivenessisapositivefactorforamanonhiswayuptheexecutiveladder,itisharmfultowoman.Handsomemaleexecutiveswereperceivedashavingmoreintegritythanplainermen;effortandabilitywerethoughttoaccountfortheirsuccess.Attractivefemaleexecutiveswereconsideredtohavelessintegritythanunattractiveones;theirsuccesswasattributednottoabilitybuttofactorssuchasluck.

Allunattractivewomenexecutiveswerethoughttohavemoreintegrityandtobemorecapablethantheattractivefemaleexecutives.Interestingly,though,theriseoftheunattractiveovernightsuccesseswasattributedmoretopersonalrelationshipsandlesstoabilitythanwasthatofattractiveovernightsuccesses.

【答案】雖然魅力對(duì)于男性晉升是一個(gè)積極因素，但對(duì)女性卻是不利因素。人們認(rèn)為英俊的男性高管要比相貌平平的男性更正直;而且認(rèn)為他們付出的努力和自身的能力使得他們成功。有魅力的女性高管卻被認(rèn)為沒有無(wú)吸引力的高管正直，她們?nèi)〉贸晒Σ皇菤w因于能力，而是運(yùn)氣等因素。

所有無(wú)魅力的女高管要比有魅力的要正直，也更有能力。有趣的是，盡管如此，與有吸引力的女高管一夜取得成功相比，越來(lái)越多的無(wú)吸引力的女高管更多地因人際關(guān)系，較少因能力而獲得成功。

12.單選題

Onlyaselectednumberoflandladiesintheneighborhoodhavebeenallowedbytheuniversitytotakein____.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.residents

B.lodgers

C.settlers

D.inhabitants

【答案】B

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.residents居民；旅客B.lodgers租客

C.settlers移民D.inhabitants居民

【答案】B

【考查點(diǎn)】名詞辨析

【解題思路】根據(jù)原句前文中的landladies“女房東”