胡壯麟語(yǔ)言學(xué)第四版第章概要課件

InvitationstoLinguisticsInvitationstoLinguistics11.1WhyStudyLanguage?1.2WhatIsLanguage?1.3DesignFeaturesofLanguage1.4OriginofLanguage1.5FunctionsofLanguage1.6WhatIsLinguistics?1.7MainBranchesofLinguistics1.8Macrolinguistics1.9ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics1.1WhyStudyLanguage?21.1WhyStudyLanguage?1.Childrenlearntheirnativelanguageswiftly,efficientlyandwithoutinstruction.2.Languageoperatesbyrules.3.Alllanguageshavethreemajorcomponents:asoundsystem,asystemoflexicogrammarandasystemofsemantics.4.Everyonespeaksadialect.5.Languageslowlychanges.6.Speakersofalllanguagesemployarangeofstylesandasetofjargons.7.Languagesareintimatelyrelatedtothesocietiesandindividualswhousethem.8.Writingisderivativeofspeech.1.1WhyStudyLanguage?1.Chil31.2WhatIsLanguage?Language:isasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.1.2WhatIsLanguage?Language41.3DesignFeaturesofLanguageArbitrarinessDualityCreativityDisplacement1.3DesignFeaturesofLanguage51.Arbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning2.Arbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevel3.Arbitrarinessandconvention1.3.1Arbitrariness1.Arbitraryrelationshipbetwe61.3.2DualityDuality(doublearticulation)Lowerlevel----sounds(meaningless)Higherlevel----meaning(largerunitsofmeaning)1.3.2DualityDuality(doublea71.3.3CreativityPeculiartohumanlanguages，usersoflanguagecanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore,e.g.wecanunderstandsentencelike“Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonthehotelbed”,thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeningintheworld.Agibboncallsystemisnotproductiveforgibbondrawalltheircallsfromafixedrepertoirewhichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganynoveltyimpossible.Thebeedancedoeshavealimitedproductivity,asitisusedtocommunicateaboutfoodsourcesinanydirection.Butfoodsourcesaretheonlykindofmessagesthatcanbesentthroughthebeedance;beesdonot“talk”aboutthemselves,thehives,orwind,letaloneaboutpeople,animals,hopesordesires1.3.3CreativityPeculiartohu81.3.4Displacement----Languagecanbeusedtorefertothings,whicharenotpresent:realorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.

1.3.4Displacement----Language91.4.OriginoflanguageOriginoflanguage1.4.OriginoflanguageOrigin10語(yǔ)言的起源是語(yǔ)言學(xué)的基本理論問(wèn)題之一。對(duì)于語(yǔ)言的起源問(wèn)題。有摹聲說(shuō)bow-wow、勞動(dòng)號(hào)子yo-he-ho說(shuō)、“社會(huì)契約”論和“手勢(shì)語(yǔ)言”論。語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展必然包含兩個(gè)方面：語(yǔ)言交際功能的發(fā)展和語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展。消亡的詞匯不少，但是新產(chǎn)生的更多。詞匯變化的另一形式表現(xiàn)為詞意的改變。詞匯在不同的歷史時(shí)期可以具有不同的詞義，語(yǔ)音的變化雖然不如詞匯明顯，但是它也是隨著時(shí)間的推移在發(fā)展的。英語(yǔ)歷史上就出現(xiàn)了“元音大變遷”。語(yǔ)法也同樣在發(fā)生變化。語(yǔ)言的起源是語(yǔ)言學(xué)的基本理論問(wèn)題之一。對(duì)于語(yǔ)言的起源問(wèn)題。有111.4.1The“bow-wow”theory1.4.2The“pooh-pooh”theory1.4.3The“yo-he-ho”theory1.4.1The“bow-wow”theory1.4.2121.4.1The“bow-wow”theoryInprimitivetimespeopleimitatedthesoundsoftheanimalcallsinthewildenvironmenttheylivedandspeechdevelopedfromthat.Onomatopoeicwordsseemtobeaconvenientevidenceforthistheory.Buttheyareverydifferentinthedegreeofresemblancetheyexpresswiththenaturalsounds.Thistheorylackssupportiveevidence.

1.4.1The“bow-wow”theory131.4.2The“pooh-pooh”theoryInthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors,theyutterinstinctivesoundsofpain,angerandjoy.Asforevidence,wecanonlycitetheuniversaluseofsoundsasinterjections.Twoproblems:Thereisonlyalimitednumberofinterjectionsinalmostalllanguages.Besides,interjectionssuchasOh,Ah,Oopsbearlittlerelationshipwiththesoundsystemofalanguageandthereforearenotgoodevidence.1.4.2The“pooh-pooh”theory141.4.3The“yo-he-ho”theoryAsprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage.Wedohaveprosodicuseofrhythmsinlanguages,butrhythmicgruntsarefardifferentfromlanguageinitspresentsense.Thetheoryisagainatmostaspeculation.1.4.3The“yo-he-ho”theory151.5FunctionsoflanguageInformativeInterpersonalFunctionPerformativeEmotiveFunctionPhaticcommunionRecreationalFunctionMetalingualFunction1.5FunctionsoflanguageInfor161.6Whatislinguistics?Linguistics:isthescientificstudyoflanguageorthescienceoflanguage.1.6Whatislinguistics?Lingui17Processoflinguisticstudy:①Certainlinguisticfactsareobserved,generalizationareformed;②Hypothesesareformulated;③Hypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservations;④Alinguistictheoryisconstructed.Processoflinguisticstudy:181.7MainbranchesoflinguisticsPhoneticsPhonologyMorphologySyntaxSemanticsPragmatics1.7Mainbranchesoflinguisti19Phonetics----speechsound(description,classification,transcription):articulatoryphonetics,acousticphonetics,auditoryphonetics.Phonology----soundpatternsoflanguagesMorphology----theformofwordsPhonetics----speechsound(des20Syntax----therulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentence.Semantics----themeaningoflanguage(whenthemeaningoflanguageisconductedinthecontextoflanguageuse----Pragmatics)Pragmatics---isthestudyofmeaningincontext.Syntax----therulesgoverning211.9Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics1.9Importantdistinctionsin221.9.1Descriptivevs.PrescriptiveDescriptive----describe/analyzelinguisticfactsobservedorlanguagepeopleactuallyuse(modernlinguistic)Prescriptive----laydownrulesfor“correct”linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage(traditionalgrammar)1.9.1Descriptivevs.Prescrip231.9.2Synchronicvs.Diachronic

Synchronicstudy----descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime(modernlinguistics)

Diachronicstudy----descriptionofalanguagethroughtime(historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime1.9.2Synchronicvs.Diachroni241.9.3Langue＆ParoleLangue----theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofthespeechcommunity.Parole----therealizationoflangueinactualuse.1.9.3Langue＆ParoleLangue--251.9.4CompetenceandPerformanceCompetence----theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguagePerformance----theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication

1.9.4CompetenceandPerforman26InvitationstoLinguisticsInvitationstoLinguistics271.1WhyStudyLanguage?1.2WhatIsLanguage?1.3DesignFeaturesofLanguage1.4OriginofLanguage1.5FunctionsofLanguage1.6WhatIsLinguistics?1.7MainBranchesofLinguistics1.8Macrolinguistics1.9ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics1.1WhyStudyLanguage?281.1WhyStudyLanguage?1.Childrenlearntheirnativelanguageswiftly,efficientlyandwithoutinstruction.2.Languageoperatesbyrules.3.Alllanguageshavethreemajorcomponents:asoundsystem,asystemoflexicogrammarandasystemofsemantics.4.Everyonespeaksadialect.5.Languageslowlychanges.6.Speakersofalllanguagesemployarangeofstylesandasetofjargons.7.Languagesareintimatelyrelatedtothesocietiesandindividualswhousethem.8.Writingisderivativeofspeech.1.1WhyStudyLanguage?1.Chil291.2WhatIsLanguage?Language:isasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.1.2WhatIsLanguage?Language301.3DesignFeaturesofLanguageArbitrarinessDualityCreativityDisplacement1.3DesignFeaturesofLanguage311.Arbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning2.Arbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevel3.Arbitrarinessandconvention1.3.1Arbitrariness1.Arbitraryrelationshipbetwe321.3.2DualityDuality(doublearticulation)Lowerlevel----sounds(meaningless)Higherlevel----meaning(largerunitsofmeaning)1.3.2DualityDuality(doublea331.3.3CreativityPeculiartohumanlanguages，usersoflanguagecanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore,e.g.wecanunderstandsentencelike“Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonthehotelbed”,thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeningintheworld.Agibboncallsystemisnotproductiveforgibbondrawalltheircallsfromafixedrepertoirewhichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganynoveltyimpossible.Thebeedancedoeshavealimitedproductivity,asitisusedtocommunicateaboutfoodsourcesinanydirection.Butfoodsourcesaretheonlykindofmessagesthatcanbesentthroughthebeedance;beesdonot“talk”aboutthemselves,thehives,orwind,letaloneaboutpeople,animals,hopesordesires1.3.3CreativityPeculiartohu341.3.4Displacement----Languagecanbeusedtorefertothings,whicharenotpresent:realorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.

1.3.4Displacement----Language351.4.OriginoflanguageOriginoflanguage1.4.OriginoflanguageOrigin36語(yǔ)言的起源是語(yǔ)言學(xué)的基本理論問(wèn)題之一。對(duì)于語(yǔ)言的起源問(wèn)題。有摹聲說(shuō)bow-wow、勞動(dòng)號(hào)子yo-he-ho說(shuō)、“社會(huì)契約”論和“手勢(shì)語(yǔ)言”論。語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展必然包含兩個(gè)方面：語(yǔ)言交際功能的發(fā)展和語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展。消亡的詞匯不少，但是新產(chǎn)生的更多。詞匯變化的另一形式表現(xiàn)為詞意的改變。詞匯在不同的歷史時(shí)期可以具有不同的詞義，語(yǔ)音的變化雖然不如詞匯明顯，但是它也是隨著時(shí)間的推移在發(fā)展的。英語(yǔ)歷史上就出現(xiàn)了“元音大變遷”。語(yǔ)法也同樣在發(fā)生變化。語(yǔ)言的起源是語(yǔ)言學(xué)的基本理論問(wèn)題之一。對(duì)于語(yǔ)言的起源問(wèn)題。有371.4.1The“bow-wow”theory1.4.2The“pooh-pooh”theory1.4.3The“yo-he-ho”theory1.4.1The“bow-wow”theory1.4.2381.4.1The“bow-wow”theoryInprimitivetimespeopleimitatedthesoundsoftheanimalcallsinthewildenvironmenttheylivedandspeechdevelopedfromthat.Onomatopoeicwordsseemtobeaconvenientevidenceforthistheory.Buttheyareverydifferentinthedegreeofresemblancetheyexpresswiththenaturalsounds.Thistheorylackssupportiveevidence.

1.4.1The“bow-wow”theory391.4.2The“pooh-pooh”theoryInthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors,theyutterinstinctivesoundsofpain,angerandjoy.Asforevidence,wecanonlycitetheuniversaluseofsoundsasinterjections.Twoproblems:Thereisonlyalimitednumberofinterjectionsinalmostalllanguages.Besides,interjectionssuchasOh,Ah,Oopsbearlittlerelationshipwiththesoundsystemofalanguageandthereforearenotgoodevidence.1.4.2The“pooh-pooh”theory401.4.3The“yo-he-ho”theoryAsprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage.Wedohaveprosodicuseofrhythmsinlanguages,butrhythmicgruntsarefardifferentfromlanguageinitspresentsense.Thetheoryisagainatmostaspeculation.1.4.3The“yo-he-ho”theory411.5FunctionsoflanguageInformativeInterpersonalFunctionPerformativeEmotiveFunctionPhaticcommunionRecreationalFunctionMetalingualFunction1.5FunctionsoflanguageInfor421.6Whatislinguistics?Linguistics:isthescientificstudyoflanguageorthescienceoflanguage.1.6Whatislinguistics?Lingui43Processoflinguisticstudy:①Certainlinguisticfactsareobserved,generalizationareformed;②Hypothesesareformulated;③Hypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservations;④Alinguistictheoryisconstructed.Processoflinguisticstudy:441.7MainbranchesoflinguisticsPhoneticsPhonologyMorphologySyntaxSemanticsPragmatics1.7Mainbranchesoflinguisti45Phonetics----speechsound(description,classification,transcription):articulatoryphonetics,acousticphonetics,auditoryphonetics.Phonology----soundpatternsoflanguagesMorphology----theformofwordsPhonetics----speechsound(des46Syntax----therulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosenten