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書山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-呼和浩特職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買!第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題
Hedoesn’t()muchinterestinhisstudieswiththeresultthathefailsinexamstimeandagain.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.indicate
B.exert
C.manifest
D.express
【答案】D
【解析】expressaninterestin...為固定搭配,意為“對(duì)...表現(xiàn)出興趣”。所以選項(xiàng)D正確。
2.單選題
Webeginbyconsideringthreepolicies—whatwemightcallidealtypesinreversethatnearlyallAmericanswouldrightfullyfindunacceptablefordifferentreasons:understandingwhythesepoliciesareunacceptablecanperhapsguideusasweseektodiscernthemostresponsibleand(
)policy.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.negligent
B.middle-of-the-road
C.give-and-take
D.prudent
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)negligent“疏忽的;粗心大意的”;B選項(xiàng)middle-of-the-road“中庸的;走中間線路的”;C選項(xiàng)give-and-take“妥協(xié)的;互讓的”;D選項(xiàng)prudent“謹(jǐn)慎的;精明的;明智的”。句意:我們首先考慮三種我們可以稱之為理想類型的政策。反過來(lái),幾乎所有的美國(guó)人都會(huì)因?yàn)椴煌脑蛘?dāng)?shù)卣J(rèn)為這些政策是不可接受的:理解為什么這些政策是不可接受的,或許可以指導(dǎo)我們尋找最負(fù)責(zé)任和最……的政策。D選項(xiàng)“謹(jǐn)慎的”更符合題意。
3.單選題
Thisisthemilitary______.Nobodyisallowedtogetinwithoutpermission.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.bond
B.zone
C.butter
D.zoo
【答案】B
【解析】【試題解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)bond“紐帶”;B選項(xiàng)zone“(有某特色或作用的)地區(qū)”;C選項(xiàng)butter“黃油”;D選項(xiàng)zoo“動(dòng)物園”。句意:這是軍事______。未經(jīng)允許,任何人不得入內(nèi)。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境,這里指的是不得進(jìn)入一個(gè)區(qū)域,B選項(xiàng)zone“有某特色或作用的)地區(qū)”符合題意。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。
4.單選題
Adecisionofthis(
)hadtohavenationalsupport.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.extent
B.amount
C.degree
D.magnitude
【答案】D
【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。extent“程度,范圍”;amount“數(shù)量;總額”;degree“程度,等級(jí)”;magnitude“大小,量級(jí),重要”。句意:這類重大的決定需要全國(guó)人民的支持才行。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。
5.單選題
Thepolicemandeclaredthattheblowonthevictim'shead(
)frombehind.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.shouldhavebeenmade
B.musthavebeenmade
C.wouldhavebeenmade
D.oughttohavebeenmade
【答案】B
【解析】考查語(yǔ)法中情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)的用法。A項(xiàng)shouldhavedone表示“本該做某事(其實(shí)沒做)”;B項(xiàng)musthavedone表示“—定做了某事”;C項(xiàng)wouldhavedone表示“將會(huì)做某事”,常用于表達(dá)虛擬語(yǔ)氣;D項(xiàng)oughttohavedone表示“本該做某事”,比shouldhavedone語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng),意思為根據(jù)責(zé)任或者義務(wù)應(yīng)該做。句意:警察宣稱受害者頭上的傷一定是從后面猛擊造成的。故本題正確答案為B項(xiàng)。
6.單選題
Thebiggestsafetythreatfacingairlinestodaymaynotbeaterroristwithagun,butthemanwiththeportablecomputerinbusinessclass.Inthelast15years,pilotshavereportedwellover100incidentsthatcouldhavebeencausedbyelectromagneticinterference.Thesourceofthisinterferenceremainsunconfirmed,butincreasingly,expertsarepointingtheblameatportableelectronicdevicessuchasportablecomputers,radioandcassetteplayersandmobiletelephones.
RTCA,anorganizationwhichadvisestheaviationindustry,hasrecommendedthatallairlinesbansuchdevicesfrombeingusedduring“critical”stagesofflight,particularlytake-offandlanding.Someexpertshavegonefurther,callingforatotalbanduringallflights.Currently,rulesonusingthesedevicesareleftuptoindividualairlines.Andalthoughsomeairlinesprohibitpassengersfromusingsuchequipmentduringtake-offandlanding,mostarereluctanttoenforceatotalban,giventhatmanypassengerswanttoworkduringflights.
Thedifficultyispredictinghowelectromagneticfieldsmightaffectanaircraft’scomputers.Expertsknowthatportabledevicesemitradiationwhichaffectsthosewavelengthswhichaircraftusefornavigationandcommunication.But,becausetheyhavenotbeenabletoreproducetheseeffectsinalaboratory,theyhavenowayofknowingwhethertheinterferencemightbedangerousornot.
Thefactthataircraftmaybevulnerabletointerferenceraisestheriskthatterroristsmayuseradiosystemsinordertodamagenavigationequipment.Asworrying,though,isthepassengerwhocan’theartheinstructionstoturnoffhisradiobecausethemusic’stooloud.
1.Thepassageismainlyabout(
).
2.Whatissaidabouttheover100aircraftincidentsinthepast15years?
3.Fewairlineswanttoimposeatotalbanontheirpassengersusingelectronicdevicesbecause(
)
4.Whyisitdifficulttopredictthepossibleeffectsofelectromagneticfieldsonanairplane’scomputers?
5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor(
).
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.anewregulationforallairlines
B.thedefectsofelectronicdevices
C.apossiblecauseofaircraftcrashes
D.effectivesafetymeasuresforairflight
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.Theymayhavebeencausedbythedamagetotheradiosystems
B.Theymayhavetakenplaceduringtake-offandlanding
C.Theywereprovedtohavebeencausedbythepassengers’portablecomputers
D.Theyweresuspectedtohaveresultedfromelectromagneticinterference
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.theydon’tbelievethereissuchadangerasradiointerference
B.theharmfuleffectofelectromagneticinterferenceisyettobeproved
C.mostpassengersrefusetotakeaplanewhichbanstheuseofradioandcassetteplayers
D.theyhaveothereffectivesafetymeasurestofallbackon
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.Becauseitisextremelydangeroustoconductsuchresearchonanairplane
B.Becauseitremainsamysterywhatwavelengthsareliabletobeinterferedwith
C.Becauseresearchscientistshavenotbeenabletoproducethatsameeffectsinlabs
D.Becauseexpertslackadequateequipmenttodosuchresearch
問題5選項(xiàng)
A.isinfavorofprohibitingpassenger’useofelectronicdevicescompletely
B.hasoverestimatedthedangerofelectromagneticinterference
C.hasn’tformedhisownopiniononthisproblem
D.regardsitasunreasonabletoexerciseatotalbanduringflight
【答案】第1題:C
第2題:D
第3題:C
第4題:C
第5題:A
【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章開篇第一句話點(diǎn)明主旨:Thebiggestsafetythreatfacingairlinestodaymaynotbeaterroristwithagun,butthemanwiththeportablecomputerinbusinessclass(如今航空公司面臨的最大的安全威脅可能不是持槍的恐怖分子,而是商務(wù)艙里帶著便攜式電腦的乘客)。故選C。
2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)。根據(jù)題干定位至第一段:Inthelast15years,pilotshavereportedwellover100incidentsthatcouldhavebeencausedbyelectromagneticinterference(在過去的15年中,飛行員報(bào)告說(shuō)100多起事故可能由電磁干擾引起的)。
3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)。根據(jù)題干定位至第二段:mostarereluctanttoenforceatotalban,giventhatmanypassengerswanttoworkduringflights(由于許多乘客想在飛行期間工作,多數(shù)航空公司不愿意執(zhí)行全面禁令)。
4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)。第三段給出了原因:But,becausetheyhavenotbeenabletoreproducetheseeffectsinalaboratory,theyhavenowayofknowingwhethertheinterferencemightbedangerousornot.(由于他們無(wú)法在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中重現(xiàn)這些效應(yīng),他們無(wú)法知道干擾是否有危險(xiǎn))。
5.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度。根據(jù)文章大意,可以看出作者的態(tài)度。
7.單選題
Thatbecamesomewhatmoregentleascarebecamemoresophisticated.Weenteredwhatmightbecalledthe(
)Period,wherethephysicianwaslikeafatherwhoknewwhatwasbestforhispatient.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.Parental
B.Maternal
C.Fraternal
D.Paternal
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)Parental“父母的”;B選項(xiàng)Maternal“母親的”;C選項(xiàng)Fraternal“兄弟的”;D選項(xiàng)Paternal“父親的”句意:隨著護(hù)理工作變得越來(lái)越復(fù)雜,這種感覺也變得溫和了一些。我們進(jìn)入了所謂的“……期”,醫(yī)生就像一位父親,知道什么對(duì)他的病人是最好的。根據(jù)后面句意可知D選項(xiàng)符合題意。
8.翻譯題
(1)Culturalnormssocompletelysurroundpeople,sopermeatethoughtandactionthatweneverrecognizetheassumptionscmwhichtheirlivesandtheirsanityrest.Asoneobserverputit,ifbirdsweresuddenlyendowedwithscientificcuriositytheymightexaminemanythings,buttheskyitselfwouldbeoverlookedasasuitablesubject:iffishweretobecomecuriousabouttheworld,itwouldneveroccurtothemtobeginbyinvestigatingwater.(2)Forbirdsandfishwouldtaketheskyandseaforgranted,unawareoftheirprofoundinfluencebecausetheycomprisethemediumforeveryfact.Humanbeings,inasimilarlyway,occupyasymbolicuniversegovernedbycodesthatareunconsciouslyacquiredandautomaticallyemployed.Somuchsothattheyrarelynoticethatthewaystheyinterpretandtalkabouteventsaredistinctivelydifferentfromthewayspeopleconducttheiraffairsinothercultures.
Aslongaspeopleremainblindtothesourcesoftheirmeanings,theyareimprisonedwithinthem.Theseculturalframesofreferencearenolessconfiningsimplybecausetheycannotbeseenortouched.(3)Whetheritisanindividualneurosisthatkeepsanindividualoutofcontactwithhisneighbors,oracollectiveneurosisthatseparatesneighborsofdifferentcultures,bothareformsofblindnessthatlimitwhatcanbeexperiencedandwhatcanbelearnedfromothers.
Itwouldseemthateverywherepeoplewoulddesiretobreakoutoftheboundariesoftheirownexperientialworlds.Theirabilitytoreactsensitivelytoawiderspectrumofeventsandpeoplesrequiresanovercomingofsuchculturalparochialism.But,infact,fewattainthisbroadervision.(4)Some,ofcourse,havelittleopportunityforwiderculturalexperience,thoughthisconditionshouldchangeasthemovementofaccelerates.Othersdonottrytowidentheirexperiencebecausetheyprefertheoldandfamiliar,seekfromtheiraffairsonlyfurtherconfirmationofthecorrectnessoftheirownvalues.Stillothersrecoilfromsuchexperiencesbecausetheyfeelitdangeroustoprobetoodeeplyintothepersonalorculturalunconscious.(5)Exposuremayrevealhowtenuousandarbitrarymanyculturalnormsare;suchexposuremightforcepeopletoacquirenewbasesforinterpretingevents.Andevenforthemanywhodoseekactivelytoenlargethevarietyofhumanbeingswithwhomtheyarecapableofcommunicatingtherearestilldifficulties.
Culturalmyopiapersistsnotmerelybecauseofinertiaandhabit,butchieflybecauseitissodifficulttoovercome.Oneacquiresapersonalityandacultureinchildhood,longbeforeheiscapableofcomprehendingeitherofthem.Tosurvive,eachpersonmasterstheperceptualorientations,cognitivebiases,andcommunicativehabitsofhisownculture.Butoncemastered,objectiveassessmentofthesesameprocessesisawkwardsincethesamemechanismsthatarebeingevaluatedmustbeusedinmakingtheevaluations.
【答案】(1)文化規(guī)范完全圍繞在人們的周圍,滲透在人們的思想和行為中,以至于我們從來(lái)沒有意識(shí)到他們生活和精神正常所依賴的那些假設(shè)。
(2)因?yàn)轼B和魚會(huì)認(rèn)為天空和大海是理所當(dāng)然的,他們沒有意識(shí)到它們的深遠(yuǎn)影響,因?yàn)樗鼈儤?gòu)成了每一個(gè)事實(shí)的媒介。
(3)無(wú)論是使一個(gè)人與他的鄰居失去聯(lián)系的個(gè)體神經(jīng)癥,還是將不同文化的鄰居分開的集體神經(jīng)癥,都是一種限制了人們可以體驗(yàn)和從他人那里學(xué)到什么的失明形式。
(4)當(dāng)然,有些人幾乎沒有機(jī)會(huì)獲得更廣泛的文化體驗(yàn),不過這種情況應(yīng)該隨著移民運(yùn)動(dòng)的加速而改變。
(5)暴露可能揭示出許多文化規(guī)范是多么脆弱和武斷;這種接觸可能會(huì)迫使人們獲得解釋事件的新基礎(chǔ)。
9.翻譯題
Everyonewishestobuildupacharismaticandcharmingpersonality,butitisbynomeansaneasyjob.Firstofall,heoughttoknowoneofthegreatesttruthsthatlifeisdifficult,foroncehetrulyunderstandsandacceptsthetruth,thenlifeisnolongerdifficult.Why?Onceheacceptsthefactthatlifeisdifficult,henolongermoansabout,complainsofandfearshisproblems,burdensanddifficultiesinlife.Secondly,heoughttopaysufficientheedtoself-discipline,forself-disciplineisthebasicsetoftoolstosolvelife'sproblems,whichincludesastrongsenseofresponsibility,dedicationtoreality,opennesstochallenge,balancing,etc.Thirdly,heoughttocherishlove.Heknowsthatself-loveandloveofothersgohandinhand.Heiswillingtogobeyondtheconfinesofself-lovetoembraceloveofothers.Fourthly,heoughttounderstandthattheessenceoflifeischange.Sohedoesnottryhisutmosttoavoidchangeorstaycomfortablewiththesameness.Fifthly,heoughttoattachmuchvaluetohonour.Thewinningofhonourwillrevealaman'svirtueandworth.Towinhonour,hewillimproveandperfecthimselfandscoreremarkableachievements.
【答案】每個(gè)人都希望建立有魅力、迷人的人格,但這不是一件容易的事。首先,他需要明白一個(gè)偉大的真理:生活是困難的。因?yàn)橐坏┧嬲斫獠⑶医邮苓@個(gè)真理,就會(huì)意識(shí)到生活不再困難。為什么?一旦他接受了生活困難這一事實(shí),對(duì)于生活中的問題、負(fù)擔(dān)和困難,他都不再發(fā)牢騷和抱怨,也不再害怕。其次,他應(yīng)該充分重視自我修養(yǎng),因?yàn)樽晕倚摒B(yǎng)是解決生活問題的基本工具,包括強(qiáng)烈的責(zé)任感、致力于現(xiàn)實(shí)、敢于挑戰(zhàn)、平衡制約等。第三,他要有愛。他需要知道自愛和愛別人是密不可分的,愿意超越自愛的局限去接納他人的愛。第四,他要懂得生命的本質(zhì)是變化。所以他不會(huì)盡全力去避免改變,也不會(huì)舒適的待在一成不變的環(huán)境里。第五,他應(yīng)該重視榮譽(yù)。獲得榮譽(yù)能體現(xiàn)一個(gè)人的美德和價(jià)值。為了贏得榮譽(yù),他將會(huì)提高和完善自己,獲得顯著成就。
10.單選題
In1906muchofSanFranciscowasdestroyedbyanearthquakeandthefiresthat()
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.evaded
B.ensued
C.encountered
D.emitted
【答案】B
【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析。句意:1906,舊金山大部分地區(qū)被地震和隨后發(fā)生的火災(zāi)摧毀。因此選B。
11.單選題
Becauseadegreefromagooduniversityisthemeanstoabetterjob,educationisoneofthemost(
)areasinJapaneselife.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.sophisticated
B.competitive
C.considerate
D.superficial
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。sophisticated意為“見多識(shí)廣的,老練的”;competitive意為“競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的,比賽的”;considerate意為“考慮周到的,體貼的”;superficial意為“膚淺的,表面的”。由前面because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ),可知好大學(xué)的學(xué)位意味著好更好的工作,故此推測(cè)教育領(lǐng)域具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性,因此選B。
句意:因?yàn)橐凰么髮W(xué)的學(xué)位是獲得更好工作的手段,所以教育是日本人生活中最具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的領(lǐng)域之一。
12.單選題
Thetermnonverbalcommunication()__anumberofcategories:bodylanguage,vocalinto-nations,physicalobjects,andspace,amongothers.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.embraces
B.classifies
C.constitutes
D.intervenes
【答案】A
【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。embrace“包含”;classify“分類”;constitute“組成”;intervene“干涉”。句意:非語(yǔ)言交際一詞包含很多類:肢體語(yǔ)言、語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)、物理對(duì)象和空間。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。
13.單選題
Recentlythenewspapershavereportedseveral()ontheboundariesofIsraelandJordan.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.accidents
B.incidents
C.events
D.happenings
【答案】B
【解析】名詞詞義辨析。accidents“意外事故,交通事故”;incidents“事件,事變”;events“大事件,項(xiàng)目”;happenings“意外發(fā)生的事”。句意:最近,報(bào)紙報(bào)道了幾起發(fā)生在以色列和約旦邊境上的事件。首先可排除選項(xiàng)A和D;選項(xiàng)B含有“事變”的意思,更符合語(yǔ)境,所以正確。
14.單選題
VI.(Jurisprudence)
AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).TheRealistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.
ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture—thedominantoneintheWesternworldfromthemid-19thcenturythroughatleastthemiddleofthelastcentury—wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge,andthoughtallotherdisciplines(fromsocialsciencetolegalstudy)shouldemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.Chiefamongthelatterwasthemethodofempiricaltesting:hypotheseshadtobetestedagainstobservationsoftheworld.ThustheRealistsfrequentlyclaimedthatexistingarticulationsofthe“l(fā)aw”werenot,infact,“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.AlsoinfluentialonsomeRealistswasbehaviorisminpsychology—JohnWatson’sversion,notthelater,andbetter-known,brandassociatedwithB.F.Skinner—whichwasitselfinthegripsofa“positivistic”conceptionofknowledgeandmethod.
BrianLeiter:AmericanLegalRealism
71.AmericanLegalRealismhadaprofoundimpactontheflowingbut___.
72.Fromthe1stparagraphwecanknowthatScandinavianRealists___.
73.TheAmericanRealistsarguedthat___.
74.WhatistheintellectualculturethatAmericanRealismshareswithitsScandinaviancousin?
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.Americanlegaleducation
B.Americanlegalscholarship
C.Americanlawreform
D.Americanlawyers
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.werephilosophers
B.wereprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrines
C.werereachingagainst“mechanicaljurisprudence”
D.heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.courtsdecidecasesnotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbasedontheirsenseof“fairness”
B.legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyasprior-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations
C.philosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviewsarenecessary
D.carefulempiricalconsiderationrevealsthatcourtsdecidecasesprimarilybecauseoflaw
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.Existingarticulationsofthe“l(fā)aw”werenot“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.
B.Methodofempiricaltesting.
C.Takingnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge.
D.Alldisciplinesshouldalsoemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:A
第3題:C
第4題:C
【解析】71.【試題答案】D
【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.(美國(guó)法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)是20世紀(jì)美國(guó)最重要的本土法學(xué)運(yùn)動(dòng),不僅對(duì)美國(guó)的法學(xué)教育和學(xué)術(shù)產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響,而且對(duì)美國(guó)的法律改革和律師業(yè)也產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響)可知A選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)法律教育”,B選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)法律學(xué)術(shù)”,C選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)法律改革”符合原文;D選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)律師”原文未提及。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。
72.【試題答案】A
【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“Scandinavian”定位到原文第一段UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.(與它的斯堪的那維亞表親不同,美國(guó)法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義主要不是從語(yǔ)義學(xué)和認(rèn)識(shí)論的實(shí)質(zhì)哲學(xué)學(xué)說(shuō)的法律的延伸?,F(xiàn)實(shí)主義者是律師(加上一些社會(huì)科學(xué)家),而不是哲學(xué)家,因此,他們的動(dòng)機(jī)是不同的)可以推測(cè)出斯堪的那維亞的法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者們是哲學(xué)家,選A選項(xiàng)“是哲學(xué)家”,同時(shí)可知B選項(xiàng)“主要是實(shí)質(zhì)性哲學(xué)理論對(duì)法律的延伸”錯(cuò)誤,原文只是說(shuō)美國(guó)法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義主要不是從語(yǔ)義學(xué)和認(rèn)識(shí)論的實(shí)質(zhì)哲學(xué)學(xué)說(shuō)的法律的延伸,沒有說(shuō)斯堪的那維亞的法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義是否是實(shí)質(zhì)性哲學(xué)理論對(duì)法律的延伸,B選項(xiàng)偷換概念;第一段Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).(作為律師,他們(指的是美國(guó)的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者)與當(dāng)時(shí)占主導(dǎo)地位的“機(jī)械法學(xué)”或“形式主義”相抗衡。這里所指的“形式主義”認(rèn)為,法官根據(jù)不同的法律規(guī)則和理由來(lái)判決案件,這些規(guī)則和理由在大多數(shù)案件(也許是每一個(gè)案件)中證明一個(gè)獨(dú)特的結(jié)果是正當(dāng)?shù)模┛芍狢選項(xiàng)“與‘機(jī)械法學(xué)’相抵觸”和D選項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為法官根據(jù)不同的法律規(guī)則和理由判決案件”也屬于偷換概念。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。
73.【試題答案】C
【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段最后一句BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.(由于現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者從未對(duì)法律的性質(zhì)或法律理論的概念作出明確的哲學(xué)預(yù)設(shè),因此,現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者今天的重要法理學(xué)任務(wù)之一就是對(duì)這些觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行哲學(xué)重構(gòu)和辯護(hù),尤其是反對(duì)法律哲學(xué)家的批評(píng),尤其是H.L.A.Hart)可知C選項(xiàng)“這些觀點(diǎn)的哲學(xué)重建和辯護(hù)是必要的”符合原文;第一段Realistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.(相反,現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者認(rèn)為,對(duì)法院如何真正判決案件進(jìn)行仔細(xì)的實(shí)證研究表明,法院的判決主要不是因?yàn)榉桑腔冢ù致缘卣f(shuō))他們對(duì)案件事實(shí)的判斷)可知A選項(xiàng)“法院判決案件主要不是基于法律,而是基于他們的‘公平感’”以及D選項(xiàng)“仔細(xì)的實(shí)證研究表明,法院決定案件主要是因?yàn)榉伞卞e(cuò)誤;第一段Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.(法律規(guī)則和理由僅僅是根據(jù)非法律考慮做出的決定的事后合理化)可知B選項(xiàng)“法律規(guī)則和理由僅僅是根據(jù)非法律考慮做出的決定的臨時(shí)合理化”錯(cuò)誤。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。
74.【試題答案】C
【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段開頭ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture…wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge…(但現(xiàn)實(shí)主義也帶有知識(shí)文化的印記,它確實(shí)與它的斯堪的納維亞表親有共同之處。這種文化……是非?!皩?shí)證主義”的,因?yàn)樗炎匀豢茖W(xué)視為所有真知的范式……)可知選C選項(xiàng)“以自然科學(xué)為所有真知的范式”;A選項(xiàng)“‘法律’的現(xiàn)有條文并沒有通過對(duì)法院實(shí)際行動(dòng)的實(shí)際觀察而得到‘確認(rèn)’”,B選項(xiàng)“實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)方法”以及D選項(xiàng)“所有學(xué)科都應(yīng)該仿效自然科學(xué)的方法”并不符合題意,排除。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。
15.單選題
TheclimateofEarthischanging.Climatologistsareconfidentthatoverthepastcentury,theglobalaveragesurfacetemperaturehasincreasedbyabouthalfadegreeCelsius.Thiswarmingisthoughttobeatleastpartlytheresultofhumanactivities,suchastheburningoffossilfuelsandtheclearingofforestsforagriculture.Astheglobalpopulationgrowsandnationaleconomiesexpand,theglobalaveragetemperatureisexpectedtocontinueincreasingbyanadditional1.0to3.5℃bytheyear2100.
Climatechangeisoneofthemostimportantenvironmentalissuesfacinghumankind.Understandingthepotentialimpactsofclimatechangefornaturalecosystemsisessentialifwearegoingtomanageourenvironmenttominimizethenegativeconsequencesofclimatechangeandmaximizetheopportunitiesthatitmayoffer.Becausenaturalecosystemsarecomplex,nonlinearsystems,itfollowsthattheirresponsestoclimatechangearelikelytobecomplex.Climatechangemayaffectnaturalecosystemsinavarietyofways.Intheshortterm,climatechangecanalterthemixofplantspeciesinlandecosystemssuchasgrasslands.Inthelongterm,climatechangehasthepotentialtodramaticallyalterthegeographicdistributionofmajorvegetationtypes—savannas,forests,andtundra.Climatechangecanalsopotentiallyalterglobalecosystemprocesses,includingthecyclingofcarbon,nitrogen,phosphorus,andsulfur.Moreover,changesintheseecosystemprocessescanaffectandbeaffectedbychangesintheplantspeciesoftheecosystemandvegetationtype.Alloftheclimate—changeinducedalterationsofnaturalecosystemservicesthattheseecosystemsprovidetohumans.
TheglobalaveragesurfacetemperatureincreaseofhalfadegreeCelsiusobservedoverthepastcenturyhasbeeninpartduetodifferentialchangesindailymaximumandminimumtemperatures,resultinginanarrowingofthediurnaltemperaturerange.DecreasesinthediurnaltemperaturerangewerefirstidentifiedintheUnitedStates,wherelarge-areatrendsshowedthatmaximumtemperatureshaveremainedconstantorincreasedonlyslightly,whereasminimumtemperatureshaveincreasedatafasterrate.Inthisissue,Alwardetal.reportonthedifferentsensitivitiesofrangelandplantstominimumtemperaturesincreases.
11.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasareasonfortheglobalwarming?
12.Thesecondparagraphisprimarilyconcernedwith____.
13.Accordingtotheauthor,whatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthetemperatureincreasesobservedoverthepastcentury?
14.Insubsequentparagraphs,wemayexpectthewriterofthispassageto____.
15.Theword“diurnal”(Paragraph3)isclosestinmeaningto“____”.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.Theburningoffuelssuchascoaloroil.
B.Theclearingofforests.
C.Thecultivationoffarmland.
D.Thenegativeconsequencesofhumanactivities.
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.thepotentialimpactsofclimatechangefornaturalecosystems
B.howtominimizethenegativeconsequencesofclimatechange
C.howtomaximizetheopportunitiesthatclimatechangemayoffer
D.thecomplex,nonlinearnatureofnaturalecosystems
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.Increasesofdailymaximumtemperatures.
B.Decreasesofdailyminimumtemperatures.
C.Increasesofdiurnaltemperaturerange.
D.Decreasesinthediurnaltemperaturerange.
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.discusstheglobalimpactsoftemperaturesincreases
B.presentapointofviewwhichsupportstheideaofthesecondparagraph
C.introduceAlward’sreportonthedifferentsensitivitiesofrangelandplantstominimumtemperaturesincreases
D.furtherillustratethecausesoftheglobalaveragesurfacetemperatureincrease
問題5選項(xiàng)
A.day-and-night’s
B.everyday
C.twodays’
D.yearly
【答案】第1題:C
第2題:A
第3題:D
第4題:C
第5題:B
【解析】11.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasareasonfortheglobalwarming?下列哪一項(xiàng)沒有被作為全球變暖的原因提到?
A.Theburningoffuelssuchascoaloroil.A.煤或石油等燃料的燃燒。
B.Theclearingofforests.B.砍伐森林。
C.Thecultivationoffarmland.C.耕地的耕種。
D.Thenegativeconsequencesofhumanactivities.D.人類活動(dòng)的負(fù)面后果。
【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞areasonfortheglobalwarming可定位到原文第1段。本段第2句提到“這種變暖被認(rèn)為至少部分原因是人類活動(dòng)的結(jié)果(theresultofhumanactivities),例如燃燒化石燃料(theburningoffossilfuels)和為農(nóng)業(yè)砍伐森林(theclearingofforestsforagriculture)?!北绢}要求選擇的是沒有被提到的原因,C選項(xiàng)“耕地的耕種”沒有被提到,符合題意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、D選項(xiàng)原文有提到,不符合題意,屬于反向干擾。
12.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
Thesecondparagraphisprimarilyconcernedwith____.第2段主要是關(guān)于____。
A.thepotentialimpactsofclimatechangefornaturalecosystemsA.氣候變化對(duì)自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的潛在影響
B.howtominimizethenegativeconsequencesofclimatechangeB.如何將氣候變化的負(fù)面影響降到最低
C.howtomaximizetheopportunitiesthatclimatechangemayofferC.如何最大限度地利用氣候變化帶來(lái)的機(jī)遇
D.thecomplex,nonlinearnatureofnaturalecosystemsD.自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜、非線性性質(zhì)
【考查點(diǎn)】主旨大意題
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Thesecondparagraph定位到原文第2段,本題要求選擇的是原文第2段的主旨大意。本段第2句說(shuō)到“如果我們要治理環(huán)境,以最大限度地減少氣候變化的負(fù)面后果(minimizethenegativeconsequencesofclimatechange),并最大限度地利用它可能提供的機(jī)遇(maximizetheopportunitiesthatitmayoffer)的話,了解氣候變化對(duì)自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的潛在影響(understandingthepotentialimpactsofclimatechangefornaturalecosystems)是至關(guān)重要的。”由此可知,這句話的重點(diǎn)是“了解氣候變化對(duì)自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的潛在影響”。另外,本段第4句提到“氣候變化可能會(huì)在很多方面影響自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)(affectnaturalecosystems)”,并且之后具體介紹了這些影響。綜上所述,A選項(xiàng)“氣候變化對(duì)自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的潛在影響”更符合本段主旨。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
B選項(xiàng)“如何將氣候變化的負(fù)面影響降到最低”,是引入本段主旨的輔助信息,并不是本段主旨,該選項(xiàng)屬于本末倒置;
C選項(xiàng)“如何最大限度地利用氣候變化帶來(lái)的機(jī)遇”,也是引入本段主旨的輔助信息,并不是本段主旨,該選項(xiàng)屬于本末倒置;
D選項(xiàng)“自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜、非線性性質(zhì)”,可定位到原文第2段第3句,該句提到“由于自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是復(fù)雜的非線性系統(tǒng)(naturalecosystemsarecomplex,nonlinearsystems),因此它們對(duì)氣候變化的反應(yīng)很可能是復(fù)雜的?!庇纱丝芍?,該選項(xiàng)只是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)對(duì)氣候變化的反應(yīng)是復(fù)雜的,并不是本段主旨,該選項(xiàng)屬于本末倒置。
13.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
Accordingtotheauthor,whatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthetemperatureincreasesobservedoverthepastcentury?根據(jù)作者的觀點(diǎn),在過去的一個(gè)世紀(jì)中觀察到的溫度上升的主要原因可能是什么?
A.Increasesofdailymaximumtemperatures.A.每日最高氣溫升高。
B.Decreasesofdailyminimumtemperatures.B.日最低氣溫下降。
C.Increasesofdiurnaltemperaturerange.C.日溫差增大。
D.Decreasesinthediurnaltemperaturerange.D.日溫差減小。
【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞temperatureincreases和thepastcentury定位到原文第3段。該段第1句提到“過去一個(gè)世紀(jì)觀測(cè)到的全球平均地表溫度上升了0.5攝氏度,部分原因是由于日最高和最低溫度的差異變化(differentialchangesindailymaximumandminimumtemperatures),導(dǎo)致日溫度范圍縮小(anarrowingofthediurnaltemperaturerange)。”本段第2句提到“日溫差的減?。―ecreasesinthediurnaltemperaturerange)首先是在美國(guó)發(fā)現(xiàn)的,那里的大面積趨勢(shì)表明,最高溫度(maximumtemperatures)保持不變或僅略有上升(remainedconstantorincreasedonlyslightly),而最低溫度(minimumtemperatures)上升的速度更快(increasedatafasterrate)?!庇纱丝芍?,日最高氣溫保持不變或略有上升,而日最低氣溫大幅上升,導(dǎo)致日溫差減小,且日平均溫度上升。因此,D選項(xiàng)“日溫差減小”符合題意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)“每日最高氣溫升高”,表述錯(cuò)誤,每日最高氣溫只是略有上升或基本保持不變,并且這并不是上個(gè)世紀(jì)氣溫升高的全部原因,沒有指出每日最低氣溫的上升,該選項(xiàng)屬于以偏概全;
B選項(xiàng)“日最低氣溫下降”,表述錯(cuò)誤,日最低氣溫上升,而非下降,該選項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾;
C選項(xiàng)“日溫差增大”,表述錯(cuò)誤,日溫差減小,而非增大,該選項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾。
14.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
Insubsequentparagraphs,wemayexpectthewriterofthispassageto____.在接下來(lái)的段落中,我們可以期待這篇文章的作者_(dá)___。
A.discusstheglobalimpactsoftemperaturesincreasesA.討論氣溫上升對(duì)全球的影響
B.presentapointofviewwhichsupportstheideaofthesecondparagraphB.提出一個(gè)支持第二段觀點(diǎn)的觀點(diǎn)
C.introduceAlward’sreportonthedifferentsensitivitiesofrangelandplantstominimumtemperaturesincreasesC.介紹阿爾沃德關(guān)于牧場(chǎng)植物對(duì)最低氣溫上升的不同敏感性的報(bào)告
D.furtherillustratethecausesoftheglobalaveragesurfacetemperatureincreaseD.進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明全球平均地表溫度上升的原因
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Insubsequentparagraphs可知,本題要求猜測(cè)選段接下來(lái)的段落的內(nèi)容,因此,定位到原文最后一段。本段最后一句提
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