考研考博-英語(yǔ)-內(nèi)蒙古醫(yī)科大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-內(nèi)蒙古醫(yī)科大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

AgriculturalprogressprovidedthestimulusnecessarytosetoffeconomicexpansioninmedievalFrance.Aslongasthosewhoworkedthelandwerebarelyabletoensuretheirownsubsistenceandthatoftheirlandlords,allotheractivitieshadtobeminimal,butwhenfoodsurplusesincreased,itbecamepossibletoreleasemorepeopleforgovernmental,commercial,religiousandculturalpursuits.

However,notallthefundsfromtheagriculturalsurpluswereactuallyavailableforcommercialinvestment.Muchofthesurplus,intheformoffoodincreases,probablywenttoraisethesubsistencelevel;anadditionalamount,intheformofcurrencygainedfromthesaleoffood,wentintotheroyaltreasurytobeusedinwagingwar.AlthoughLouisVIIofFranceleviedalesscrushingtaxburdenonhissubjectsthandidEngland’sHenryII,LouisVIIdidspendgreatsumsonanunsuccessfulcrusade,andhisvassals—bothlayandecclesiastic—tookoverspendingwheretheirsovereignstopped.SurplusfundswereclaimedbothbytheChurchandbyfeudallandholders,whereuponcathedralsandcastlesmushroomedthroughoutFrance.

Thesimultaneousprogressofcathedralbuildingand,forinstance,vineyardexpansioninBordeauxillustratestheveryrealcompetitionforavailablecapitalbetweentheChurchandcommercialinterests;theformerproducedinestimablemoralandartisticriches,butthelatterhadastrongerimmediateimpactupongrossnationalproduct.Moreover,thoughallwarsbydefinitionaredefensive,thefrequentcrossingsofarmiesthatlivedoffthelandandimpartiallyburnedallthehutsandbarnsontheirpathconsumedconsiderableresources.

Sincedemandsontheagriculturalsurpluswouldhavevariedfromyeartoyear,wecannotpreciselycalculatetheirimpactonthecommercialgrowthofmedievalFrance.Butwemustbearthatimpactinmindwhenestimatingtheassetsthatwerelikelytohavebeenavailableforinvestment.Nodoubtcastleandcathedralbuildingwasnottotallybarrenofprofit(forthebuilders,thatis),anditproducedintangibledividendsofmaterialandmoralsatisfactionforthecommunity.Evenwarshandedbackafragmentofwhattheytook,atleasttoafew.Still,wecannotplaceonthesameplaneaprimarilydestructiveactivityandaconstructiveone,norexpectthesameresultsfromanewbelltowerasfromanewwatermill.Aboveall,medievalFrancehadlittleroomforinvestmentoverandabovethepreservationoflife.Grantedthatwarcostmuchlessthanitdoestoday,thattheChurchrenderedallsortsofeducationalandrecreationalservicesthatwereunobtainableelsewhere,andthatgovernmentwasfarlessdemandingthanisthemodernstate—nevertheless,formedievalmenandwomen,supportingcommercialdevelopmentrequiredconsiderableeconomicsacrifice.

1.Accordingtothepassage,agriculturalrevenuesinexcessoftheamountneededforsubsistencewereusedbymedievalkingsto（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwasanimportantsourceofrevenueinmedievalFrance?

3.ThepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingwouldhavereducedtheassetsimmediatelyavailableforcommercialinvestmentinmedievalFrance?

I.Renovationofalargecathedral

II.Asharpincreaseinthebirthrate

III.AninvasionofFrancebyHenryII

4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmorepeoplecouldentergovernmentandtheChurchinmedievalFrancebecause（

）.

5.Theauthorimpliesthatthereasonwecannotexpectthesameresultsfromanewbelltowerasfromanewwatermillisthat（

）.

6.Theauthorofthepassagemostprobablybaseshiscentralargumentonwhichofthefollowingtheoreticalassumptionsoftenmadebyeconomists?

7.TheauthorsuggeststhatcommercialexpansioninmedievalFrance“requiredconsiderableeconomicsacrifice”(lines59-60)primarilyforwhichofthefollowingreasons?

8.Thepassageimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingyieldedthelowestdividendtomedievalmenandwomenrelativetoitscost?

9.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthecentralideaofthepassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.patronizethearts

B.sponsorpublicrecreation

C.wagewar

D.buildcathedrals

E.fundpubliceducation

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Cheese

B.Wine

C.Wool

D.Oliveoil

E.Veal

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.IIIonly

B.IandIIonly

C.IandIIIonly

D.IIandIIIonly

E.I,II,andIII

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.thenumberofindividuallandholdingsinheavilyagriculturalareaswasbeginningtoincrease

B.anincreaseinthevolumeofinternationaltradehadbroughtanincreaseinthepopulationofcities

C.adecreaseinwarfarehadallowedthekingtodecreasethesizeofthearmy

D.foodproducerscouldgrowmorefoodthantheyandtheirfamiliesneededtosurvive

E.landlordswereprosperingandthusweredemandingasmallerpercentageoftenants’annualyields

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.belltowersyieldanintangibledividend

B.belltowersprovidematerialsatisfaction

C.watermillscostmoretobuildthanbelltowers

D.watermillsdivertfundsfromcommerce

E.watermillsmightwellbedestroyedbywar

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.Differentpeopleshouldbetaxedinproportiontothebenefittheycanexpecttoreceivefrompublicactivity.

B.Perfectcompetitionexistsonlyinthecasewherenofarmer,merchant,orlaborercontrolsalargeenoughshareofthetotalmarkettoinfluencemarketprice.

C.Apopulationwealthyenoughtocutbackitsrateofconsumptioncanfunneltheresultingsavingsintothecreationofcapital.

D.Afull-employmenteconomymustalways,toproduceonegood,giveupproducinganothergood.

E.Thereisauniversaltendencyforpopulation,unlesscheckedbyfoodsupply,toincreaseinageometricprogression.

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.Cathedralscostmoretobuildandrebuildthandidcastles.

B.Thenumerouswarsfoughtduringtheperiodlefttheroyaltreasurybankrupt.

C.LouisVIIleviedamorecrushingtaxburdenonhissubjectsthandidHenryII.

D.Althoughmuchoftheavailablesurplushadbeendivertedintovineyardexpansion,thevineyardshadnotyetbeguntoproduce.

E.Althoughmorefoodwasbeingproduced,thesubsistencelevelwasnotveryfarabovetheminimumrequiredtosustainlife.

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.Warfare

B.Vineyardexpansion

C.Watermillconstruction

D.Castlebuilding

E.Cathedralbuilding

問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)

A.CommercialgrowthinmedievalFrancemaybeaccuratelycomputedbycalculatingthenumberofcastlesandcathedralsbuiltduringtheperiod.

B.CompetitionbetweentheChurchandthefeudalaristocracyforfundscreatedbyagriculturalsurplusdemonstrablyslowedtheeconomicgrowthofmedievalFrance.

C.Despitesuchburdensaswarandcapitalexpansionbylandholders,commerceinmedievalFranceexpandedsteadilyastheagriculturalsurplusincreased.

D.FundsactuallyavailableforcommerceinmedievalFrancevariedwiththedemandsplacedontheagriculturalsurplus.

E.ThesimultaneousprogressofvineyardexpansionandbuildinginmedievalFrancegivesevidenceofarapidlyexpandingeconomy.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:E

第4題:D

第5題:A

第6題:C

第7題:E

第8題:A

第9題:D

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“inexcessoftheamount”“subsistence”,將信息點(diǎn)定位到原文第二段第二句?！癕uchofthesurplus,intheformoffoodincreases,probablywenttoraisethesubsistencelevel;anadditionalamount,intheformofcurrencygainedfromthesaleoffood,wentintotheroyaltreasurytobeusedinwagingwar.（以糧食增長(zhǎng)形式出現(xiàn)的大部分盈余，很可能用于提高生活水平；又有因賣(mài)糧所得的銀錢(qián)，用以打仗。）”即可得出本題答案。

2.

細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。定位原文第三段。根據(jù)“vineyardexpansioninBordeauxillustratestheveryrealcompetitionforavailablecapitalbetweentheChurchandcommercialinterests（波爾多葡萄園的擴(kuò)張表明，教會(huì)和商業(yè)利益之間對(duì)可用資本的爭(zhēng)奪非常激烈）”即可得出本題答案。

3.

事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“commercialinvestment”“medievalFrance”，將信息點(diǎn)定位到原文第三段。根據(jù)“theformerproducedinestimablemoralandartisticriches”“thoughallwarsbydefinitionaredefensive,thefrequentcrossingsofarmiesthatlivedoffthelandandimpartiallyburnedallthehutsandbarnsontheirpathconsumedconsiderableresources.”從而得出本題答案。

4.事實(shí)推斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“entergovernmentandtheChurch”,將信息點(diǎn)定位到原文第一段最后一句。“Aslongasthosewhoworkedthelandwerebarelyabletoensuretheirownsubsistenceandthatoftheirlandlords,allotheractivitieshadtobeminimal,butwhenfoodsurplusesincreased,itbecamepossibletoreleasemorepeopleforgovernmental,commercial,religiousandculturalpursuits.（只要那些耕種土地的人勉強(qiáng)能夠保證他們自己和他們的地主的生存，所有其他活動(dòng)都必須盡量減少，但是，當(dāng)糧食盈余增加時(shí)，就有可能釋放更多的人從事政府、商業(yè)、宗教和文化活動(dòng)。）”即可得出本題答案。

5.

事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“newbelltower”“newwatermill”,將信息點(diǎn)定位到原文第四段第五句。根據(jù)第四段第三句，“Nodoubtcastleandcathedralbuildingwasnottotallybarrenofprofit(forthebuilders,thatis),anditproducedintangibledividendsofmaterialandmoralsatisfactionforthecommunity.（毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，城堡和大教堂的建設(shè)并不是完全沒(méi)有利潤(rùn)（也就是說(shuō)，對(duì)建筑者來(lái)說(shuō)），它為社會(huì)帶來(lái)了無(wú)形的物質(zhì)和道德滿(mǎn)足的紅利。）”即可得出本題答案。

6.

細(xì)節(jié)推理題。通讀全文，可知作者的核心觀點(diǎn)與選項(xiàng)C的表述最為吻合。從而得出本題答案。

7.

細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“requiredconsiderableeconomicsacrifice”,將信息點(diǎn)定位到原文最后一段最后一句，“Grantedthatwarcostmuchlessthanitdoestoday,thattheChurchrenderedallsortsofeducationalandrecreationalservicesthatwereunobtainableelsewhere,andthatgovernmentwasfarlessdemandingthanisthemodernstate—nevertheless,formedievalmenandwomen,supportingcommercialdevelopmentrequiredconsiderableeconomicsacrifice.”即可得出本題答案。

8.

細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。通讀全文，能發(fā)現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)（戰(zhàn)事）對(duì)中世紀(jì)人們的影響最大。從而得出本題答案。

9.

主旨大意題。通讀全文，發(fā)現(xiàn)本文多次提及的關(guān)鍵詞為“agriculturalsurplus”“Fundsavailableforcommerce”“medievalFrance”，從而得出本題的答案。

2.單選題

Thedisagreementovertraderestrictionscouldseriously（）relationsbetween

thetwocountries.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.tumble

B.jeopardize

C.manipulate

D.intimidate

【答案】B

【解析】句意：貿(mào)易限制方面存在的意見(jiàn)分歧會(huì)嚴(yán)重（）兩國(guó)的關(guān)系。A選項(xiàng)tumble跌倒；B選項(xiàng)jeopardize危害；C選項(xiàng)manipulate操縱；D選項(xiàng)intimidate恐嚇，B選項(xiàng)jeopardize符合句意。

3.翻譯題

Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehavior,butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.(1)Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,human,nature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.(2)Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpull,itselects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.(3)Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstood,however,effectsonceassignedtostatesofmind,feelings,andtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditions,andatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblems,however,untilitreplacestraditionalpre-scientificviews,andthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.(4)Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomous(self-governing)manoftraditionaltheory,andthey’reessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerningvalues.Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends?(5)Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.

【答案】1．難題在于所謂的行為科學(xué)幾乎全都依然從心態(tài)、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去尋找行為的根源。

2．行為科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展緩慢，部分原因是用來(lái)解釋行為的依據(jù)似乎往往是直接觀察到的，部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。

3．自然選擇在進(jìn)化中的作用僅在一百多年前才得以闡明，而環(huán)境在塑造和保持個(gè)體行為時(shí)的選擇作用則剛剛開(kāi)始被認(rèn)識(shí)和研究。

4．自由和尊嚴(yán)（它們）是傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自主的人所擁有的，是要求一個(gè)人對(duì)自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)并因其業(yè)績(jī)而給予肯定的必不可少的前提。

5．（如果）這些問(wèn)題得不到解決，研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會(huì)繼續(xù)受到排斥，解決問(wèn)題的唯一方式可能也隨之繼續(xù)受到排斥。

4.單選題

Manyofthesestateshaveexperienced______nationalityconflicts,andfewoftheseconflictshavebeenpermanentlyresolved.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.traumatic

B.stocky

C.irremediable

D.forgetful

【答案】A

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.traumatic痛苦難忘的；極不愉快的B.stocky矮壯的；敦實(shí)的

C.irremediable無(wú)法糾正的；不可治愈的D.forgetful健忘的；好忘事的

【考查點(diǎn)】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞nationalityconflicts（國(guó)籍沖突）和關(guān)鍵信息fewoftheseconflictshavebeenpermanentlyresolved（這些沖突中很少有得到永久解決）可推知，這些國(guó)籍沖突沒(méi)有得到永久解決，也就是說(shuō)這些沖突是痛苦難忘的，該題選擇A項(xiàng)符合句意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B、D項(xiàng)不符合句意；

C項(xiàng)是用來(lái)描述一個(gè)糟糕的情況或改變無(wú)法改善，通常是指永久性的，在這不符合語(yǔ)境。

【句意】這些國(guó)家中有許多經(jīng)歷過(guò)創(chuàng)傷性的國(guó)籍沖突，而這些沖突中很少有得到永久解決。

5.單選題

Thedebatesoverstemcellresearchduringthelastdecadehavebeenamongthemostheated（

）inthehistoryofscience.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.conspiracies

B.contradictions

C.contentions

D.controversies

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。conspiracy意為“陰謀”；contradiction意為“矛盾”；contention意為“論點(diǎn)，爭(zhēng)論”；controversy意為“公開(kāi)辯論，論戰(zhàn)”。

句意：過(guò)去十年中關(guān)于干細(xì)胞研究的爭(zhēng)論是科學(xué)史上最激烈的論戰(zhàn)之一。

6.單選題

Spaceisadangerousplace,notonlybecauseofmeteors（流星）butalsobecauseofraysfromthesunandotherstars.Theatmosphereagainactsasourprotectiveblanketonearth.Lightgetsthrough,andthisisessentialforplantstomakethefoodwhichweeat.Heat,too3makesourenvironmentendurable.Variouskindsofrayscomethroughtheairfromouterspace,butenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunarescreenedoff.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyareexposedtothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraft,iftheyareinside,dopreventalotofradiationdamage.

Radiationisthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Theunitofradiationiscalled“rem”.Scientistshavereasontothinkthatamancanputupwithfarmoreradiationthan0.1remwithoutbeingdamaged;thefigureof60remshasbeenagreedon.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttobesureaboutradiationdamageapersonmayfeelperfectlywell,butthecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamaged,andthiswillnotbediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformedchildrenorevengrandchildren.

MissionsoftheApolloflightshavehadtocrossbeltsofhighamountofrems.Sofar,nodangerousamountsofradiationhavebeenreported,buttheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenaregoingtogetonwhentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidetheprotectionoftheatmosphere,workinginaspacelaboratory.Drugsmighthelptodecreasethedamagedonebyradiation,butnoreallyeffectiveoneshavebeenfound,sofar.

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theatmosphereisessentialtomaninthat（）.

2.Weknowfromthepassagethat（）.

3.Theharmradiation,hasclonetotheApollocrewmembers（）.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat（）.

5.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.itprotectshimagainsttheharmfulraysfromspace

B.itprovidessufficientlightforplantgrowth

C.itsuppliestheheatnecessaryforhumansurvival

D.itscreensoffthefallingmeteors

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.exposuretoeventinyamountsofradiationisfatal

B.theeffectofexposuretoradiationisslowincoming

C.radiationisavoidableinspaceexploration

D.astronautsinspacesuitsneedn'tworryaboutradiationdamage

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.issignificant

B.seemsoverestimated

C.isenormous

D.remainsunknown

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.theApollomissionwasverysuccessful

B.protectionfromspaceradiationisnoeasyjob

C.astronautswillhavedeformedchildrenorgrandchildren

D.radiationisnotathreattowell-protectedspaceexplorers

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.TheAtmosphereandOurEnvironment

B.ResearchonRadiation

C.EffectsofSpaceRadiation

D.ImportanceofProtectionAgainstRadiation

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.判斷推理題。Theatmosphereagainactsasourprotectiveblanketonearth.Variouskindsofrayscomethroughtheairfromouterspace,butenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunarescreenedoff.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyareexposedtothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraft,iftheyareinside,dopreventalotofradiationdamage.大氣層再次成為我們?cè)诘厍蛏系谋Ｗo(hù)層。各種光線(xiàn)通過(guò)空氣來(lái)自外太空,但大量的來(lái)自太陽(yáng)的輻射被屏蔽掉。一旦人類(lèi)離開(kāi)大氣層就會(huì)暴露在輻射里，但是他們的宇航服或者飛船的艙壁（如果他們是在飛船內(nèi)的話(huà)）確實(shí)會(huì)避免許多輻射的危害。據(jù)此可知大氣層保護(hù)人類(lèi)免受有害光線(xiàn)的影響。A項(xiàng)正確。

2.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文中第二段“Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttobesureaboutradiationdamage.Apersonmayfeelperfectlywell,butthecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamaged,andthiswillnotbediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformedchildrenorevengrandchildren.問(wèn)題是，很難確定輻射的危害。一個(gè)人在受到輻射后感覺(jué)良好，但他或她的性器官細(xì)胞可能會(huì)受到損傷，而這要等到畸胎兒甚至孫輩出生后才能發(fā)現(xiàn)。據(jù)此可知輻射對(duì)人的危害不會(huì)立馬表現(xiàn)出來(lái)，而要過(guò)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才能體現(xiàn)。故B項(xiàng)正確。A項(xiàng)“暴露在極小的輻射中也是致命的”與原文“Scientistshavereasontothinkthatamancanputupwithfarmoreradiationthan0.1remwithoutbeingdamaged;thefigureof60remshasbeenagreedon.科學(xué)家們有理由相信，一個(gè)人可以忍受遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)0.1雷姆的輻射而不受傷害;60雷姆的數(shù)字已經(jīng)達(dá)成一致。”不符。C項(xiàng)“在太空探索時(shí)輻射是可以避免的”說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤。D項(xiàng)“穿太空服的宇航員不用擔(dān)心輻射危害”與"Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyareexposedtothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraft,iftheyareinside,dopreventalotofradiationdamage.一旦人們離開(kāi)大氣層，他們就會(huì)暴露在這種輻射下，但是如果他們?cè)陲w船里，他們的宇航服或太空船的墻壁，確實(shí)防止了大量的輻射損傷。"不符。故A項(xiàng)正確。

3.判斷推理題。由最后一段“MissionsoftheApolloflightshavehadtocrossbeltsofhighamountofrems.Sofar,nodangerousamountsofradiationhavebeenreported,buttheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.阿波羅的飛行任務(wù)需要穿越大量的雷姆輻射帶。到目前為止，沒(méi)有危險(xiǎn)的輻射量的報(bào)告，但阿波羅任務(wù)是相當(dāng)短的。”可知阿波羅宇航員是否受到輻射危害的影響還不得而知。故D項(xiàng)正確。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)最后一句"Drugsmighthelptodecreasethedamagedonebyradiation,butnoreallyeffectiveoneshavebeenfound,sofar."藥物可能有助于減少輻射造成的傷害，但迄今為止還沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)真正有效的藥物。可知防止太空輻射不是一件容易的事。B項(xiàng)正確。

5.主旨大意題。本文首先介紹了大氣層對(duì)人類(lèi)的重要性，接著講述了太空輻射的影響，最后表明目前還沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)真正有效能阻擋輻射的方法。故C項(xiàng)“太空輻射的影響”正確。

7.單選題

Ⅳ.MichaelBrown’s2014deathinFerguson,Missourithrustpolice-officerinvolvedhomicidesintothepopularconsciousness.Aseriesofsubsequentofficer-involvedhomicideshaskepttheissuepoliticallyandlegallysalient.Despitethis,officialdatasourcesarethinandunreliable.Asinotherlargecities,shootingvictimsareoverwhelminglyminorities,withBlackpersonsconstitutingover80%ofvictims.Contrarytointuition,manyoftheofficershootersareminoritiesaswell.Theanalysisheresuggeststhatneitherracistmalevolencenorunconsciousbiasaffordcompleteexplanationsforwhyofficer-involvedshootingsoccur.Bothoftheseexplanatoryframeworksfocustoointensivelyuponindividualofficers’decision-makingattheexpenseofinstitutionalandsituationaldynamics.Scholarsandpolicymakersshouldfocusfarmoreintensivelyonregulatingbadpractices,ratherthanjustondiscipliningbadofficersfollowingegregiousincidents.Shiftingfocusinthiswaywillhelpidentifyconnectionsbetweeneverydaypolicingtacticsinminorityneighborhoods—suchasplainclothespolicingandaggressivestopandfrisk—andofficerinvolvedshootings.Thearticlealsoconcludesthatevidentiarychallengesmarposthocreviewofofficer-involvedshootings,whetheritisintheformofjudicialorcivilianreview.Thisalsounderscorestheimportanceofpreventiveregulation.

Thereisnoquantitativebenchmarkthatallowsonetoneatlyandobjectivelyproblematize(orrationalize)thehighnumbersofBlackandHispanicofficer-involvedshootingvictims.Claimingdisproportionalityrequiressignificantnormativejudgments.TheracialprofileofofficerinvolvedshootingvictimsintheIPRAReportsisdramaticallydisproportionatetothatofChicagoresidents.ComparableifnotquitesodramaticracialdisproportionalityholdsforothermunicipalitiesandtheUnitedStatesasawhole.ButtheIPRAReportssuggestthatthemajorityofshootingvictimswerearmedwhenshot.Thisshouldleadonetoaskwhetherthecity’soveralldemographicprofileistheproperbenchmarkformeasuringwhethershootingsareinordinatelyvisiteduponBlackandHispanicmen.Relatedisthequestionofwhatreferencepointshouldbeusedtoassesshowmanyshootingsaretoomany?Thesetwoquestionswillbefamiliartoanyonewhostudiesantidiscriminationlaw—establishingthefactofracialdisparityrequiresanappropriatecomparisongroup.Forexample,aplaintiffsuingamedicalemployerforracialdiscriminationinhiringofdoctorscouldnotpointtotheemployers’havinghiredfewerminoritiesthantheirshareofthegeneralpopulation.

1.Theunderlinedword“salient”isclosestinmeaningwith___inthesentence.

2.Whatcouldbetheintuitionreferredtobytheauthor?

3.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theauthorthinksthat___.

4.Inthelastsentence,theauthorgivesanexampleofmedicalemploymenttoillustratethat___.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.noticeable

B.significant

C.outwards

D.jumpingout

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.ManyofthevictimsareBlack.

B.Manyoftheofficershootersareminorities.

C.ManyoftheofficershootersareWhite.

D.Manyofthevictimsareminorities.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.badofficersfollowingegregiousincidentsarenotthecauseofofficer-involvedhomicides

B.racistmalevolenceandunconsciousbiashavenothingtodowithofficer-involvedhomicides

C.individualofficers’decision-makingisthecauseofofficer-involvedhomicides

D.scholarsandpolicymakersshouldnotfocusjustondiscipliningbadofficersfollowingegregiousincidents

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.thecity’soveralldemographicprofileistheproperbenchmarkformeasuring

B.establishingthefactofracialdisparityrequiresanappropriatecomparisongroup

C.Thereisnoquantitativebenchmarkthatallowsonetoproblematize(orrationalize)thehighnumbersofBlackandHispanicofficer-involvedshootingvictims

D.ComparabledramaticracialdisproportionalityholdsforothermunicipalitiesandtheUnitedStatesasawhole

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

【解析】1.詞義辨析題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段劃線(xiàn)部分句子Aseriesofsubsequentofficer-involvedhomicideshaskepttheissuepoliticallyandlegallysalient.（隨后發(fā)生的一系列與警官有關(guān)的殺人案使這個(gè)問(wèn)題在政治上和法律上都很重要）此處的salient表示“很突出，很重要”；A選項(xiàng)“顯而易見(jiàn)的，顯著的”；B選項(xiàng)“重大的（大的，重要的足以產(chǎn)生影響或引起注意的）；有效的；有意義的；值得注意的；意味深長(zhǎng)的”；C選項(xiàng)“向外地”；D選項(xiàng)“跳出”，C選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng)排除，和原文詞義不匹配，noticeable側(cè)重所描繪的事物引人注意，significant側(cè)重某事物由于特別優(yōu)秀或特別有意義而顯得重要與突出，此處significant更符合salient在句中的含義。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Contrarytointuition,manyoftheofficershootersareminoritiesaswell.（與直覺(jué)相反，許多槍擊警察的人也是少數(shù)族裔）推測(cè)出直覺(jué)為許多槍擊警察的人會(huì)是白人，選C選項(xiàng)“許多射擊警察的人是白人”；A選項(xiàng)“許多受害者是黑人”，D選項(xiàng)“許多受害者是少數(shù)民族”和受害者有關(guān)，而直覺(jué)是和槍擊警察的人有關(guān)，不匹配；B選項(xiàng)“許多槍擊警察的人都是少數(shù)民族”屬于原文中的內(nèi)容，和直覺(jué)相反，排除。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Scholarsandpolicymakersshouldfocusfarmoreintensivelyonregulatingbadpractices,ratherthanjustondiscipliningbadofficersfollowingegregiousincidents.（學(xué)者和政策制定者應(yīng)該更加集中精力規(guī)范不良行為，而不是僅僅在發(fā)生惡劣事件后懲戒不良官員）可知選D選項(xiàng)“學(xué)者和政策制定者不應(yīng)該只關(guān)注在惡劣事件發(fā)生后懲罰壞官員”；A選項(xiàng)“糟糕的警官在發(fā)生令人震驚的事件后并不是涉及警官的殺人案的原因”第一段未明確指出；第一段Theanalysisheresuggeststhatneitherracistmalevolencenorunconsciousbiasaffordcompleteexplanationsforwhyofficer-involvedshootingsoccur.（這里的分析表明，無(wú)論是種族主義的惡意，還是無(wú)意識(shí)的偏見(jiàn)，都不能完全解釋與警察有關(guān)的槍擊事件發(fā)生的原因）只是說(shuō)不能完全解釋?zhuān)皇菦](méi)有任何關(guān)系，B選項(xiàng)“種族主義的惡意和無(wú)意識(shí)的偏見(jiàn)與警官參與的殺人案沒(méi)有任何關(guān)系，只是不能完全解釋”錯(cuò)誤；Bothoftheseexplanatoryframeworksfocustoointensivelyuponindividualofficers’decision-makingattheexpenseofinstitutionalandsituationaldynamics.（這兩種解釋框架都過(guò)于集中于個(gè)別軍官的決策，而犧牲了制度和情境的動(dòng)態(tài)）可知個(gè)人警官的決策并不能完全解釋與警察有關(guān)的槍擊事件發(fā)生的原因，C選項(xiàng)“個(gè)人警官的決策是涉及警官的殺人案的原因”太過(guò)片面。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段最后一句Forexample,aplaintiffsuingamedicalemployerforracialdiscriminationinhiringofdoctorscouldnotpointtotheemployers’havinghiredfewerminoritiesthantheirshareofthegeneralpopulation.（例如，一名原告起訴一名醫(yī)療雇主在雇用醫(yī)生時(shí)存在種族歧視，但不能指出該雇主雇用的少數(shù)族裔人數(shù)少于其在總?cè)丝谥兴急壤┙Y(jié)合上一句話(huà)Thesetwoquestionswillbefamiliartoanyonewhostudiesantidiscriminationlaw—establishingthefactofracialdisparityrequiresanappropriatecomparisongroup.（這兩個(gè)問(wèn)題對(duì)任何研究反歧視法的人來(lái)說(shuō)都很熟悉——建立種族差異的事實(shí)需要一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膶?duì)照組）可知舉例是為了說(shuō)明建立種族差異的事實(shí)需要一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膶?duì)照組，選B選項(xiàng)“建立種族差異的事實(shí)需要一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)谋容^組”；A選項(xiàng)“城市的總體人口概況是衡量的適當(dāng)基準(zhǔn)”，C選項(xiàng)“沒(méi)有定量的基準(zhǔn)允許人們質(zhì)疑（或合理化）大量的黑人和西班牙裔警察參與的槍擊受害者”以及D選項(xiàng)“其他城市和整個(gè)美國(guó)都存在類(lèi)似的戲劇性的種族不均衡現(xiàn)象”和原文不符合。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Thepresidentialcandidate（）hispositionbywinningseveralprimaryelections.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.enforced

B.enriched

C.intensified

D.consolidated

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)enforce“實(shí)施，執(zhí)行，強(qiáng)制”，B項(xiàng)enrich“使充實(shí)，使肥沃”，C項(xiàng)intensify“增加，強(qiáng)化”，D項(xiàng)consolidate“鞏固，加強(qiáng)”。根據(jù)后面的hispositionbywinningseveralprimaryelections（通過(guò)贏得幾次初選而獲得職位）可知，空格部分表示“鞏固”。句意：這位總統(tǒng)候選人通過(guò)贏得幾次初選鞏固了自己的地位。故該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Thespeaker,ateacherfromacommunitycollege,addressedasympatheticaudience.Headsnoddedinagreementwhenhesaid,“HighschoolEnglishteachersarenotdoingtheirjobs.”Hedescribedtheinadequaciesofhisstudents,allhighschoolgraduateswhocanuselanguageonlyatagrade9level.Iwasunabletodeterminefromhisanswerstomyquestionshowthisgrade9levelhadbeenestablished.

Mytopicisnotstandardsnoritsdecline.Whatthespeakerwasreallysayingisthatheisnolongeryoung;hehasbeenteachingforsixteenyears,andisabletothinkandspeaklikeamatureadult.

Mypointisthatthefrequentcomplaintofonegenerationabouttheoneimmediatelyfollowingitisinevitable.Itisalsohumannaturetolookforthereasonsforourdissatisfaction.BeforeEnglishbecameaschoolsubjectinthelatenineteenthcentury,itwasdifficulttofindthetargetoftheblameforlanguagedeficiencies.Butsincethen,Englishteachershavebeenunderconstantattack.

Thecomplainersthinktheyhavehituponanoriginalidea.Astheirowncommandofthelanguageimproves,theynoticethatyoungpeopledonothavethissameability.Unawarethattheirownabilityhasdevelopedthroughtheyears,theyassumethenewgenerationsofyoungpeoplemustbehopelessinthisrespect.Totheeyesandearsofsensitiveadultsthelanguageoftheyoungalwaysseemsinadequate.

SincethisconcernaboutthedeclineandfalloftheEnglishlanguageisnotperceivedasagenerationalphenomenonbutratherassomethingnewandpeculiartotoday’syoungpeople,itnaturallyfollowsthattoday’sEnglishteacherscannotbedoingtheirjobs.Otherwise,youngpeoplewouldnotcommitoffensesagainstthelanguage.

1.Thespeakertheauthormentionedinthepassagebelievedthat________.

2.Intheauthor’sopinion,thespeaker________.

3.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.

4.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthespeaker’sremarksis________.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thelanguageoftheyoungergenerationisusuallyinferiortothatoftheoldergeneration

B.thestudentshadapoorcommandofEnglishbecausetheydidn’tworkhardenough

C.thewasanexcellentlanguageteacherbecausehehadbeenteachingEnglishforsixteenyears

D.Englishteachersshouldbeheldresponsibleforthestudents’poorcommand