考研考博-英語-晉中學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-晉中學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Animportantconsequencearisesbecausethesocialsecurityprogramispurelypay-as-you-gofinanced,（

）mostpensionplans,atleastintheprivatesector,arefullyfunded.Thus,greatercontracting-outimpliesgreaterprefundingofpensioncommitments.

問題1選項

A.whereas

B.because

C.sothat

D.therefore

【答案】A

【解析】考查邏輯關(guān)系?？崭袂熬湟猓荷鐣Ｕ享椖渴橇咳霝槌鎏峁┵Y金的?？崭窈缶湟猓捍蠖鄶?shù)養(yǎng)老計劃是全額提供資金。兩句間形成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。四個選項中只有A選項whereas表示轉(zhuǎn)折，因此A選項正確。

2.單選題

Bringingupchildrenisahardwork,andyouareoftentoblameforanybadbehaviorofyourchildren.Ifso,JudithRichHarrishasgoodnewsforyou.Parents,sheargues,havenoimportantlong-termeffectsonthedevelopmentofthepersonalityoftheirchildren.Farmoreimportantaretheirplaygroundfriendsandneighborhood.Ms.Harristakestohittingtheassumption,whichhasdominateddevelopmentalpsychologyforalmosthalfacentury.

Ms.Harris’sattackonthedevelopmentalists’“nature”argumentlookslikelytoreinforcedoubtsthattheprofessionwasalreadyhaving.Ifparentsmatter,whyisitthattwoadoptedchildren,rearedinthesamehome,arenomoresimilarinpersonalitythantwoadoptedchildrenrearedinseparatehomes?Orthatapairofidenticaltwins,rearedinthesamehome,arenomorealikethanapairofidenticaltwinsrearedindifferenthomes?

Difficultasitistotrackthepreciseeffectsofparentalupbringing,itmaybehardertomeasuretheexactinfluenceofthepeer(同齡人)groupinchildhoodandadolescence.Ms.Harrispointstohowchildrenfromimmigranthomessoonlearnnottospeakatschoolinthewaytheirparentsspeak.Butacquiringalanguageissurelyaskill,ratherthanacharacteristicofthesortdevelopmentalpsychologistshuntfor.Certainlyitisdifferentfromgrowinguptenselyorrelaxed,orfromlearningtobehonestorhard-workingorgenerous.Easythoughitmaybetoprovethatparentshavelittleimpactonthosequalities,itwillbehardtoprovethatpeershavevastlymore.

Moreover,mumanddadsurelycannotbeditchedcompletely.Youngadultsmay,asMs.Harrisargues,bekeentoappearliketheirpeers.Buteveninthoseearlyyears,parentshavethepowertoopendoors:theymayinitiallychoosethepeerswithwhomtheiryoungassociate,andpickthatinfluentialneighborhood.Moreover,mostpeoplesuspectthattheycometoresembletheirparentsmoreinmiddleage,andthatpeople’schildbearinghabitsmaybeformedpartlybywhattheirparentsdid.Sothebalanceofinfluencesisprobablycomplicated,asmostparentsalreadysuspectedwithoutbeingabletodemonstrateitscientifically.Evenifitturnsoutthatthegenestheypassonandthefriendstheirchildrenplaywithmatterasmuchasaffection,disciplineandgoodexample,parentsarenotcompletelyoffthehook.

1.AccordingtoMs.Harris,______.

2.Whichofthefollowingviewsisconsistentwithwhatthedevelopmentalistshold?

3.AccordingtoPara.3,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

4.Theword“ditched”couldbebestreplacedby______.

5.Whatistheauthor’smainpurpose?

問題1選項

A.parentsaretoblameforanybadbehavioroftheirchildren

B.parentswillaffectgreatlythechildren’slifeinthelongrun

C.natureratherthannurturehasasignificanteffectonchildren’spersonalitydevelopment

D.children’spersonalityisshapedbytheirfriendsandneighbors

問題2選項

A.Childrenaremoreinfluencedbytheirpeersthanbytheirparents.

B.Twinsarequitedifferentiftheyarerearedintwoseparatefamilies.

C.Identicaltwinsrearedinthesamehomearedifferentinpersonality.

D.Nurturehasalesssignificanteffectonchildren’spersonalitydevelopment.

問題3選項

A.Itishardertotrackthepreciseeffectsofparentalupbringingthantheexactinfluenceofthepeergroupinchildren.

B.Immigrantchildrentendtodiscardthewaytheirparentsspeakquicklywhentheygotoschool.

C.Ithasbeenprovedthatpeershavemoreimpactonchildren’squalitiessuchastobehonestorhard-workingorgenerous.

D.Itiseasierforchildrentoacquirealanguageatschoolthanathome.

問題4選項

A.proved

B.emphasized

C.compared

D.ignored

問題5選項

A.TohighlypraiseMs.Harris’swork.

B.TocounterMs.Harris’swork.

C.ToobjectivelyreportonMs.Harris’swork.

D.TocriticallycommentonMs.Harris’swork.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段第三、四句Parents,sheargues,havenoimportantlong-termeffectsonthedevelopmentofthepersonalityoftheirchildren.Farmoreimportantaretheirplaygroundfriendsandneighborhood.（她認為，父母對孩子個性的發(fā)展沒有重要的長期影響。更重要的是他們在操場上的朋友和鄰居。），說明哈里斯女士認為孩子的個性塑造受到朋友和鄰居的影響。因此D選項“孩子的個性是由他們的朋友和鄰居塑造的”正確。A選項“父母應(yīng)該為他們孩子的任何不良行為負責(zé)”，B選項“從長遠來看，父母將極大地影響孩子的人生”，C選項“天生的而不是后天的因素對孩子的個性發(fā)展有很大的影響”均與原文意思相反，所以A,B,C錯誤。

2.推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段第一句Ms.Harris’sattackonthedevelopmentalists’“nature”argumentlookslikelytoreinforcedoubtsthattheprofessionwasalreadyhaving.（哈里斯女士對發(fā)展主義者的“自然”論點的攻擊似乎加深了人們對這一職業(yè)已經(jīng)存在的懷疑。），說明哈里斯女士和發(fā)展主義者的觀點截然不同，哈里斯女士認為孩子的個性塑造受到朋友和鄰居的影響，而發(fā)展主義者強調(diào)父母對孩子的影響，認為教育對孩子的影響更大，所以A選項“孩子受同齡人的影響比受父母的影響更大”，D選項“天生的因素對孩子個性發(fā)展的影響不大”不屬于發(fā)展主義者的觀點，A,D錯誤。由于哈里斯女士所舉的雙胞胎例子與發(fā)展主義者的觀點相反，那么后者的觀點應(yīng)該是：雙胞胎在同一個家庭長大則個性相同，在不同的家庭長大個性會有很大的差異，所以C選項“在同一家庭中長大的同卵雙胞胎在性格上是不同的”錯誤。因此B選項“如果雙胞胎在兩個不同的家庭中長大，他們就會有很大不同”正確。

3.客觀細節(jié)題。A選項“追蹤父母教養(yǎng)的確切影響比追蹤同齡人群體對孩子的確切影響更難”，由原文Difficultasitistotrackthepreciseeffectsofparentalupbringing,itmaybehardertomeasuretheexactinfluenceofthepeergroupinchildhoodandadolescence.（雖然很難追蹤父母教養(yǎng)的確切影響，但要衡量同齡人群體在童年和青春期的確切影響可能更困難。）可知后者更難，所以A錯誤。C選項“事實證明，同齡人對兒童的品質(zhì)，如誠實、勤奮、慷慨等方面的影響更大”，由原文Easythoughitmaybetoprovethatparentshavelittleimpactonthosequalities,itwillbehardtoprovethatpeershavevastlymore.（盡管要證明父母對這些品質(zhì)的影響很小很容易，但要證明同齡人對這些品質(zhì)的影響要大得多卻很難。）可知，很難證明同齡人對這些品質(zhì)的影響更大，所以C錯誤。D選項“兒童在學(xué)校比在家里更容易掌握一種語言”在文中沒有提及，所以D錯誤。B選項“移民的孩子在上學(xué)時往往會很快拋棄他們父母的說話方式”，由原文Ms.Harrispointstohowchildrenfromimmigranthomessoonlearnnottospeakatschoolinthewaytheirparentsspeak.（哈里斯指出，來自移民家庭的孩子在學(xué)校很快就學(xué)會了不像父母那樣說話。）可知，移民的孩子在學(xué)校很快就會拋棄父母的說話方式，所以B正確。

4.語義推測題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“ditched”可以定位到文章第四段第一句Moreover,mumanddadsurelycannotbeditchedcompletely.（此外，父母當(dāng)然不能被完全拋棄。），說明不能完全忽視父母的影響，可以推斷出“ditched”在文中是指“忽視”的意思。因此D選項“忽視”正確。A選項“證明”，B選項“強調(diào)”，C選項“比較”均不符合題意，所以A,B,C錯誤。

5.觀點態(tài)度題。結(jié)合全文來看，作者基本上同意哈里斯女士的觀點，即家長對孩子的影響并不是人們所認為的那么重要，影響孩子成長的還有外界的因素。但作者在第三段中提到，哈里斯女士在說明問題時所舉的例子不恰當(dāng)，因為它強調(diào)了技能而不是個性，接著在第四段中說到，雖然孩子們極力要向他們的同齡人看齊，但家長們對他們的早期影響是不可忽視的，說明作者對哈里斯女士觀點的態(tài)度是批判性的。因此D選項“對哈里斯女士的工作進行批判性評論”正確。A選項“高度贊揚哈里斯女士的工作”，B選項“反駁哈里斯女士的工作”，作者沒有完全絕對地贊同或反對哈里斯女士的觀點，所以A、B錯誤。C選項“客觀地報告哈里斯女士的工作”，作者除了客觀介紹了哈里斯女士的觀點之外，也提出了自己的主觀看法，所以C錯誤。

3.單選題

Thediscussionwassoprolongedandexhaustingthat（）wehadtostopforrefreshments.

問題1選項

A.atlarge

B.atease

C.atrandom

D.atintervals

【答案】D

【解析】固定搭配詞組辨析。atlarge“詳盡的”;atease“安逸,舒適”;atrandom“隨便地,任意地”;atintervals“不時地,間斷地”。句意:討論時間太長,使人精疲力竭,我們不得不不時地停下來吃點點心。選項D符合句意。

4.單選題

ThedestructionoftheEarth’sozonelayer,forexample,couldcontributetothegeneralprocessofimpoverishmentbyallowingultravioletraystoharmplantsandanimals.

問題1選項

A.sufficient

B.improvement

C.prosperity

D.poverty

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項sufficient“足夠的；充分的”；B選項improvement“改進，改善；提高”；C選項prosperity“繁榮，成功”；D選項poverty“貧困；困難；缺少；低劣”。句意：例如，地球臭氧層的破壞會使紫外線傷害動植物，從而加劇貧困化的進程。結(jié)合此處關(guān)鍵詞impoverishment“貧窮；致使貧乏或貧瘠之事物；窮困化狀況”，得知D選項正確。

5.單選題

Predictingthefutureisalwaysrisky.Butit’sprobablysafetosaythatatleastafewhistorianswillonedayspeakofthe20th-centuryasAmerica’s“DisneyEra.”Today,it’scertainlydifficulttothinkofanyothersinglethingthatrepresentsmodemAmericaaspowerfullyasthecompanythatcreatedMickeyMouse.Globally,brandslikeCoca-ColaandMcDonaldsmaybemorewidely-known,butneitherencapsulates20th-centuryAmericainquitethesamewayasDisney.

ThereasonsforDisney’ssuccessarevariedandnumerous,butultimatelythecreditbelongs

tooneperson—themanwhocreatedthecartoonandbuiltthecompanyfromnothing,WaltDisney.Ironicallyhecouldnotdrawparticularlywell.Buthewasageniusinplentyofotherrespects.Inbusiness,hisgreatestskillswerehisinsightandhismanagementability.AftersettinghimselfupinHollywood,hesingle-handedlypioneeredtheconceptsofbrandingandmerchandising—somethinghiscompanystilldoesbrilliantlytoday.

ButwhatreallydistinguishedDisneywashisabilitytoidentifywithhisaudiences.Disneyalwaysmadesurehisfilmschampionedthe“l(fā)ittleguy,”andmadehimfeelproudtobeAmerican.Thisheachievedbycreatingcharactersthatreflectedthehopesandfearsoftheordinarypeople.SomecelebratedAmericanachievements—Disney’sveryfirstcartoonPlaneCrazy,featuringasilentMickeyhouse,wasinspiredbyCharlesLindbergh’sflightacrosstheAtlantic.Others,likethethreelittlePigsandSnowWhiteandtheSevenDwarves,showedhow,throughhardworkandhelpingone’sfellowman,ordinaryAmericanscouldsurvivesocialandeconomiccrisesliketheGreatDepression.

Disney’sothergreatvirtuewasthefactthathiscompany—unlikeotherbigcorporations—hadahumanface.HisHollywoodstudio—thepublicheard—operatedjustlikeademocracy,whereeveryonewasonfirst-nametermsandhadasayinhowthingsshouldberun.HewasalsoregardedasagreatpatriotbecausenotonlydidhiscartoonscelebrateAmerica,but,duringWorldWarII,hisstudiosmadetrainingfilmsforAmericansoldiers.

Thereality,ofcourse,waslessidyllic.Asthepublicwouldlaterlearn,Disney’spatriotismhadanunpleasantside.Afterastrikebycartoonistsin1941,hebecameconvincedthatHollywoodhadbeeninfiltratedbyCommunists.HeagreedtoworkfortheFBIasamole（間諜）,identifyingandspyingoncolleagueswhomhesuspectedweresubversives.

But,apartfromhisaffiliationswiththeFBI,Disneywasmoreorlessthegenuinearticle.Anewbook,TheMagicKingdom:WaltDisneyandtheAmericanWayofLife,byStevenWatts,confirmsthathewasverydefinitelyonthesideofordinaryAmericans―inthe30sand40shevotedforFranklinRoosevelt,believinghewasachampionoftheworkers.Also,DisneywasnotanapologistfortheFBI,assomehavesuggested.Infact,hewasalwayssuspiciousoflarge,bureaucraticorganizations,asisevidencedinfilmslikeThatDarnedCat,inwhichheportrayedFBIagentsasbunglingincompetents.

Bythetimehediedin1966,WaltDisneywasaniconlikeThomasEdisonandtheWrightBrothers.Tobusinesspeopleandfilmmakers,hewasarolemodel;tothepublicatlarge,hewas“UncleWalt”一themanwhohadentertainedthemalltheirlives,themanwhorepresentedallthatwasgoodaboutAmerica.

Inthe30yearssincehisdeath,notmuchhaschanged.In1986,hewasattackedasaMcCarthyist,asupporterofbigbusiness,andapurveyorof“sub-literate”entertainment.However,noneofithasmadeanydifferencetothegeneralpublic.TheirloyaltytoUncleWaltremainsasstrongasever.

1.WaltDisneyisbelievedtopossessthefollowingabilitiesEXCEPT（

）.

2.WaltDisneybecameaniconafterhisdeathnotbecause

（

）.

3.Inthesixthparagraphthesentence“Disneywasmoreorlessthegenuinearticle”means

that

（

）.

4.Thewriter’sattitudetowardWaltDisneycanbestbedescribedas

（

）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,whatwasthepleasantsideofDisney’spatriotism?

問題1選項

A.painting

B.creativity

C.management

D.merchandising

問題2選項

A.Hewasarolemodeltobusinesspeopleandfilmmakers

B.hecouldentertainthepublicatlargealltheirlives

C.hewasapurveyorof“sub-literate”entertainment

D.hecouldrepresentallthatwasgoodaboutAmerica

問題3選項

A.Disneywasacreativeandcapableperson.

B.DisneyonceagreedtoworkfortheFBI.

C.Disneyranhiscompanyinademocraticway.

D.Disneywassympatheticwithordinarypeople.

問題4選項

A.sympathetic

B.objective

C.critical

D.skeptical

問題5選項

A.HesidedwithordinaryAmericansinhisfilms.

B.HesupportedAmerica’swareffortsinhisownway.

C.Hehaddoubtsaboutlarge,bureaucraticorganizations.

D.HevotedforFranklinRooseveltinthe30sand40s.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)文章第二段中“Ironicallyhecouldnotdrawparticularlywell”諷刺的是他畫得不太好，可知WaltDisney繪畫能力不好，因此選A。

2.細節(jié)事實題。文章最后兩段講述了WaltDisney死后的影響，A、C、D選項在倒數(shù)第二段中都有提及，B選項在最后一段中提及，不符合題干中成為偶像的原因，因此選B。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第六段中“hewasverydefinitelyonthesideofordinaryAmericans”可知WaltDisney站在普通美國人這邊，因此D選項“迪士尼對普通人很同情”符合題意。

4.觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)文章第二段中“ThereasonsforDisney’ssuccessarevariedandnumerous,butultimatelythecreditbelongstooneperson—themanwhocreatedthecartoonandbuiltthecompanyfromnothing,WaltDisney.”和第五段中“Asthepublicwouldlaterlearn,Disney’spatriotismhadanunpleasantside.”可知作者既寫了WaltDisney對迪士尼公司的成功有突出貢獻，又寫了他愛國主義不好的一面，因此作者對WaltDisney的態(tài)度是客觀的，選B。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段中“HewasalsoregardedasagreatpatriotbecausenotonlydidhiscartoonscelebrateAmerica,but,duringWorldWarII,hisstudiosmadetrainingfilmsforAmericansoldiers.”他也被認為是一位偉大的愛國者，因為他不僅以他的動畫片贊美美國，而且在二戰(zhàn)期間，他的制作室也為美國士兵制作訓(xùn)練用影片?？芍宰约旱姆绞街С置绹膽?zhàn)爭努力，因此選B。

6.寫作題

Somepeoplesaythatthebestpreparationforlifeislearningtobecooperative.Otherstaketheoppositeviewandsaythatlearningtobecompetitiveisthebestpreparation.Writeacompositionofabout150wordstotellwhichoneyouagreeandexplainwhy.

【答案】略

7.不定項選擇題

ItwouldbereasonabletoassumethattheyearsfollowingtheCivilWarwereatimeofhealingandrebuilding.Andforthemostpart,thatiswhattheywere,albeitaverylongandpainfulone.WhilethehealingoftheriftbetweenNorthandSouthdidmakeprogress,allwasnotpeacefulandthedisharmonywasn’tconfinedtothepoliticalarena.Inliterarycirclestoo,theperiodwascharacterizedbyupheavalandturmoil.AliterarycivilwarofsortswasragingbetweenthecampsoftheRomanticsandRealists.Later,theNaturalistswouldjointhefrayaswell.Thiswasabattlewagedoverthewaysfictionalcharacterswerepresentedinrelationtotheirexternalworld.Thoughtheunrestmighthavebeenbetweenschoolsoffiction,ithadaveryrealbasis.Thebattlereflectedfar-reachingsocialchangethatwasplantingtheseedsofnewdiscord-aconflictthatwouldthreatentofragmentthecountry;thistimenotalonggeographicalborders,butalongclasslines.

Usingplotandcharacterdevelopment,awriterexpressedhisorherphilosophyabouthowmuchcontrolamanreallyhadoverhisowndestiny.RomanticwriterssuchasRalphWaldoEmersoncelebratedwhattheysawastheabilityofthehumanwilltotriumphoveranyadversity.[A]OccupyingthemiddlegroundwereauthorslikeMarkTwain,WilliamDeanHowells,andHenryJames,allofwhomwereinfluencedbytheworksoftheearlyEuropeanRealists.Itwastheirbeliefthatpeoplehadonlyalimitedcapacitytodeterminethedirectiontheirlivestook;thathumanity’sfreedomofchoicewasconstrainedbythepowerofexternalforces.[B]DiametricallyopposedtotheRomanticauthorsweretheNaturalists—thelikesofStephenCraneandFrankNorris,wholineduponthesideofEmileZolaandtheDeterminismmovement.[C]Theirwritingsgavevoicetotheviewthatindividualshavenochoicewhatsoeverinwhathappenstothem.Itwastheirpositionthatthepathofone’slifewasdictatedwhollybyaconspiracybetweenhereditaryfactorsandtheexternalenvironment.[D]

Socio-economicchangeshadaprofoundanddecisiveinfluenceonthisdebate.TheIndustrialRevolutionthattookplaceattheendofthe19thcenturychangedtheUnitedStatesinfundamentalways.Inhugenumbers,peoplemigratedfromruralhomesseekingeconomicopportunitiesinurbanenvironments.Theplentifulsupplyoflabor,combinedwithnewmachineryandprocessesbeingdevelopedmadeconditionsripeforaneconomyfocusedonmanufacturing.Forthefirsttime,therewasanalternativetoagricultureandcommerceasameansoflivelihood.Atthesametime,immigrantsfromallovertheworldflowedacrossthebordersinpursuitofthesameopportunities.Insodoing,theyaddedtotheburgeoninglaborpool,drovedowncostsandhelpedtopushindustrializationforward.Uponarrivinginthecitiesandfindingwork,mostofthesemigrantsfoundthemselvesandtheirfamiliesatthemercyofunscrupulousbusinessmenwhoexploitedthemwithbrutalworkschedulesandcoercedanywhotriedtoresist,orinmanycases,anyonewhotriedtoescape.Intheend,itwasthesesweepingeconomicandsocialchangesandthepessimismtheyengenderedthatswungthebalanceofpowerinfavoroftheRealistsandtheNaturalists.

Muchoftheliteraryproductoftheperiodhadadistinctlyregionalcharacter.Thistoocouldbetracedtoeconomicchanges.TheIndustrialRevolutioncalledforstandardization,themassproductionofgoods,andstreamlinedchannelsofdistribution.Thelifestylechangesthisrationalizationofproductionentailedwereprofoundandpeoplebegantofearthatlocaltraditionswouldfallbythewaysidetrampledinrecklesspursuitofeconomicefficiency.Respondingtothesesentiments,Realistwriterssoughttocaptureandpreservethe“l(fā)ocalcolor”beforeitwaslost.Theydrewuponthegrimrealitiesofeverydaylifeindepictingthebreakdownoftraditionalvaluesandthedeepeningplightofthenewurbanunderclass.ThisfocusontheordinarylivesofordinarypeoplewascharacteristicofAmericanRealism.Readerswereattractedtothestoriesbecausetheyweresomethingwithwhichtheycouldidentify.Americanlifewaschanging,thepacewasquickening,andreadersneededwriterswhodealtdirectlywiththeproblemstheywerefacing.InthegreatliterarystruggletheRomanticwritershadbeenrenderedirrelevant,vanquishedbychangingcircumstances.

6.Whichofthefollowingcouldbestserveasatitleforthepassage?

7.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport?

8.Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialmeaningoftheitalicizedsentenceinthepassage?

9.Thephraseameansoflivelihoodinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（）.

10.Inparagraph3,theauthormostlydoeswhichofthefollowing?

11.Accordingtoparagraph4,whatmotivatedRealistauthorstogivetheirworksaregionalflavor?

12.Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingconclusions?

13.LookatthefoursquaresmarkedA,B,C,andDthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Thiswasanaltogetherpessimisticviewthatleftmantotallyatthemercyofcircumstance.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit(A,B,CorD)?

問題1選項

A.TheEffectsoftheCivilWaronAmericanLiterature.

B.The19thCenturyStrugglebetweentheRealismandRomanticism.

C.RealismandtheIndustrialRevolution.

D.HowRealismPromotedSocialChangein19thCenturyAmerica.

問題2選項

A.TheNaturalists,Realists,andRomanticistshadfundamentallydifferentviewsontherolesmenplayintheirownlives.

B.ThedifferencesbetweenRomanticism,Realism,andNaturalismweremoreinthemeansofexpressionthaninthephilosophiesespoused.

C.Therewereanumberofcrucialdifferencesbetweenthe3contendingschoolsofAmericanliteratureinthelate19thcentury.

D.Whilethereweresignificantdifferences,theNaturalistsandRealistssharedsomecharacteristicsoftheRomanticists.

問題3選項

A.Thepessimismwasfinallysweptawaybyeconomicandsocialreform,andthisallowedabalancetobeformedbetweentheRealistsandtheNaturalists.

B.TheresultingtriumphoftheRealistsandtheNaturalistscanbeattributedtothebroadsocio-economicchangesthattookplaceandthefeelingsofhopelessnesstheygaveriseto.

C.ThevictoryoftheRealistsandtheNaturalistsledtodramaticsocio-economicchangeandincreasingpessimism.

D.Attheendofallthesocialandeconomicchange,theRealistsandNaturalistshadfallenoutoffavorandintodeeppessimism.

問題4選項

A.awaytosupportone’sself

B.awayoflookingatlife

C.awayofchangingone’slife

D.aplacetolive

問題5選項

A.ShowswhysocialcircumstancesfavoredRealismandNaturalism.

B.DescribesthesocialbackgroundthatledtothedominanceofRealismandNaturalism.

C.ShowswhyRomanticliteraturehadoncebeensopopular.

D.ShowswhytheRealistandNaturalistwritershaddifficultyinbeingacceptedatfirst.

問題6選項

A.Thepersonalbackgroundsoftheauthors.

B.Adesiretoprotestthechangesgoingonaroundthem.

C.Concernforthepreservationoftradition.

D.Thelimitedmarketsinwhichtheirworksweredistributed.

問題7選項

A.RealismwasanextensionofNaturalism.

B.RomanticismexperiencedasuddenresurgenceimmediatelyfollowingtheCivilWar.

C.NaturalismandRealismbothretainedpopularityinthelate19thcentury.

D.ReaderstooktoRomanticliteratureasameansofescapingthehardrealitiesoftheirlives.

問題8選項

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:B

第6題:C

第7題:C

第8題:D

【解析】6.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】主旨大意題。本文主要討論十九世紀現(xiàn)實主義和浪漫主義之間的爭議，作者先從兩者的定義開始說明，接著用同一時期的工業(yè)發(fā)展所導(dǎo)致的社會變遷作為類比，最后談到因讀者的情感需求造成現(xiàn)實主義的流行以及浪漫主義的衰微。因此B選項“19世紀現(xiàn)實主義和浪漫主義之間的斗爭”最適合做文章標題。A選項“內(nèi)戰(zhàn)對美國文學(xué)的影響”，本文說的是工業(yè)革命的影響，所以A錯誤。C選項“現(xiàn)實主義和工業(yè)革命”只提到了現(xiàn)實主義一個方面，不能完整概括文章內(nèi)容，所以C錯誤。D選項“現(xiàn)實主義如何促進了19世紀美國的社會變革”，由原文可知，是工業(yè)革命先導(dǎo)致社會變遷，然后才有了文學(xué)相應(yīng)的變化，所以D錯誤。

7.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由A選項可以定位到文章第二段Romanticwriters…celebratedwhattheysawastheabilityofthehumanwilltotriumphoveranyadversity.（浪漫主義作家歌頌了他們所認為的人類意志戰(zhàn)勝任何逆境的能力。），…wereinfluencedbytheworksoftheearlyEuropeanRealists.Itwastheirbeliefthatpeoplehadonlyalimitedcapacitytodeterminethedirectiontheirlivestook;thathumanity’sfreedomofchoicewasconstrainedbythepowerofexternalforces.（他們都受到早期歐洲現(xiàn)實主義作品的影響。他們相信，人們在決定自己生活的方向方面能力有限；人類的選擇自由受到外部力量的限制。），Naturalists…Theirwritingsgavevoicetotheviewthatindividualshavenochoicewhatsoeverinwhathappenstothem.（自然主義者的作品表達了個人在發(fā)生的事情中沒有選擇余地的觀點。），說明浪漫主義者認為人類意志足以克服逆境，而現(xiàn)實主義者則認為人類選擇的自由受限于外在的力量，但自然主義者的觀點是個人是毫無選擇的，三個學(xué)派的基本信念完全不同。因此A選項“自然主義者、現(xiàn)實主義者和浪漫主義者對人在自己的生活中所扮演的角色有著根本不同的看法”正確。B選項“浪漫主義、現(xiàn)實主義和自然主義之間的差異更多地體現(xiàn)在表達方式上，而不是所擁護的哲學(xué)”表述與原文相反，三個學(xué)派的哲學(xué)各不相同，所以B錯誤。C選項“19世紀末，美國文學(xué)的三個競爭流派之間存在著很多關(guān)鍵的差異”，由原文可知，事實上差異只有一點，即基本理念的不同，所以C錯誤。D選項“雖然有很大的區(qū)別，但自然主義者、現(xiàn)實主義者與浪漫主義者有一些共同的特點”，原文只說了他們的差異，沒有說共同之處，所以D錯誤。

8.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段最后一句Intheend,itwasthesesweepingeconomicandsocialchangesandthepessimismtheyengenderedthatswungthebalanceofpowerinfavoroftheRealistsandtheNaturalists.（最終，正是這些全面的經(jīng)濟和社會變革以及由此產(chǎn)生的悲觀主義，改變了權(quán)力的天平，使之有利于現(xiàn)實主義者和自然主義者。），說明橫掃全國的社會和經(jīng)濟的變遷以及它們所造成的悲觀心態(tài)使得平衡力量倒向支持現(xiàn)實主義和自然主義。因此B選項“由此產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)實主義者和自然主義者的勝利可以歸因于所發(fā)生的廣泛的社會經(jīng)濟變化以及它們所引起的無望感”正確。A選項“悲觀主義最終被經(jīng)濟和社會改革所掃除，這使得現(xiàn)實主義者和自然主義者之間形成了一種平衡”，原文說的是經(jīng)濟和社會改革產(chǎn)生了悲觀主義，所以A錯誤。C選項“現(xiàn)實主義者和自然主義者的勝利導(dǎo)致了社會經(jīng)濟的巨大變化和日益嚴重的悲觀情緒”，因果關(guān)系和原文相反，所以C錯誤。D選項“在所有的社會和經(jīng)濟變革結(jié)束時，現(xiàn)實主義者和自然主義者已經(jīng)失寵，陷入深深的悲觀主義”與原文意思不符，所以D錯誤。

9.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】詞義推測題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“ameansoflivelihood”可以定位到文章第三段第五句Forthefirsttime,therewasanalternativetoagricultureandcommerceasameansoflivelihood.（有史以來第一次，有了一種替代農(nóng)業(yè)和商業(yè)的謀生手段。），此處的means是“方法”的意思，而livelihood是“生計”的意思，所以ameansoflivelihood的意思是“謀生的方法”。因此A選項“一種養(yǎng)活自己的方法”正確。B選項“一種看待生活的方法”，C選項“一種改變生活的方法”，D選項“一個居住的地方”均不符合題意，所以B，C，D錯誤。

10.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段，作者在第三段先描述社會的變遷，最后說明巨大的社會和經(jīng)濟的變化使得平衡力量倒向支持現(xiàn)實主義和自然主義。因此B選項“描述了導(dǎo)致現(xiàn)實主義和自然主義占主導(dǎo)地位的社會背景”正確。A選項“說明為什么社會環(huán)境有利于現(xiàn)實主義和自然主義”，C選項“顯示了為什么浪漫主義文學(xué)曾經(jīng)如此受歡迎”，D選項“顯示了為什么現(xiàn)實主義和自然主義作家一開始難以被接受”在文中均沒有提及，所以A，C，D錯誤。

11.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第四段第四句Thelifestylechangesthisrationalizationofproductionentailedwereprofoundandpeoplebegantofearthatlocaltraditionswouldfallbythewaysidetrampledinrecklesspursuitofeconomicefficiency.（這種生產(chǎn)合理化所帶來的生活方式的變化是深遠的，人們開始擔(dān)心，在不計后果地追求經(jīng)濟效率的過程中，當(dāng)?shù)氐膫鹘y(tǒng)會被踐踏。），說明工業(yè)革命帶來的巨大變化讓以往對生產(chǎn)制造的認知大大改變，生活方式也因此發(fā)生了劇烈的變化，人們開始擔(dān)心傳統(tǒng)價值會受到打擊，所以現(xiàn)實主義者在作品里加入地域特色，表達對傳統(tǒng)的關(guān)心。因此C選項“對保護傳統(tǒng)的關(guān)注”正確。A選項“作者的個人背景”，B選項“對周圍發(fā)生的變化提出抗議的愿望”，D選項“他們的作品發(fā)行的市場有限”在文中均沒有提及，所以A，B，D錯誤。

12.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。本文開頭介紹了三種不同的文學(xué)流派，然后說明工業(yè)革命所帶來的社會變遷以及普通人生活的困境?，F(xiàn)實主義作者順應(yīng)了讀者的需要，以一般市民的日常生活作為寫作的焦點，讀者找到了認同的對象。而在同一時代，浪漫主義的作家則被視為不切實際，因而被時代所淘汰。因此C選項“自然主義和現(xiàn)實主義在19世紀末都保持了流行”正確。A選項“現(xiàn)實主義是自然主義的延伸”，B選項“浪漫主義在內(nèi)戰(zhàn)后立即經(jīng)歷了一次突然的復(fù)蘇”在文中沒有提及，所以A，B錯誤。D選項“讀者把浪漫主義文學(xué)作為逃避現(xiàn)實生活的一種手段”與原文的意思相反，所以D錯誤。

13.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干中的句子Thiswasanaltogetherpessimisticviewthatleftmantotallyatthemercyofcircumstance.（這是一種完全悲觀的觀點，使人完全受環(huán)境的擺布。）是對自然主義者的觀點再一次做出了總結(jié)，D處前文說的是自然主義者的觀點，那么下文應(yīng)該對其進行總結(jié)。因此該句放在D處最合適。

8.翻譯題

亞洲是地球上最大的洲，面積占世界陸地近百分之三十，人口約占世界總?cè)丝诘陌俜种?。亞洲有巨大的市場需求潛力和堅實的發(fā)展基礎(chǔ)。它還富有自然和人力資源。它有悠久的歷史和文化。亞洲的多元文化生機勃勃，促進了它的發(fā)展。目前，世界正步入多元化的進程，經(jīng)濟全球化日益突出。這給亞洲提供了新的機遇，同時也使它面臨著挑戰(zhàn)。

【答案】Asiaisthelargestcontinentonearth,withnearly30percentoftheworldlandareaand60percentoftheworldpopulation.Asiahasahugemarketwithbigpotentialandasolidfoundationfordevelopment.Itisalsorichinnaturalandhumanresources.Ithasalonghistoryandculture.ThediversityofculturesinAsiaisaliveandhascontributedtoitsdevelopment.Atpresent,theworldisenteringtheprocessofdiversification,andeconomicglobalizationisincreasinglyprominent,whichpresentsAsiawithnewopportunitiesaswellaschallenges.

9.單選題

Humanmemoryisnotoriouslyunreliable.Evenpeoplewiththesharpestfacial-recognitionskillscanonlyremembersomuch.

It’stoughtoquantifyhowgoodapersonisatremembering.Noonereallyknowshowmanydifferentfacessomeonecanrecall,forexample,butvariousestimatestendtohoverinthethousands—basedonthenumberofacquaintancesapersonmighthave.

Machinesaren’tlimitedthisway.Givetherightcomputeramassivedatabaseoffaces,anditcanprocesswhatitsees—thenrecognizeafaceit’stoldtofind—withremarkablespeedandprecision.Thisskilliswhatsupportstheenormouspromiseoffacial-recognitionsoftwareinthe21stcentury.It’salsowhatmakescontemporarysurveillancesystemssoscary.

Thethingis,machinesstillhavelimitationswhenitcomestofacialrecognition.Andscientistsareonlyjustbeginningtounderstandwhatthoseconstraintsare.Tobegintofigureouthowcomputersarestruggling,researchersattheUniversityofWashingtoncreatedamassivedatabaseoffaces—theycallitMegaFace—andtestedavarietyoffacial-recognitionalgorithms(算法)astheyscaledupincomplexity.Theideawastotestthemachinesonadatabasethatincludedupto1milliondifferentimagesofnearly700,000differentpeople—andnotjustalargedatabasefeaturingarelativelysmallnumberofdifferentfaces,moreconsistentwithwhat’sbeenusedinotherresearch.

Asthedatabasesgrew,machineaccuracydippedacrosstheboard.Algorithmsthatwereright95%ofthetimewhentheyweredealingwitha13,000-imagedatabase,forexample,wereaccurateabo