考研考博-英語-四川外國語大學成都學院考試押題卷含答案詳解

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-四川外國語大學成都學院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

AtfirstJackieprayed,frozeninfear,butgraduallyhisterror（

）curiosity.

問題1選項

A.gaveawayto

B.gavewayto

C.goawayto

D.livedupto

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項giveawayto“泄露，贈送，告發(fā)”；B選項givewayto“向……讓步，向……妥協(xié)，被……替代”；C選項goawayto“離開，消失，外出”；D選項liveupto“遵守（諾言），符合，不辜負（期望）”。句中的but表示轉(zhuǎn)折關系，可推測此處是指由最差的恐懼到后面的好奇，B選項符合邏輯搭配。句意：起初Jackie在恐懼中祈禱，但漸漸地，他的恐懼被好奇替代。

2.單選題

Somesocialcriticstookadimviewoftheindustrialismofthenineteenthcentury,believingthatit（）aharsh,crudelife-style.

問題1選項

A.eradicated

B.facilitated

C.released

D.imagined

【答案】B

【解析】動詞詞義辨析。eradicate“根除，消滅”；facilitate“促進，助長”；release“釋放，發(fā)行”；imagine“想象，猜想”。句意：一些社會批判家對19世紀的工業(yè)化持悲觀態(tài)度，認為它助長了一種嚴酷粗糙的生活方式。選項B符合題意。

3.單選題

Peopletendto_______howdistincttheirownlivesare,sothecommonalitytheyenjoywithotherpeopleseemtothemaseriesofsmallmiracles.

問題1選項

A.deny

B.overlook

C.exaggerate

D.ignore

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項deny“否定；拒絕承認”；B選項overlook“俯瞰；未注意到；（對不良現(xiàn)象等）視而不見”；C選項exaggerate“夸大，言過其實”；D選項ignore“無視，佯裝未見”。句意：人們傾向于_______自己的生活是如何獨特，所以他們與他人的共性看起來是他們一系列的小小奇跡。根據(jù)語境，人們總覺得自己的生活很獨特，所以看到和別人的共性時覺得簡直就是奇跡，這里指人們夸大自己的獨特性，所以exaggerate“夸大，言過其實”符合題意。因此C選項正確。

4.單選題

Youhavetothawthemeatbeforeitcanbecooked.

問題1選項

A.tenderize

B.defrost

C.season

D.braise

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。thaw意為“(結冰后)解凍，融化，融解”；tenderize意為“使嫩，使軟化”；defrost意為“（給……）化霜，（使）解凍”；season意為“加調(diào)料調(diào)味，加作料”；braise意為“燉，燜”。

句意：烹飪?nèi)庵?，你得先解凍它?/p>

5.單選題

（

）tosomepartsofSouthAmericaisstilldifficult,becausepartsofthecontinentarestillcoveredwiththickforests.

問題1選項

A.Orientation

B.Access

C.Procession

D.Voyage

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項orientation“方向，方位，定位”；B選項access“出口，接近，進入”，常與to搭配；C選項procession“行列，隊伍，前進，推移”；D選項voyage“航海，航行”。句意：南美洲的某些地區(qū)仍然很難進入，因為該大陸的某些地區(qū)仍然被茂密的森林所覆蓋。根據(jù)句意，判斷出B選項正確。

6.案例題

Attheheartofthedebateoverillegalimmigrationliesonekeyquestion:areimmigrantsgoodorbadfortheeconomy?TheAmericanpublicoverwhelminglythinksthey'rebad.Yettheconsensusamongmosteconomistsisthatimmigration,bothlegalandillegal,providesasmallnetboosttotheeconomy.Immigrantsprovidecheaplabor,lowerthepricesofeverythingfromfarmproducetonewhomes,andleaveconsumerswithalittlemoremoneyintheirpockets.Sowhyistheresuchadiscrepancybetweentheperceptionofimmigrants'impactontheeconomyandthereality?

Thereareanumberoffamiliartheories.Somearguethatpeopleareanxiousandfeelthreatenedbyaninflowofnewworkers.Othershighlightthestrainthatundocumentedimmigrantsplaceonpublicservices,likeschools,hospitals,andjails.Stillothersemphasizetheroleofrace,arguingthatforeignersaddtothenation'sfearsandinsecurities.There'ssometruthtoalltheseexplanations,buttheyaren'tquitesufficient.

Togetabetterunderstandingofwhat'sgoingon,considerthewayimmigration'simpactisfelt.Thoughitsoveralleffectmaybepositive,itscostsandbenefitsaredistributedunevenly.DavidCard,aneconomistatUCBerkeley,notesthattheoneswhoprofitmostdirectlyfromimmigrants'low-costlaborarebusinessesandemployers-meatpackingplantsinNebraska,forinstance,oragriculturalbusinessesinCalifornia.Granted,theseproducers'savingsprobablytranslateintolowerpricesatthegrocerystore,buthowmanyconsumersmakethatmentalconnectionatthecheckoutcounter?Asforthedrawbacksofillegalimmigration,these,too,areconcentrated.Nativelow-skilledworkerssuffermostfromthecompetitionofforeignlabor.AccordingtoastudybyGeorgeBorjas,aHarvardeconomist,immigrationreducedthewagesofAmericanhigh-schooldropoutsby9%between1980-2000.Amonghigh-skilled,better-educatedemployees,however,oppositionwasstrongestinstateswithbothhighnumbersofimmigrantsandrelativelygeneroussocialservices.Whatworriedthemmost,inotherwords,wasthefiscal(財政的)burdenofimmigration.Thatconclusionwasreinforcedbyanotherfinding:thattheiroppositionappearedtosoftenwhenthatfiscalburdendecreased,asoccurredwithwelfarereforminthe1990s,whichcurbedimmigrants'accesstocertainbenefits.

Theironyisthatforalltheoverexciteddebate,theneteffectofimmigrationisminimal.Evenforthosemostacutelyaffected-say,low-skilledworkers,orCaliforniaresidents-theimpactisn'tallthatdramatic."Theunpleasantvoiceshavetendedtodominateourperceptions,"saysDanielTichenor,apoliticalscienceprofessorattheUniversityofOregon."Butwhenallthosefactorsareputtogetherandtheeconomistscalculatethenumbers,itendsupbeinganetpositive,butasmallone."Toobadmostpeopledon'trealizeit.

1.Whatcanwelearnfromthefirstparagraph?

A.Whetherimmigrantsaregoodorbadfortheeconomyhasbeenpuzzlingeconomists.

B.TheAmericaneconomyusedtothriveonimmigrationbutnowit'sadifferentstory.

C.Theconsensusamongeconomistsisthatimmigrationshouldnotbeencouraged.

D.Thegeneralpublicthinksdifferentlyfrommosteconomistsontheimpactofimmigration.

2.InwhatwaydoestheauthorthinkordinaryAmericansbenefitfromimmigration?

A.Theycanaccessallkindsofpublicservices.

B.Theycangetconsumergoodsatlowerprices.

C.Theycanmixwithpeopleofdifferentcultures.

D.Theycanavoiddoingmuchofthemanuallabor.

3.Whydonativelow-skilledworkerssuffermostfromillegalimmigration?

A.Theyhavegreaterdifficultygettingwelfaresupport.

B.Theyaremorelikelytoencounterinterracialconflicts.

C.Theyhaveahardertimegettingajobwithdecentpay.

D.Theyarenomatchforillegalimmigrantsinlaborskills.

4.Whatisthechiefconcernofnativehigh-skilled,better-educatedemployeesabouttheinflowofimmigrants?

A.Itmaychangetheexistingsocialstructure.

B.Itmayposeathreattotheireconomicstatus.

C.Itmayleadtosocialinstabilityinthecountry.

D.Itmayplaceagreatstrainonthestatebudget.

5.Whatistheironyaboutthedebateoverimmigration?

A.Eveneconomistscan'treachaconsensusaboutitsimpact.

B.Thosewhoareopposedtoitturnouttobenefitmostfromit.

C.Peoplearemakingtoobigafussaboutsomethingofsmallimpact.

D.Thereisnoessentialdifferencebetweenseeminglyoppositeopinions.

【答案】1.D

2.B

3.C

4.D

5.C

【解析】1.根據(jù)第一段的內(nèi)容可以看出，美國民眾和經(jīng)濟學家們對移民影響的看法不同。選項D正確。選項A，科學家們已經(jīng)給出了自己的看法，不存在困擾一說；選項B美國經(jīng)濟過去因移民而得以繁榮，在第一段并沒有提及；選項C經(jīng)濟學家們認為應該鼓勵移民，在第一段中也沒有信息提及。

2.根據(jù)第一段的倒數(shù)第二句“Immigrantsprovidecheaplabor,lowerthepricesofeverythingfromfarmproducetonewhomes,andleaveconsumerswithalittlemoremoneyintheirpockets.”可知，選項B符合原文。

3.根據(jù)第三段“Nativelow-skilledworkerssuffermost...reducedthewages...by9%.”所以當?shù)氐图寄芄と耸芤泼裼绊懽畲蟮脑蚴撬麄兒茈y找到一份收入體面的工作。

4.

根據(jù)第三段“Amonghigh-skilled...wasthefiscalburdenofimmigration.”他們最擔心的是移民帶來的財政負擔。選項D符合原文。

5.

根據(jù)最后一段的第一句“Theironyisthatforalltheoverexciteddebate,theneteffectofimmigrationisminimal.”具有諷刺意味的是，外界所有過度興奮的辯論，對移民的影響卻微乎其微。選項C人們對某些影響很小的事情其實有些小題大做了，符合原文。

7.問答題

(1)AstudypresentedlastweekattheAmericanHeartAssociationmeetingsuggeststhatmentalrelaxationproducedbymeditationmayhavephysiologicalbenefits,atleastinthecaseofpeoplewithestablishedcoronaryarterydisease.Researchersfollowedabout200high-riskpatientsforanaverageoffiveyears.Amongthe100whomeditated,therewere20heartattacks,strokesanddeaths；inthecomparisongroup,therewere32.(2)Themeditatorstendedtoremaindisease-freelongerandalsoreducedtheirbloodpressure.“Wefoundreducedbloodpressurethatwassignificant一thatwasprobablyoneimportantmediator，”saidDr.RobertSchneider,directoroftheInstituteforNaturalMedicineandPreventioninFairfield,Iowa,whopresentedthefindings.ThestudywasconductedattheMedicalCollegeofWisconsininMilwaukee,incollaborationwiththeinstitute.Dr.Schneidersuggestedthat(3)thestressreductionproducedbythemeditationcouldcausechangesinthebrainthatcutstresshormonesanddeceleratetheprocessesassociatedwithatherosclerosis(動脈硬化).

ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthenexplaininyourownEnglishtheexactmeaningofthenumberedandunderlinedparts.PutyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET(2).

【答案】1：AccordingtoastudyattheAmericanHeartAssociationmeetinglastweek,thinkingdeeplyinsilencecangeneratespiritualrecreation,whichmaybegoodtoone’sphysiology,atleastitistrueforthosewhosufferfromcoronaryarterydisease.

2：Thosewhoremaininasilentandcalmstateforaperiodoftimeareinclinedtodiseaseinalongertime,andtheirbloodpressurebecomelower.

3：Slientlythinkingcanreleasepressure,whichcouldleadtosomechangesinthebrain,anditcanreducethepressurehormonesandcontrolthedeteriorationofatherosclerosis.

8.單選題

Giventhelackoffitbetweengiftedstudentsandtheirschools,itisnotsurprisingthatsuchstudentsoftenhavelittlegoodtosayabouttheirschoolexperience.Inonestudyof400adultswhohadachieveddistinctioninallareasoflife,researchersfoundthatthree-fifthsoftheseindividualseitherdidbadlyinschoolorwereunhappyinschool.FewMacArthurPrizefellows,winnersoftheMacArthurAwardforcreativeaccomplishment,hadgoodthingstosayabouttheirpre-collegiateschoolingiftheyhadnotbeenplacedinadvancedprograms.Anecdotal(名人軼事)reportssupportthis.PabloPicasso,CharlesDarwin,MarkTwain,OliverGoldsmith,andWilliamButlerYeatsalldislikedschool.SodidWinstonChurchill,whoalmostfailedoutofHarrow,aneliteBritishschool.AboutOliverGoldsmith,oneofhisteachersremarked,“Neverwassodullaboy.”O(jiān)ftenthesechildrenrealizethattheyknowmorethantheirteachers,andtheirteachersoftenfeelthatthesechildrenarearrogant,inattentive,orunmotivated.

Someofthesegiftedpeoplemayhavedonepoorlyinschoolbecausetheirgiftswerenotscholastic.MaybewecanaccountforPicassointhisway.Butmostfaredpoorlyinschoolnotbecausetheylackedabilitybutbecausetheyfoundschoolunchallengingandconsequentlylostinterest.Yeatsdescribedthelackoffitbetweenhismindandschool:“BecauseIhadfounditdifficulttoattendtoanythinglessinterestingthanmyownthoughts,Iwasdifficulttoteach.”Asnotedearlier,giftedchildrenofallkindstendtobestrong-willednonconformists.Nonconformityandstubbornness(andYeats’slevelofarroganceandself-absorption)arelikelytoleadtoConflictswithteachers.

Whenhighlygiftedstudentsinanydomaintalkaboutwhatwasimportanttothedevelopmentoftheirabilities,theyarefarmorelikelytomentiontheirfamiliesthantheirschoolsorteachers.Awritingprodigy(神童)studiedbyDavidFeldmanandLynnGoldsmithwastaughtfarmoreaboutwritingbyhisjournalistfatherthanhisEnglishteacher.High-IQchildren,inAustraliastudiedbyMiracaGrosshadmuchmorepositivefeelingsabouttheirfamiliesthantheirschools.AbouthalfofthemathematiciansstudiedbyBenjaminBloomhadlittlegoodtosayaboutschool.Theyalldidwellinschoolandtookhonorsclasseswhenavailable,andsomeskippedgrades.

1.Themainpointtheauthorismakingaboutschoolsisthat（

）.

2.TheauthorquotestheremarksofoneofOliverGoldsmith'steachers

（

）.

3.PabloPicassoislistedamongthemanygiftedchildrenwho

（

）.

4.Manygiftedpeopleattributedtheirsuccess

（

）.

5.Therootcauseofmanygiftedstudentshavingbadmemoriesoftheirschoolyearsisthat（

）.

問題1選項

A.theyshouldsatisfytheneedsofstudentsfromdifferentfamilybackgrounds

B.theyareoftenincapableofcateringtotheneedsoftalentedstudents

C.theyshouldorganizetheirclassesaccordingtothestudents’ability

D.theyshouldenrollasmanygiftedstudentsaspossible

問題2選項

A.toprovidesupportforhisargument

B.toillustratethestrongwillofsomegiftedchildren

C.toexplainhowdullstudentscanalsobesuccessful

D.toshowhowpoorOliver'sperformancewasatschool

問題3選項

A.paidnoattentiontotheirteachersinclass

B.contradictedtheirteachersmuchtoooften

C.couldnotcopewiththeirstudiesatschoolsuccessfully

D.behavedarrogantlyandstubbornlyinthepresenceoftheirteachers

問題4選項

A.mainlytoparentalhelpandtheireducationathome

B.bothtoschoolinstructionandtotheirparents’coaching

C.moretotheirparents’encouragementthantoschooltraining

D.lesstotheirsystematiceducationthantotheirtalent

問題5選項

A.theirnonconformitybroughtthemalotoftrouble

B.theywereseldompraisedbytheirteachers

C.schoolcoursesfailedtoinspireormotivatethem

D.teacherswereusuallyfarstricterthantheirparents

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.觀點態(tài)度題。本題其實也屬于主旨類題，解決方式也是找主旨。文章多出出現(xiàn)了“giftedstudents天賦學生”，第一句說到“Giventhelackoffitbetweengiftedstudentsandtheirschools,itisnotsurprisingthatsuchstudentsoftenhavelittlegoodtosayabouttheirschoolexperience.考慮到天才學生和他們的學校之間的不和諧，這些學生經(jīng)常對他們的學校生活沒什么好的評價也就不足為奇了。”能提取出來的信息就是“天賦學生”對“學?！辈粷M，原因是“不和諧”。學校無法滿足他們的興趣和要求，因此有天賦的學生并不喜歡學校。因此B選項“他們往往不能滿足有才能學生的需要”正確。

2.作者意圖題。在第一段最后部分說到“AboutOliverGoldsmith,oneofhisteachersremarked,“Neverwassodullaboy.”O(jiān)ftenthesechildrenrealizethattheyknowmorethantheirteachers,andtheirteachersoftenfeelthatthesechildrenarearrogant,inattentive,orunmotivated.關于奧利弗?戈德史密斯，他的一位老師說：‘從來沒有像他這樣遲鈍的孩子?！@些孩子常常意識到他們知道的比老師多，他們的老師常常覺得這些孩子傲慢、注意力不集中或缺乏動力?！币虼俗髡咴谶@引用也是為了論證上文中提到的觀點：許多有天賦的學生在學校表現(xiàn)很差或很不高興。A選項“支持他的論點”正確。

3.事實細節(jié)題。第二段第一、二句說到“Someofthesegiftedpeoplemayhavedonepoorlyinschoolbecausetheirgiftswerenotscholastic.MaybewecanaccountforPicassointhisway.有些有天賦的人可能在學校表現(xiàn)很差，因為他們的天賦不是學術的。也許我們可以這樣解釋畢加索?！闭f明畢加索的天賦并非學術性，因此在學校表現(xiàn)并不佳。C選項“不能成功地應付他們在學校的學習”符合文意。

4.事實細節(jié)題。本題是在找有天賦的學生自認為的成功原因，第三段第一句說到“Whenhighlygiftedstudentsinanydomaintalkaboutwhatwasimportanttothedevelopmentoftheirabilities,theyarefarmorelikelytomentiontheirfamiliesthantheirschoolsorteachers.在任何領域，當極具天賦的學生談論什么對他們能力的發(fā)展重要時，他們更可能提到他們的家庭，而不是學校或老師?！币虼嗽谒麄兛磥?，成功的重要因素是“家庭”。A選項“主要是父母的幫助和他們在家里的教育”符合題意。

5.判斷推理題。本題關鍵在于“rootcause根本原因”。A選項“他們的不一致給他們帶來了很多麻煩”，文章并未重點講述“麻煩”造成他們不喜歡學校生活；B選項“他們很少受到老師的表揚”和D選項“老師通常比他們的父母嚴厲得多”未提及，因此排除。C選項“學校的課程沒能激勵他們”，也就是沒有引起他們的興趣，第一段和第二段多處提到，這些學生常覺得自己比老師知道得多，因此學校的課程并沒有什么挑戰(zhàn)性。所以C選項正確。

9.單選題

Thedaywasbreakingandpeoplebegantogotoworksothemurdererwasunableto（）ofthebody.

問題1選項

A.dispense

B.dispose

C.discard

D.discharge

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項dispense“分配，分發(fā)”；C選項discard“丟棄，拋棄”；D選項discharge“卸貨，放出”。句意：因為天亮了人們開始去上班，所以兇手無法處理尸體。此外，dispose與of為固定搭配，意思是“處置，處理”。所以只有B選項符合。

10.單選題

Despitemuchdiscussion,andeffortsbybothwomen'sandbusinessgroupstobreak"theglassceiling"down,theworld'sbiggestcompaniesarestillalmost_______runbymen.

問題1選項

A.exceptionally

B.excessively

C.exclusively

D.exceedingly

【答案】C

【解析】exceptionally例外地,異常地;excessively過分地,極度;exclusively排外地,專有地;exceedingly非常地,極度地。句意：盡管女性和商業(yè)團體為了打破“玻璃天花板”經(jīng)過多次討論并為此付出很多努力，但世界上的大公司仍然幾乎完全由男性經(jīng)營。選項C符合句意。

11.單選題

Thetree,thebranches____arealmostbare,isaveryoldone.

問題1選項

A.ofwhich

B.inwhich

C.forwhich

D.withwhich

【答案】A

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.ofwhich屬于什么的B.inwhich在什么里

C.forwhich為了什么的D.withwhich用什么

【答案】A

【考查點】從句的關系詞

【解題思路】首先，從句的句意為“枝干幾乎光禿禿的”，主句的句意為“這棵樹是一棵很老的樹”，主句部分句意完整，從句只是起補充信息的作用，并且從句前有逗號，因此，該從句為非限制性定語從句；其次，thebranches與thetree之間為所屬關系，即枝干是屬于樹的一部分，應該使用表示所屬關系的介詞of。因此，A選項ofwhich滿足要求。

【干擾項排除】

B選項inwhich，in表示位置；

C選項forwhich，for表示目的；

D選項withwhich，with表示方式或伴隨。

【句意】枝干幾乎已經(jīng)禿了的那棵樹，是一棵很老的樹。

12.寫作題

Directions:Inthispart,youareaskedtowriteacompositiononthetitleof"EffectofResearchorStudyEventonMyLaterLifeandWork",withnolessthan200Englishwords.YourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlinegiveninEnglish.PutyourcompositiononAnswerSheet2.

1.Whatisthemostunforgettableeventinyourresearchorstudy?

2.Whyisitsounforgettable?

3.Whatistheeffectoftheresearchorstudyeventonyourlaterlifeandwork?

【答案】略

13.寫作題

Directions:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteanessayofnolessthan200wordson“Isitworthwhileforyoutomakeeffortsinordertoachieveyourfuturesuccess?”Theessayshouldbebasedontheoutlinesbelow:

Outline:

1)Somepeoplebelievethatmakingeffortsisuselessifyoudon’thaveaparentwithpowerormoneytohelpyouwithyourfuturesuccess.

2)Othersmaintainthatsuchpracticewouldbeharmful,especiallyforyoungpeopleandmakingeffortsiscrucialandshouldbeencouraged.

3)Youropinions.

【答案】【參考范文】

Isitworthwhileforyoutomakeeffortsinordertoachieveyourfuturesuccess?14.單選題

______isgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.

問題1選項

A.As

B.What

C.That

D.It

【答案】A

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.As就像，作為B.What什么

C.That那個D.It它

【考查點】定語從句。

【解題思路】分析句子結構可知，主句結構完整，所以前半句為非限制性定語從句，修飾后面整個主句，空格處要填入一個引導詞，而as引導非限制性定語從句可以放在句首也可以放在句尾，所以該題選擇A項。

【干擾項排除】B、C、D項都不能引導非限制定定語從句。

【句意】人們普遍認為，經(jīng)濟增長取決于生產(chǎn)的順利發(fā)展。

15.單選題

Theirsolutionwastoenrolltheirchildreninprivateschools,which,becausetheyreceivednotaxmoney,werefreetooperatewithoutbeingsubjecttoracial（）.

問題1選項

A.discrimination

B.segregation

C.controversy

D.apportionment

【答案】A

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。discrimination“歧視”；segregation“隔離”；controversy“爭論”；apportionment“分派”。句意：他們的解決方法就是將他們的孩子送入私立學校，因為他們不收取任何稅款，并且沒有種族歧視。選項A符合題意。

16.單選題

Theattorneywasanintelligentdebater;he（

）thecross-questioningoftheSupremeCourtJudgeonthecaseissueinquiry.

問題1選項

A.relished

B.estimated

C.interrupted

D.dreaded

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。relished玩賞，品味；estimated評估，判斷；interrupted中止，打斷；dreaded恐懼，擔心。句意：律師是一個非常有智慧的辯論者。他打斷了最高法院法官關于案件調(diào)查的盤問。C項符合句意。

17.單選題

Ipreferhisplantoyours,______itismorepracticalandeasiertobecarriedout.

問題1選項

A.forwhich

B.forthat

C.inwhich

D.inthat

【答案】D

【解析】考查原因狀語從句。句意：與你的計劃相比，我更喜歡他的計劃，因為它更實際，也更容易實施。inthat是固定搭配，意為“因為”，相當于forthereasonthat,because，可用于引導原因狀語從句。其他三項不能引導原因狀語從句。因此D選項正確。

18.單選題

Viruses,infectiousparticlesconsistingofnucleicacidpackagedinaproteincoat(thecapsid),aredifficulttoresist.Unabletoreproduceoutsidealivingcell,virusesreproduceonlybysubvertingthegeneticmechanismsofahostcell.Inonekindofvirallifecycle,thevirusfirstbindstothecell’ssurface,thenpenetratesthecellandshedsitscapsid.Theexposedviralnucleicacidproducesnewvirusesfromthecontentsofthecell.Finally,thecellreleasestheviralprogeny,andanewcellcycleofinfectionbegins.

Thehumanbodyrespondstoaviralinfectionbyproducingantibodies:complex,highlyspecificproteinsthatselectivelybindtoforeignmoleculessuchasviruses.Anantibodycaneitherinterferewithavirus’sabilitybindtoacell,orcanpreventitfromreleasingitsnucleicacid.

Unfortunately,thecommoncold,producedmostoftenbyrhinoviruses,isintractabletoantiviraldefense.Humanshavedifficultyresistingcoldsbecauserhinovirusesaresodiverse,includingatleast100strains.Thestrainsdiffermostinthemolecularstructureoftheproteinsintheircapsids.Sincedisease-fightingantibodiesbindtothecapsid,anantibodydevelopedtoprotectagainst-onerhinovirusstrainisuselessagainstotherstrains.Differentantibodiesmustbeproducedforeachstrain.

Adefenseagainstrhinovirusesmightnonethelesssucceedbyexploitinghiddensimilaritiesamongtherhinovirusstrains.Forexample,mostrhinovirusstrainsbindtothesamekindofmolecule(delta-receptors)onacell’ssurfacewhentheyattackhumancells.Colonno,takingadvantageofthesecommonreceptors,devisedastrategyforblockingtheattachmentofrhinovirusestotheirappropriatereceptors.Ratherthanfruitlesslysearchingforanantibodythatwouldbindtoallrhinoviruses,Colonnorealizedthatanantibodybindingtothecommonreceptorsofahumancellwouldpreventrhinovirusesfrominitiatinganinfection.Becausehumancellsnormallydonotdevelopantibodiestocomponentsoftheirowncells,Colonnoinjectedhumancellsintomice,whichdidproduceanantibodytothecommonreceptor.Inisolatedhumancells,thisantibodyprovedtobeextraordinarilyeffectiveatthwartingtherhinovirus.Moreover,whentheantibodywasgiventochimpanzees,itinhibitedrhinoviralgrowth,andinhumansitlessenedboththeseverityanddurationofcoldsymptoms.

AnotherpossibledefenseagainstrhinoviruseswasproposedbyRossman,whodescribedrhinoviruses’detailedmolecularStructure.Rossmanshowedthatproteinsequencescommontoallrhinovirusstrainslieatthebaseofadeep“canyon”scoringeachfaceoftheCapsid.Thenarrowopeningofthiscanyorpossiblypreventstherelativelylargeantibodymoleculesfrombindingtothecommonsequence,butsmallermoleculesmightreachit.Amongthesesmaller,nonantibodymolecules,somemightbindtothecommonsequence,lockthenucleicacidinitscoat,andtherebypreventthevirusfromreproducing.

54.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto______.

55.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheproteinsequencesofthecapsidthatvarymostamongstrainsofrhinovirusarethose______.

56.Whichofthefollowingresearchstrategiesfordevelopingadefenseagainstthecommoncoldwouldtheauthorbelikelytofindmostpromising?

57.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthepurposeofColonno’sexperimentswastodeterminewhether______.

問題1選項

A.discussviralmechanismsandpossiblewaysofcircumventingcertainkindsofthosemechanisms

B.challengerecentresearchonhowrhinovirusesbindtoreceptorsonthesurfacesofcells

C.suggestfutureresearchonrhinoviralgrowthinchimpanzees

D.defendacontroversialresearchprogramwhosepurposeistodiscoverthemolecularstructureofrhinoviruscapsids

問題2選項

A.atthebaseofthe“canyon”

B.outsideofthe“canyon”

C.responsibleforproducingnucleicacid

D.responsibleforpreventingtheformationofdelta-receptors

問題3選項

A.Continuingtolookforageneralantirhinoviralantibody.

B.Searchingforcommoncell-surfacereceptorsinhumansandmice.

C.Continuingtolookforsimilaritiesamongthevariousstrainsofrhinovirus.

D.Discoveringhowthehumanbodyproducesantibodiesinresponsetoarhinoviralinfection.

問題4選項

A.chimpanzeesandhumanscanbothbeinfectedbyrhinoviruses

B.chimpanzeescanproduceantibodiestohumancell-surfacereceptors

C.arhinovirus’nucleicacidmightbelockedinitsproteincoat

D.bindingantibodiestocommonreceptorscouldproduceapossibledefenseagainstrhinoviruses

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:D

【解析】54.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】題干意思是“文章的主要目的是……”。文章開始先闡述的病毒的繁殖和人體的抗體反映，接著引用了鼻病毒來討論病毒的攻擊機制以及抵御這種機制的辦法，故A項“討論病毒機制和規(guī)避某些機制的可能方法”符合題意；B項“挑戰(zhàn)最近關于鼻病毒如何與細胞表面受體結合的研究”、C項“建議對黑猩猩鼻病毒生長的未來研究”和D項“為一個旨在發(fā)現(xiàn)鼻病毒衣殼分子結構的有爭議的研究項目辯護”都不夠全面。因此，該題選擇A項正確。

55.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“從文章中可以推斷出，鼻病毒株衣殼蛋白序列差異最大的是……的那些”。根據(jù)文章最后一段中的Rossmanshowedthatproteinsequencescommontoallrhinovirusstrainslieatthebaseofadeep“canyon”scoringeachfaceoftheCapsid.（羅斯曼指出，所有鼻病毒株共有的蛋白質(zhì)序列位于衣殼表面的一個深“峽谷”的底部。）可知，擁有共同的蛋白質(zhì)序列的鼻病毒株都是位于衣殼表面的一個深“峽谷”的底部里，那么“峽谷”外的那些鼻病毒株則是沒有共同的蛋白質(zhì)序列，所以“峽谷”外的鼻病毒株的衣殼蛋白序列差異最大，故B項“‘峽谷’外”正確；A項“在‘峽谷’的底部”錯誤；C項“負責生產(chǎn)核酸”和D項“負責阻止受體的形成”并不符合題干。因此，該題選擇B項正確。

56.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。題干意思是“關于對普通感冒的防御，以下哪一種是作者認為可能是最有希望的方法？”。由第四段第一句Adefenseagainstrhinovirusesmightnonethelesssucceedbyexploitinghiddensimilaritiesamongtherhinovirusstrains.（盡管如此，通過利用鼻病毒株之間隱藏的相似性，對鼻病毒的防御可能會成功。）可知，C項“繼續(xù)尋找各種鼻病毒株之間的相似性”正確；根據(jù)第三段中的Humanshavedifficultyresistingcoldsbecauserhinovirusesaresodiverse,includingatleast100strains…Sincedisease-fightingantibodiesbindtothecapsid,anantibodydevelopedtoprotectagainst-onerhinovirusstrainisuselessagainstotherstrains.Differentantibodiesmustbeproducedforeachstrain.（人類很難抵抗感冒，因為鼻病毒種類繁多，至少有100種……由于抗病抗體與衣殼結合，一種用于對抗一種鼻病毒株的抗體對其他病毒株無效。每個毒株必須產(chǎn)生不同的抗體。）可知，鼻病毒種類很多，只尋找一般的抗鼻病毒抗體是難以對抗感冒的，A項“繼續(xù)尋找一般的抗鼻病毒抗體”錯誤；B項“尋找人類和小鼠中常見的細胞表面受體”，只是Colonno設計的一個防止鼻病毒引發(fā)感染的一個實驗過程，該項不選；D項“發(fā)現(xiàn)人體如何產(chǎn)生抗體以應對鼻病毒感染”文中沒有提及。因此，該題選擇C項正確。

57.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“從文章中可以推斷出，Colonno實驗的目的是確定是否……”。根據(jù)第四段中的Ratherthanfruitlesslysearchingforanantibodythatwouldbindtoallrhinoviruses,Colonnorealizedthatanantibodybindingtothecommonreceptorsofahumancellwouldpreventrhinovirusesfrominitiatinganinfection.（科洛諾不是徒勞地尋找一種能與所有鼻病毒結合的抗體，而是意識到一種與人類細胞的普通受體結合的抗體可以防止鼻病毒引發(fā)感染。）可推斷，Colonno實驗的目的是確定與人類細胞的普通受體結合的抗體是否可以防止鼻病毒引發(fā)感染，D項“與普通受體結合的抗體可能產(chǎn)生一種對抗鼻病毒的防御”正確；A項“黑猩猩和人類都可以被鼻病毒感染”只是實驗的過程，并不是目的；B項“黑猩猩能產(chǎn)生對人類細胞表面受體的抗體”，根據(jù)第四段對該實驗的描述Becausehumancellsnormallydonotdevelopantibodiestocomponentsoftheirowncells,Colonnoinjectedhumancellsintomice,whichdidproduceanantibodytothecommonreceptor.（由于人類細胞通常不會產(chǎn)生針對自身細胞成分的抗體，Colonno將人類細胞注射到小鼠體內(nèi)，小鼠確實產(chǎn)生了針對共同受體的抗體。），可知產(chǎn)生對人類細胞表面受體的抗體是小老鼠，而黑猩猩只是被注射了小鼠產(chǎn)生的抗體，該項錯誤；C項“鼻病毒的核酸可能被鎖在它的蛋白質(zhì)外殼中”并不是Colonno的實驗。因此，該題選擇D項正確。

19.單選題

Theheavilypopulatedareawasabreedingplacefor（）diseases.

問題1選項

A.infectious

B.powerful

C.influential

D.suspicious

【答案】A

【解析】infectious傳染的；powerful強大的；influential有影響力的；suspicious可疑的。句意：人口稠密的地區(qū)是傳染病的滋生地。選項A符合句意。

20.單選題

Technologicaldevelopments（）newskillsinmanyindustries，leavingthoseworkerswithoutdatedskillsoutofwork.

問題1選項

A.necessitate

B.associate

C.negotiate

D.differentiate

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項necessitate“使成為必要，需要”，B選項associate“聯(lián)想，聯(lián)系”，C選項negotiate“談判，商議”，D選項differentiate“區(qū)分，使有差別”。句意：技術的發(fā)展使許多行業(yè)產(chǎn)生了新技能，使那些擁有過時技能的工人失業(yè)。因此，A選項符合句意。

21.單選題

（

）eatriceratherthanpotatoes.

問題1選項

A.Mostofpeople

B.Mostofthepeople

C.Themostofpeople

D.Themostpeople

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。most后面可以直接跟可數(shù)或者不可數(shù)名詞，意思是“大多數(shù)”；mostof后面接有定冠詞、指示代詞或物主代詞所修飾的名詞，表示“特定范圍中的大多數(shù)”；themost后面通常跟形容詞，表示最高級。因此選項B符合題意。

22.單選題

Heaskedmetolendhimsomemoney,whichIagreedtodo,（）thathepaidmebackthefollowingweek.

問題1選項

A.onoccasion

B.onpurpose

C.oncondition

D.onlyif

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項onoccasion“間或，有時”，例句：Ithas,onoccasion，createdtroubleforthebank.(有時，這給銀行造成麻煩。)；B選項onpurpose“故意”，例句：Icamehereonpurposetoseeyou.（我特地來這里看你。)；C選項oncondition“在……條件下，如果，倘若”，例句：Youcangooutonconditionthatyouwearanovercoat.(你要穿上外套才能出去。)；D選項onlyif“只要，只有”。用于句首時，后面主句的主謂語要倒裝，例如：Onlyifateacherhasgivenpermissionisastudentallowedtoenterthisroom.（只有得到老師的允許，學生才可以進這屋。)。四個選項中只有C選項oncondition后面跟that從句，表示“在……條件下”。句意：他向我借錢，我同意了，但條件是下周還錢。綜上所述，本題的正確答案是C選項。

23.單選題

Ifallthevirusesontheplanetweretodisappear,aglobalcatastrophewouldsupervene,andthenaturalecosystemsoftheearthwouldcollapse.

問題1選項

A.contaminate

B.ensue

C.d