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書(shū)山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-廣州城建職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買!第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.不定項(xiàng)選擇題
Stayinginahotelcosts()rentingaroominadormitoryforaweek.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.twicemorethan
B.asmuchtwiceas
C.twiceasmuchas
D.asmuchtwice
【答案】A;C
【解析】考查倍數(shù)的比較級(jí)使用。英語(yǔ)中倍數(shù)的常用表達(dá)有三種:1.……倍數(shù)+形容詞(或副詞)的比較級(jí)+than表示“比……多……倍”;2.……倍數(shù)+as+形容詞(或much)或副詞+as表示“是……的……倍”;3.……倍數(shù)+thesize(length,height…)of表示“是……的……倍”;B選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng)不符合語(yǔ)法規(guī)則,排除。本題A選項(xiàng)和C選項(xiàng)都符合語(yǔ)法規(guī)則,但兩者翻譯有區(qū)別。A選項(xiàng)代入原文之后翻譯為:住在旅館比在宿舍租一個(gè)房間一周要貴兩倍;B選項(xiàng)帶入后句意為:住在旅館一周的費(fèi)用是在宿舍租一個(gè)房間一周的兩倍。由于沒(méi)有上下文,兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)的含義和語(yǔ)法都正確,都可以選擇。
2.單選題
()suchasawashingmachineandmicrowaveofferalotofconveniencetopeopleintheirhousework.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Applications
B.Instruments
C.Appliances
D.Facilities
【答案】C
【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)application表示“應(yīng)用;申請(qǐng);應(yīng)用程序”;B選項(xiàng)instrument表示“儀器;工具;樂(lè)器;手段;器械”;C選項(xiàng)appliance表示“裝置;器具,器械(尤指家用電器)”;D選項(xiàng)facility表示“設(shè)備,工具;容易;靈巧;才能;天賦”。根據(jù)awashingmachineandmicrowave(洗衣機(jī)和微波爐)可知,句意是指家用電器為人們?cè)诩覄?wù)上提供了很多方便。因此,本題的正確答案為C項(xiàng)。
3.單選題
Ifwe(
)ourrelationswiththatcountry,we’llhavetofindanothersupplierofrawmaterials.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.diffuse
B.diminish
C.terminate
D.preclude
【答案】C
【解析】考察動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。diffuse“擴(kuò)散,傳播";diminish“(使)減少,(使)變小”;terminate“停止,(使)終止”;preclude“排除,阻止,妨礙”。句意:如果我們終止與那個(gè)國(guó)家的關(guān)系,那么我們將不得不尋找另外的材料供應(yīng)商。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。
4.單選題
Theappearanceoftheusedcaris(),it’smuchnewerthanitreallyis.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.descriptive
B.indicative
C.deceptive
D.impressive
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)descriptive“描述的,敘述的”;B選項(xiàng)indicative“指示的,預(yù)示的”;C選項(xiàng)deceptive“欺騙性的”;D選項(xiàng)impressive“令人印象深刻的”,句意:這輛舊車的外觀具有迷惑性,轎車比實(shí)際的樣子新得多,所以選C。
5.翻譯題
以前人們常說(shuō),英國(guó)人享樂(lè)時(shí)也會(huì)郁郁不樂(lè)。如今,如果英國(guó)人真有什么樂(lè)趣可享的話,情況無(wú)疑還會(huì)依然如此,不過(guò)英國(guó)的煙酒價(jià)格構(gòu)成了足以令人憂愁的外因。有時(shí)我覺(jué)得,這種享樂(lè)時(shí)也郁郁不樂(lè)的癖性已經(jīng)傳到了大西洋彼岸,我不由得納悶:這么多講英語(yǔ)的人身體又健康,收入又豐厚,怎么人生觀卻如此消沉。
我在美國(guó)旅行期間,注意到了一種根深蒂固的憂郁癥。我覺(jué)得這種憂郁癥似乎極其普遍,這就給社會(huì)改革家出了難題。大多數(shù)社會(huì)改革家認(rèn)為,若是消除了貧困,有了經(jīng)濟(jì)保障,太平盛世就會(huì)到來(lái)。但是,無(wú)論在貴國(guó)還是在蔽國(guó),看著坐在豪華轎車?yán)锏娜藗兊拿婵祝瑓s見(jiàn)不到社會(huì)改革家引導(dǎo)人們期待的那種喜氣洋洋的神情。相反,十有八九,我看到的是一副厭倦不滿的神情,以及一種近似瘋狂的渴望,想找點(diǎn)東西吊起早已發(fā)膩的胃口。
【答案】【參考譯文】ItusedtobesaidthatEnglishpeopletaketheirpleasuresadly.Thiswouldnodoubtstillbethecasetodayiftheyhadanypleasuretotake,butthepriceofalcoholandtobaccoinBritishhasprovidedsufficientexternalcausesformelancholy.IhavesometimesthoughtthatthehabitoftakingpleasuresadlyhascrossedtheAtlantic,andIhavewonderedwhatitisthatmakessomanyEnglish-speakingpeoplesomberintheiroutlookinspiteofgoodhealthandagoodincome.
DuringmytravelsintheAmerica,Ihavebeenimpressedbyakindoffundamentalmalaisewhichseemstomeextremelycommonandwhichposesdifficultproblemsforthesocialreformer.Mostsocialreformershaveheldtheopinionthat,ifpovertywereabolishedandtherewerenomoreeconomicinsecurity,themillenniumwouldhavearrived.ButwhenIlookatthefacesofpeopleinluxurycars,whetherinyourcountryorinmine,Idonotseethatlookofradianthappinesswhichtheaforesaidsocialreformershadledpeopletoexpect.Inalllikelihood,onthecontrary,Iseeinsteadalookofboredomanddiscontentandanalmostfranticlongingforsomethingthatmightticklethejadedpalate.
6.單選題
Despitealltherefinementsofsubtletyandthedogmatismoflearning,itisbythecommonsenseandcompassionofreadersthatareuncorruptedbytheprejudicesofsomeopinionatedscholars(
)thecharactersandsituationsinmedievalandElizabethanliterature,asinanyotherliterature,canbestbejudged.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.that
B.which
C.what
D.×
【答案】A
【解析】考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句。空格前的thatareuncorruptedbytheprejudicesofsomeopinionatedscholars作為定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞thecommonsenseandcompassionofreaders??崭窈竺鎡hecharactersandsituationsinmedievalandElizabethanliterature是主語(yǔ),canbestbejudged是謂語(yǔ)部分,因此itis后面的bythecommonsenseandcompassionofreaders是強(qiáng)調(diào)部分。由于被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是物,因此用that引導(dǎo)剩余部分。
7.單選題
Inrecentyears,therehasbeenasteadyassaultonsaltfromthedoctors:Saltisbadforyou—regardlessofyourhealth.Politiciansalsogotonboard.“Thereisadirectrelationship,”USCongressmanNealSmithnoted,betweentheamountofsodiumapersonconsumesandheartdisease,circulatorydisorders,strokeandevenearlydeath.”
Frightening,iftrue!Butmanydoctorsandmedicalresearchersarenowbeginningtofeelthesaltscarehasgonetoofar.“Allthishueandcryabouteatingsaltisunnecessary,”Dr.Dustaninsists.“Formostofusitprobablydoesn’tmakemuchdifferencehowmuchsaltweeat.’’Dustan’smostrecentshort-termstudyof150peopleshowedthatthosewithnormalbloodpressureunderwentnochangeatallwhenplacedonanextremelylow-saltdiet,orlaterwhensaltwasreintroduced.Ofthehypertensivesubjects,however,halfofthoseonthelow-saltdietdidexperienceadropinbloodpressure,whichreturnedtoitspreviouslevelwhensaltwasreintroduced.
“Anadequatetosomewhatexcessivesaltintakehasprobablysavedmanymorelivesthanithascostinthegeneralpopulation,”notesDr.JohnH.Laragh.“Soarecommendationthatthewholepopulationshouldavoidsaltmakesnosense.”
Medicalexpertsagreethateveryoneshouldpracticereasonable“moderation”insaltconsumption.Foranaverageperson,amoderateamountmightrunfromfourtotengramsaday,orroughly1/2to1/3ofateaspoon.Theequivalentofonetotwogramsofthissaltallowancewouldcomefromthenaturalsodiuminfood.Therestwouldbeaddedinprocessing,preparationoratthetable.Thosewithkidney,liverorheartproblemsmayhavetolimitdietarysalt,iftheirdoctoradvises.Buteventheveryvocal“l(fā)owsalt”exponent,Dr.ArthurHullHayesJr.admitsthat“wedonotknowwhetherincreasedsodiumconsumptioncauseshypertension.’’Infact,thereisincreasingscientificevidencethatotherfactorsmaybeinvolved:deficienciesincalcium,potassium,perhapsmagnesium,obesity(muchmoredangerousthansodium),genericpredisposition,stress.
“Itisnotyourenemy,”saysDr.Laragh.“SaltistheNo.1naturalcomponentofallhumantissue,andtheideathatyoudon’tneeditiswrong.Unlessyourdoctorhasproventhatyouhaveasalt-relatedhealthproblem,thereisnoreasontogiveitup.”
1.Accordingtosomedoctorsandpoliticians,theamountofsaltconsumed(
)
2.FromDr.Dustan’sstudywecaninferthat(
)
3.Inthethirdparagraph,Dr.Laraghimpliesthat(
)
4.Whatisthemainmessageofthistext?
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.exhibitsasanaggravatingfactortopeopleinpoorhealth.
B.curesdiseasessuchasstrokeandcirculatorydisorders.
C.correlateshighlywithsomediseases.
D.isirrelevanttopeoplesufferingfromheartdisease.
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.alow-saltdietmaybeprescribedforsomepeople.
B.theamountofsaltintakehasnothingtodowithone’sbloodpressure.
C.thereductionofsaltintakecancureahypertensivepatient.
D.anextremelylow-saltdietmakesnodifferencetoanyone.
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.peopleshouldnotbeafraidoftakingexcessivesalt.
B.doctorsshouldnotadvisepeopletoavoidsalt.
C.anadequatetoexcessivesaltintakeisrecommendedforpeopleindisease.
D.excessivesaltintakehasclaimedsomevictimsinthegeneralpopulation.
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.Thatthesaltscareisnotjustified.
B.Thattheoriginofhypertensionisnowfound.
C.Thatthemoderateuseofsaltisrecommended.
D.Thatsaltconsumptionistobepromoted.
【答案】第1題:C
第2題:A
第3題:D
第4題:C
【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的文章意思,以及第三句中的“directrelationship”,可以得出選項(xiàng)C最符合題意。
2.信息推斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段的內(nèi)容,試驗(yàn)中一半的高血壓患者在食用低鹽食品時(shí)血壓有所降低,可以推斷出低鹽飲食可以作為治療高血壓患者的一個(gè)方法。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。
3.信息推斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段,充足或者稍微過(guò)量的攝入鹽,會(huì)拯救更多的人,而不是只會(huì)害死人,不可能建議所有人群都禁止食用食鹽。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。
4.信息歸納題。根據(jù)文章意思,A選項(xiàng)中的理論并未得到證實(shí),B和D選項(xiàng)文中沒(méi)有提及。用排除法可知,選項(xiàng)C符合題意。
8.單選題
Yearsaftertheaccidenthewasstill()byimagesofdeathanddestruction.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.twisted
B.dipped
C.haunted
D.submerged
【答案】C
【解析】句意:事故過(guò)去好多年后,他的腦中仍縈繞著死亡和毀滅的畫(huà)面。
考查動(dòng)詞辨析。twist扭曲,扭動(dòng);dip浸,蘸;haunt縈繞;submerge淹沒(méi),沉入水中。因此C符合句意。
9.不定項(xiàng)選擇題
Theidealcompanionmachine—thecomputer—wouldnotonlylook,feel,andsoundfriendlybutwouldalsobeprogrammedtobehaveinapleasantmanner.Thosequalitiesthatmakeinteractioncomfortable,andyetthemachinewouldremainslightlyunpredictableandthereforeinteresting.Initsfirstencounteritmightbesomewhathesitant,butasitcametoknowtheuseritwouldprogresstoamorerelaxedandintimatestyle.Themachinewouldnotbeapassiveparticipantbutwouldadditsownsuggestions,information,andopinions;itwouldsometimestaketheinitiativeindevelopingorchangingthetopicandwouldhaveapersonalityofitsown.
Friendshipsarenotmadeinaday,andthecomputerwouldbemoreacceptableasafriendifitimitatedthegradualchangesthatoccurwhenonepersonisgettingtoknowanother.Atanappropriatetimeitmightalsoexpressthekindofaffectionthatstimulatesattachmentandintimacy.Thewholeprocesswouldbeaccomplishedinasubtlewaytoavoidgivinganimpressionofover-familiaritythatwouldbelikelytoproduceirritation.Afterexperiencingawealthofpowerful,well-timedfriendshipindicators,theuserwouldbeverylikelytoacceptthecomputerasfarmorethanamachineandmightwellcometoregarditasafriend.
Anartificialrelationshipofthistypewouldprovidemanyofthebenefitsthatcouldcontinuefrompreviousdiscussions.Itwouldhaveafamiliaritywiththeuser’slifeasrevealedinearliercontact,anditwouldbeunderstandingandgood-humored.Thecomputer’sownpersonalitywouldbelivelyandimpressive,anditwoulddevelopinresponsetothatoftheuser.Withfeaturessuchasthese,themachinemightindeedbecomeaveryattractivesocialpartner.
1.Whichofthefollowingisnotafeatureoftheidealcompanionmachine?
2.Thecomputerwoulddevelopfriendshipswithhumansina(n)______way.
3.Whichofthefollowingaspectsisnotmentionedwhenthepassagediscussesthebenefitsofartificialrelationships?
4.Throughoutthepassage,theauthoris______inhisattitudetowardthecomputer.
5.Whichmightbethemostappropriatetitleofthepassage?
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Activeincommunication.
B.Attractiveinpersonality.
C.Enjoyableinperformance.
D.Unpredictableinbehavior.
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.quick
B.unpredictable
C.productive
D.inconspicuous
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.Beingabletopickupaninterestingconversation.
B.Beingsensitivetoearliercontact.
C.Beingreadytolearnabouttheperson’slife.
D.Havingapleasantandadaptablepersonality.
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.favorable
B.critical
C.vague
D.hesitant
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.Artificialrelationships.
B.Howtoformintimaterelationships.
C.Theaffectionatemachine.
D.Humansandcomputers.
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:D
第3題:B
第4題:A
第5題:C
【解析】1.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
1.Whichofthefollowingisnotafeatureoftheidealcompanionmachine?1.下列哪項(xiàng)不是理想伴侶機(jī)器的特點(diǎn)?
A.Activeincommunication.A.積極參與交流。
B.Attractiveinpersonality.B.有吸引力的個(gè)性。
C.Enjoyableinperformance.C.令人愉快的行為。
D.Unpredictableinbehavior.D.不可預(yù)測(cè)的行為。
【考查點(diǎn)】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。
【解題思路】定位到第一段對(duì)理想伴侶機(jī)器的描述“理想的伴侶機(jī)器不僅看起來(lái)、感覺(jué)上和聽(tīng)起來(lái)都很友好,而且通過(guò)編程使其行為舉止令人愉快(behaveinapleasantmanner)。這些特性使互動(dòng)變得舒適(makeinteractioncomfortable),但機(jī)器仍會(huì)保持略微不可預(yù)測(cè)的狀態(tài)(slightlyunpredictable),因此很有趣?!袝r(shí)會(huì)主動(dòng)發(fā)展或改變?cè)掝},并有自己的個(gè)性(haveapersonalityofitsown)。”,從中可知,理想伴侶機(jī)器的特點(diǎn)就是有很好的行為舉止、舒適的互動(dòng)、略微不可預(yù)測(cè)的狀態(tài)以及具有自己的個(gè)性,只有D項(xiàng)“不可預(yù)測(cè)的行為”表述與原文不符,文中提到的是slightlyunpredictable(略微不可預(yù)測(cè)的),該項(xiàng)太絕對(duì),故該題選擇D項(xiàng)。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A項(xiàng)“積極參與交流”、B項(xiàng)“有吸引力的個(gè)性”、C項(xiàng)“令人愉快的行為”根據(jù)解題思路可知,這三項(xiàng)都屬于理想伴侶機(jī)器的特點(diǎn),反向干擾。
2.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
2.Thecomputerwoulddevelopfriendshipswithhumansina(n)______way.2.計(jì)算機(jī)將以______方式與人類發(fā)展友誼。
A.quickA.快速的
B.unpredictableB.不可預(yù)測(cè)的
C.productiveC.富有成效的
D.inconspicuousD.不引人注目的
【考查點(diǎn)】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)第二段第三句“整個(gè)過(guò)程將以一種微妙的方式(inasubtleway)完成,以避免給人一種過(guò)于熟悉的印象,以免引起憤怒”可知,計(jì)算機(jī)將以一種微妙的方式與人類發(fā)展友誼,D項(xiàng)“不引人注目的”是subtle的同義轉(zhuǎn)換,所以該題選擇D項(xiàng)。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A項(xiàng)“快速的”、B項(xiàng)“不可預(yù)測(cè)的”和C項(xiàng)“富有成效的”根據(jù)解題思路可知,這三項(xiàng)都屬于曲解原文。
3.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
3.Whichofthefollowingaspectsisnotmentionedwhenthepassagediscussesthebenefitsofartificialrelationships?3.當(dāng)文章討論人為關(guān)系的好處時(shí),下列哪方面沒(méi)有被提及?
A.Beingabletopickupaninterestingconversation.A.能夠進(jìn)行有趣的談話。
B.Beingsensitivetoearliercontact.B.對(duì)早期接觸敏感。
C.Beingreadytolearnabouttheperson’slife.C.準(zhǔn)備好了解一個(gè)人的生活。
D.Havingapleasantandadaptablepersonality.D.性格開(kāi)朗、適應(yīng)力強(qiáng)。
【考查點(diǎn)】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息thebenefitsofartificialrelationships定位至最后一段,第二三句提到“它應(yīng)該熟悉用戶的生活,就像在早期的接觸中顯示的那樣,它應(yīng)該是善解人意的,幽默的。計(jì)算機(jī)本身將具備活潑的個(gè)性,令人印象深刻,并將根據(jù)用戶的個(gè)性發(fā)展?!笨芍?,人為的關(guān)系帶來(lái)的好處是:計(jì)算機(jī)會(huì)了解用戶的生活,善解人意且幽默,具備活潑的個(gè)性并能根據(jù)用戶的個(gè)性發(fā)展,只有B項(xiàng)“對(duì)早期接觸敏感”在原文沒(méi)有提及,所以該題選擇B項(xiàng)。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A項(xiàng)“能夠進(jìn)行有趣的談話”、C項(xiàng)“準(zhǔn)備好了解一個(gè)人的生活”和D項(xiàng)“性格開(kāi)朗、適應(yīng)力強(qiáng)”根據(jù)解題思路可知,這三項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾。
4.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
4.Throughoutthepassage,theauthoris______inhisattitudetowardthecomputer.4.在文章中,作者對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)的態(tài)度是______。
A.favorableA.支持的
B.criticalB.批判的
C.vagueC.模糊的
D.hesitantD.猶豫不定的
【考查點(diǎn)】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。
【解題思路】通讀全文可知,作者介紹的都是理想伴侶機(jī)器的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和特性,根據(jù)文章最后一句“有了這些功能,這臺(tái)機(jī)器可能真的會(huì)成為一個(gè)非常有吸引力的(veryattractive)社交伙伴”可以看出,作者對(duì)于計(jì)算機(jī)的態(tài)度是非常支持的,所以A項(xiàng)“支持的”符合題意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
B項(xiàng)“批判的”與原文相反,屬于反向干擾;
C項(xiàng)“模糊的”和D項(xiàng)“猶豫不定的”根據(jù)解題思路可知,這兩項(xiàng)曲解原文。
5.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
5.Whichmightbethemostappropriatetitleofthepassage?5.哪一個(gè)可能是這篇文章最合適的標(biāo)題?
A.Artificialrelationships.A.人為關(guān)系。
B.Howtoformintimaterelationships.B.如何建立親密關(guān)系。
C.Theaffectionatemachine.C.有感情的機(jī)器。
D.Humansandcomputers.D.人類與計(jì)算機(jī)。
【考查點(diǎn)】主旨大意題。
【解題思路】首先定位首段第一句“理想的伴侶機(jī)器——計(jì)算機(jī)不僅看起來(lái)、感覺(jué)上和聽(tīng)起來(lái)都很友好,而且通過(guò)編程能使其行為舉止令人愉快”和尾段最后一句“有了這些功能,這臺(tái)機(jī)器可能真的會(huì)成為一個(gè)非常有吸引力的社交伙伴”可知,文章的關(guān)鍵詞是理想伴侶型機(jī)器;然后看到文章內(nèi)容,第一段描述了這種機(jī)器的特性,即積極互動(dòng)、有個(gè)性且行為舉止得體,然后第二段說(shuō)明了這種伴侶型機(jī)器是如何與人類建立情感關(guān)系,最后一段說(shuō)明了人為的關(guān)系將帶來(lái)的一些好處;綜合理解可知,本文主要是講述能建立感情的機(jī)器,所以C項(xiàng)“有感情的機(jī)器”符合題意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A項(xiàng)“人為關(guān)系”、B項(xiàng)“如何建立親密關(guān)系”只是部分提及,屬于以偏概全;
D項(xiàng)“人類與計(jì)算機(jī)”概括范圍太大,不精準(zhǔn),屬于曲解原文。
10.單選題
Her______instinctsledhertofundtheconstructionofahospitalforthepoor.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.far-ranging
B.humanitarian
C.humble
D.popular
【答案】B
【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】
A.far-ranging廣泛的B.humanitarian人道主義的(主張減輕人類苦難、改善人類生活)
C.humble謙遜的,虛心的D.popular受喜愛(ài)的,受歡迎的
【答案】B
【考查點(diǎn)】形容詞辨析。
【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息fundtheconstructionofahospitalforthepoor(出資為窮人建了一所醫(yī)院)可知,空格處選擇B項(xiàng)符合句意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、C、D項(xiàng)不符合句意。
【句意】她的人道主義本能使她出資為窮人建了一所醫(yī)院。
11.單選題
Actually,recyclingisoneoftheleastimportantthingswecando,ifourreal()istopreservenaturalresources.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.subjection
B.objective
C.excitement
D.inclusion
【答案】B
【解析】考查名詞辨析。subjection“隸屬,服從,征服”;objective“目的,目標(biāo)”;excitement“興奮,刺激”;inclusion“包含,內(nèi)含物”。句意:事實(shí)上,回收利用是我們能做的最不重要的事情之一,如果我們的真正()是保護(hù)自然資源的話。由不定式topreservenaturalresources可知這是一種目的,故B項(xiàng)正確。
12.單選題
Youmustbeverycareful.Thework(
)precision.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.retails
B.repels
C.retains
D.entails
【答案】D
【解析】形近詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)retail“零售,詳述”;B選項(xiàng)repel“擊退,抵制”;C選項(xiàng)retain“保持,固定”;D選項(xiàng)entail“使需要,要求”。句意:你必須非常小心,這項(xiàng)工作對(duì)精確性要求極高。選項(xiàng)D符合句意。
13.單選題
Helplessnessandpassivityarecentralthemesindescribinghumandepression.Laboratoryexperimentswithanimalshaveuncoveredaphenomenondesignated“l(fā)earnedhelplessness.”Dogsgiveninescapableshockinitiallyshowintenseemotionality,butlaterbecomepassiveinthesamesituation.Whenthesituationischangedfrominescapabletoescapableshock,thedogsfailtoescapeeventhoughescapeispossible.Neurochemicalchangesresultingfromlearnedhelplessnessproduceanavoidance-escapedeficitinlaboratoryanimals.
Istheavoidancedeficitcausedbypriorexposuretoinescapableshocklearnedhelplessnessorisitsimplystress-inducednoradrenergicdeficiencyleadingtoadeficitinmotoractivation?Avoidance-escapedeficitcanbeenproducedinratsbystressalone,i.e.,byabriefswimincoldwater.Butadeficitproducedbyexposuretoextremelytraumaticeventsmustbeproducedbyaverydifferentmechanismthanthedeficitproducedbyexposuretothelesstraumaticuncontrollableaversiveeventsinthelearned-helplessnessexperiments.Anonaversiveparalleltothelearnedhelplessnessinduceduncontrollableshock,e.g.,inducedbyuncontrollablefooddelivery,producessimilarresults.Moreover,studieshaveshowntheimportanceofpriorexperienceinlearnedhelplessness.Dogscanbe“immunized”againstlearnedhelplessnessbypriorexperiencewithcontrollableshock.Ratsalsoshowa“masteryeffect”afterextendedexperiencewithescapableshock.Theyworkfarlongertryingtoescapefrominescapableshockthandoratslackingthispriormasteryexperience.Conversely,weanlingratsgiveninescapableshockfailtoescapeshockasadults.Theseadultratsarealsopoortononaversivediscriminationlearning.
Certainsimilaritieshavebeennotedbetweenconditionsproducedinanimalsbythelearned-helplessnessprocedureandbytheexperimentalneurosisparadigm.Inthelatter,animalsarefirsttrainedonadiscriminationtaskandarethentestedwithdiscriminativestimuliofincreasingsimilarity.Eventually,asthediscriminationbecomesverydifficult,animalsfailtorespondandbegindisplayingabnormalbehaviors:firstagitation,thenlethargy.
Ithasbeensuggestedthatbothlearnedhelplessnessandexperimentalneurosisinvolveinhibitionofmotivationcentersandpathwaysbylimbicforebraininhibitorycenters,especialintheseptalarea.Themainfunctionofthisinhibitioniscompensatory,providingrelieffromanxietyordistress.Inratssubjectedtothelearned-helplessnessandexperimental-neurosisparadigms,stimulationoftheseptumproducesbehavioralarrest,lackofbehavioralinitiationandlethargy,whileratswithseptallesionsdonotshowlearnedhelplessness.
Howanalogousthemodeloflearnedhelplessnessandtheparadigmofstress-inducedneurosisaretohumandepressionisnotentirelyclear.Inescapablenoiseorunsolvableproblemshavebeenshowntoresultinconditionsinhumanssimilartothoseinducedinlaboratoryanimals,butanadequatemodelofhumandepressionmustalsobeabletoaccountforthecognitivecomplexityofhumandepression.
36.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto______.
37.TheauthorraisesthequestionatthebeginningofParagraph2inorderto______.
38.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatratswithseptallesions(inParagraph4)donotshowlearnedhelplessnessbecause______.
39.Theauthorcitesthe“masteryeffect”(inParagraph2)primarilyinorderto______.
40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostlogicalcontinuationofthepassage?
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.proposeacurefordepressioninhumanbeings
B.discussresearchpossiblyrelevanttodepressioninhumanbeings
C.criticizetheresultofexperimentswhichinducedepressioninlaboratoryanimals
D.raisesomequestionsabouttheproprietyofusinglaboratoryanimalsforresearch
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.provethatlearnedhelplessnessiscausedbyneurochemicalchanges
B.demonstratethatlearnedhelplessnessisalsocausedbynonaversivediscriminationlearning
C.suggestthatfurtherresearchisneededtodeterminetheexactcauseoflearnedhelplessness
D.refuteapossibleobjectionbasedonanalternativeexplanationofthecauseoflearnedhelplessness
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.suchratswereimmunizedagainstlearnedhelplessnessbypriortraining
B.thelesionblockedcommunicationbetweenthelimbicforebraininhibitorycentersandmotivationcenters
C.alackofstimulationoftheseptalareadoesnotnecessarilyresultinexcitedbehavior
D.thelesionspreventedtheratsfromunderstandingtheinescapabilityofthehelplessnesssituation
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.provetheavoidancedeficitcausedbyexposuretoinescapableshockisnocausedbyshockpersebutbytheinescapability
B.castdoubtsonthevalidityofmodelsofanimaldepressionwhenappliedtodepressioninhumanbeings
C.explaintheneurochemicalchangesinthebrainwhichcauselearnedhelplessness
D.arguethatlearnedhelplessnessissimplyastress-inducednoradrenergicdeficiency
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.Anexaminationoftechniquesusedtocureanimalsoflearnedhelplessness.
B.Anexplanationoftheconnectionbetweenseptumandthemotivationcentersofthebrainsofrats.
C.Aproposalforanexperimenttoproducelearnedhelplessnessandexperimentalneurosisinhumans.
D.Anelaborationofthedifferencesbetweenhumandepressionandsimilaranimalbehavior.
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:C
第3題:B
第4題:A
第5題:C
【解析】36.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
36.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto______.36.文章的主要目的是為了______。
A.proposeacurefordepressioninhumanbeingsA.提出治療人類抑郁癥的方法
B.discussresearchpossiblyrelevanttodepressioninhumanbeingsB.討論可能與人類抑郁癥相關(guān)的研究
C.criticizetheresultofexperimentswhichinducedepressioninlaboratoryanimalsC.批評(píng)導(dǎo)致實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物抑郁的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果
D.raisesomequestionsabouttheproprietyofusinglaboratoryanimalsforresearchD.提出了一些關(guān)于使用實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物進(jìn)行研究的適當(dāng)性的問(wèn)題
【考查點(diǎn)】主旨大意題。
【解題思路】定位文章首句“無(wú)助和被動(dòng)是描述人類抑郁癥的中心主題”,以及文章末段“習(xí)得性無(wú)助和應(yīng)激性神經(jīng)癥的模式與人類抑郁癥有何相似之處尚不完全清楚。不可避免的噪音或無(wú)法解決的問(wèn)題已經(jīng)被證明會(huì)導(dǎo)致與實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物相似的人類疾病……”,結(jié)合文章中間三段關(guān)于討論實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物的一些研究,可知,文章的主要目的是討論可能與人類抑郁癥相關(guān)的一些動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,B項(xiàng)正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)在文中并沒(méi)有提出具體的治療方法,屬于無(wú)中生有;
C選項(xiàng)也屬于無(wú)中生有,文中并沒(méi)有對(duì)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)的一些研究表達(dá)相關(guān)的評(píng)判;
D選項(xiàng)只是其中提到了一部分,屬于以偏概全。
37.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
37.TheauthorraisesthequestionatthebeginningofParagraph2inorderto______.37.作者在第二段開(kāi)頭提出了這個(gè)問(wèn)題,目的是為了______。
A.provethatlearnedhelplessnessiscausedbyneurochemicalchangesA.證明習(xí)得性無(wú)助是由神經(jīng)化學(xué)變化引起的
B.demonstratethatlearnedhelplessnessisalsocausedbynonaversivediscriminationlearningB.證明習(xí)得性無(wú)助也是由非厭惡性歧視學(xué)習(xí)引起的
C.suggestthatfurtherresearchisneededtodeterminetheexactcauseoflearnedhelplessnessC.建議需要進(jìn)一步的研究來(lái)確定習(xí)得性無(wú)助的確切原因
D.refuteapossibleobjectionbasedonanalternativeexplanationofthecauseoflearnedhelplessnessD.基于對(duì)習(xí)得性無(wú)助的原因的另一種解釋,反駁可能的反對(duì)意見(jiàn)
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】定位第二段第一句“回避缺陷(avoidancedeficit)是由之前經(jīng)歷過(guò)不可避免的驚嚇習(xí)得性無(wú)助感造成的,還是它僅僅是壓力引起的去甲腎上腺素不足,導(dǎo)致運(yùn)動(dòng)激活缺陷?”,而第一段最后一句提到“在實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中,由習(xí)得性無(wú)助引起的神經(jīng)化學(xué)變化產(chǎn)生了一種避免-逃避缺陷(avoidance-escapedeficit)”,可知,第一段最后先提出習(xí)得性無(wú)助引起的神經(jīng)化學(xué)變化能產(chǎn)生一種逃避缺陷的機(jī)制,隨即第二段就問(wèn)到這種機(jī)制是習(xí)得性無(wú)助感造成的還是由于壓力引起一系列的神經(jīng)化學(xué)變化,可以推測(cè),第二段開(kāi)頭的這個(gè)問(wèn)題是建議進(jìn)一步研究確定習(xí)得性無(wú)助的原因,C項(xiàng)正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)定位第二段第三句“但是暴露于極度創(chuàng)傷性事件所產(chǎn)生的缺陷與暴露于較少創(chuàng)傷性事件所產(chǎn)生的缺陷在習(xí)得性無(wú)助實(shí)驗(yàn)中是完全不同的機(jī)制”,可知,習(xí)得性無(wú)助在不同程度的創(chuàng)傷性事件中是不同的機(jī)制,所以A項(xiàng)并不能證實(shí),屬于曲解原文;
B選項(xiàng)與題干無(wú)關(guān),屬于出處錯(cuò)位;
D選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有提及,屬于無(wú)中生有。
38.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
38.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatratswithseptallesions(inParagraph4)donotshowlearnedhelplessnessbecause______.38.從文章中可以推斷出,第四段中患有鼻中隔損傷的老鼠不會(huì)表現(xiàn)出習(xí)得性無(wú)助,因?yàn)開(kāi)_____。
A.suchratswereimmunizedagainstlearnedhelplessnessbypriortrainingA.這些大鼠通過(guò)事先的訓(xùn)練對(duì)習(xí)得性無(wú)助進(jìn)行免疫
B.thelesionblockedcommunicationbetweenthelimbicforebraininhibitorycentersandmotivationcentersB.病變阻斷了邊緣前腦抑制中心和動(dòng)機(jī)中心之間的通訊
C.alackofstimulationoftheseptalareadoesnotnecessarilyresultinexcitedbehaviorC.對(duì)隔區(qū)缺乏刺激并不一定導(dǎo)致興奮行為
D.thelesionspreventedtheratsfromunderstandingtheinescapabilityofthehelplessnesssituationD.這些損傷使大鼠無(wú)法理解無(wú)助情況的不可避免性
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】定位第四段“已有研究表明,習(xí)得性無(wú)助和實(shí)驗(yàn)性神經(jīng)癥都涉及到前腦邊緣抑制中心對(duì)動(dòng)機(jī)中心和通路的抑制,尤其是在中隔區(qū)。這種抑制的主要功能是代償性的,減輕焦慮或痛苦。在有習(xí)得性無(wú)助和實(shí)驗(yàn)性神經(jīng)癥的大鼠中,刺激隔膜會(huì)導(dǎo)致行為停止、行為啟動(dòng)缺乏和嗜睡,而有隔膜病變的大鼠則沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)出習(xí)得性無(wú)助?!?,可知,中隔區(qū)對(duì)動(dòng)機(jī)中心和通路有抑制,可以對(duì)刺激做出反應(yīng),而有隔膜病變的老鼠則沒(méi)表現(xiàn)出反應(yīng),那么推知,是由于隔膜病變使得邊緣前腦抑制中心對(duì)動(dòng)機(jī)中心和通路的抑制通訊中斷,B選項(xiàng)正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)中的“priortraining”在第四段沒(méi)有提到,屬于出處錯(cuò)位;
C選項(xiàng)在第四段中并沒(méi)有提到,刺激隔膜會(huì)產(chǎn)生興奮行為,文中提到的是“行為停止、行為啟動(dòng)缺乏和嗜睡”,該項(xiàng)屬于曲解原文;
D選項(xiàng)中的inescapability在該段沒(méi)有提到,屬于無(wú)中生有。
39.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
39.Theauthorcitesthe“masteryeffect”(inParagraph2)primarilyinorderto______.39.作者第二段引用“掌握效應(yīng)”主要是為了______。
A.provetheavoidancedeficitcausedbyexposuretoinescapableshockisnocausedbyshockpersebutbytheinescapabilityA.證明暴露于不可避免的驚嚇?biāo)斐傻幕乇苋毕莶皇怯审@嚇本身造成的,而是由不可避免性造成的
B.castdoubtsonthevalidityofmodelsofanimaldepressionwhenappliedtodepressioninhumanbeingsB.對(duì)動(dòng)物抑郁癥模型應(yīng)用于人類抑郁癥的有效性提出了質(zhì)疑
C.explaintheneurochemicalchangesinthebrainwhichcauselearnedhelplessnessC.解釋大腦中導(dǎo)致習(xí)得性無(wú)助的神經(jīng)化學(xué)變化
D.arguethatlearnedhelplessnessissimplyastress-inducednoradrenergicdeficiencyD.認(rèn)為習(xí)得性無(wú)助僅僅是一種應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)的去甲腎上腺素能不足
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】定位第二段倒數(shù)第五句“狗可以通過(guò)有可控驚嚇的經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)習(xí)得性無(wú)助免疫”和倒數(shù)第四句“經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的可避免驚嚇的(escapableshock)經(jīng)驗(yàn),老鼠也表現(xiàn)出掌控效應(yīng)”,從中我們可以知道,有可避免驚嚇的經(jīng)驗(yàn)的老鼠,可以和狗一樣,對(duì)習(xí)得性無(wú)助免疫;然后根據(jù)后面兩句“它們?cè)噲D擺脫不可避免的驚嚇(inescapableshock)的時(shí)間要比缺乏這種事先掌握經(jīng)驗(yàn)的老鼠長(zhǎng)得多。相反,斷奶的大鼠受到不可避免的驚嚇后,成年后也無(wú)法逃脫驚嚇?!?,從中可知,對(duì)于有可避免驚嚇經(jīng)驗(yàn)的老鼠,它們擺脫不可避免的驚嚇比沒(méi)有這些經(jīng)驗(yàn)的老鼠的時(shí)間要長(zhǎng)得多,而且受到不可避免驚嚇后的老鼠成年后也無(wú)法逃脫這種驚嚇,所以我們綜合可以推斷,由于inescapableshock造成的逃避缺陷并不是shock本身,而是由于inescapable,A選項(xiàng)正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
B選項(xiàng)中的doubts在該段沒(méi)有提及,屬于無(wú)中生有;
C、D選項(xiàng)都不符合題干,屬于出處錯(cuò)位。
40.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostlogicalcontinuationofthepassage?40.下面哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是對(duì)這篇文章最符合邏輯的延續(xù)?
A.Anexaminationoftechniquesusedtocureanimalsoflearnedhelplessness.A.對(duì)用于治療動(dòng)物習(xí)得性無(wú)助癥的技術(shù)的檢驗(yàn)。
B.Anexplanationoftheconnectionbetweenseptumandthemotivationcentersofthebrainsofrats.B.對(duì)中隔與大鼠大腦動(dòng)機(jī)中心之間聯(lián)系的解釋。
C.Aproposalforanexperimenttoproducelearnedhelplessnessandexperimentalneurosisinhumans.C.一項(xiàng)在人類身上產(chǎn)生習(xí)得性無(wú)助和實(shí)驗(yàn)性神經(jīng)癥的實(shí)驗(yàn)建議。
D.Anelaborationofthedifferencesbetweenhumandepressionandsimilaranimalbehavior.D.對(duì)人類抑郁和類似動(dòng)物行為之間的差異的闡述。
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】定位文章最后一段“習(xí)得性無(wú)助和應(yīng)激性神經(jīng)癥的模式與人類抑郁癥有何相似之處尚不完全清楚。不可避免的噪音或無(wú)法解決的問(wèn)題已經(jīng)被證明會(huì)導(dǎo)致與實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物相似的人類疾病,但一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)娜祟愐钟舭Y模型也一定能夠解釋人類抑郁癥的認(rèn)知復(fù)雜性?!?,可知文章最后講的是雖然可不避免的噪音或者無(wú)法解決的問(wèn)題被證明能導(dǎo)致和實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物相似的人類疾病,但是一個(gè)合適的人類抑郁癥模型一定能解釋這些復(fù)雜性,所以下文很有可能會(huì)就人類身上的習(xí)得性無(wú)助和實(shí)驗(yàn)性神經(jīng)癥進(jìn)行討論,所以C項(xiàng)正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)屬于曲解原文,文中關(guān)注的中心點(diǎn)是通過(guò)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)研究人類抑郁癥,所以下文不會(huì)再去討論治療動(dòng)物的習(xí)得性無(wú)助癥;
B選項(xiàng)屬于倒數(shù)第二段的內(nèi)容,不太可能出現(xiàn)在下文,該項(xiàng)屬于出處錯(cuò)位;
D選項(xiàng)在最后一段第一句已經(jīng)提到了“習(xí)得性無(wú)助和應(yīng)激性神經(jīng)癥的模式與人類抑郁癥有何相似之處尚不完全清楚”,所以后文也不太可能會(huì)陳述,該項(xiàng)屬于曲解原文。
14.單選題
Thefitnessmovementthatbeganinthelate1960sandearly1970scenteredaroundaerobicexercise.Millionsofindividualsbecame(1)inavarietyofaerobicactivitiesand(2)thousandsofhealthspas(3)aroundthecountrytocapitalizeonthis(4)interestinfitnessparticularlyaerobicdancingforfemales.Anumberoffitnessspasexisted(5)tothisaerobicfitnessmovementevenanationalchainwithspasinmostmajorcities.Howevertheir(6)wasnotonaerobics,but(7)onweight-trainingprogramsdesignedtodevelopmuscularmass,(8),andenduranceintheirprimarilymale(9).Thesefitnessspasdidnotseemtobenefit(10)fromtheaerobicfitnessmovementtobetterhealthsincemedicalopinionsuggestedthatweight-trainingprograms(11)fewif(12),healthbenefits.Inrecentyearshoweverweighttraininghasagainbecomeincreasingly(13)formalesandforfemales.Many(14)programsfocusnotonlyondevelopingmuscularstrengthandendurancebutonaerobicfitnessaswell.
(15),mostphysical-fitnesstestshaveusuallyincludedmeasuresofmuscularstrengthandendurancenotforhealth-relatedreasons,but(16)suchfitnesscomponentshavebeenrelatedto(17)inathletics.(18),inrecentyearsevidencehasshownthattrainingprogramsdesignedprimarilytoimprovemuscularstrengthandendurancemightalsooffersomehealth(19)aswell.TheAmericanCollegeofSportsMedicinenow(20)thatweighttrainingbepartofatotalfitnessprogramforhealthyAmericans.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.imposed
B.engaged
C.confined
D.illustrated
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.affluently
B.eligibly
C.gorgeously
D.literally
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.enhanced
B.manifested
C.developed
D.established
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.emerging
B.hovering
C.intriguing
D.mingling
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.prior
B.entitled
C.liable
D.subjected
問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)
A.action
B.focus
C.cement
D.snap
問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)
A.or
B.orelse
C.and
D.rather
問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)
A.strength
B.nutrition
C.tolerance
D.ambition
問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)
A.practitioners
B.enthusiasts
C.referees
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