高等教育自學(xué)考試英語詞匯學(xué)第一章到第八章必背考點課件

Englishlexicologyreview1-8Englishlexicologyreview1-81Chapter1

BasicconceptsofwordsandvocabularyInthischapter,youwillstudy…TherelationbetweensoundandmeaningTherelationbetweensoundandformTherelationbetweenwordsandvocabularyVocabularyclaasificationChapter1

Basicconceptsofw2Word---Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.Word---Awordisaminimalf3relationshipbetweenthesoundandmeaningThereisnologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandmeaning.Therelationshipbetweenthemisarbitraryandconventional.relationshipbetweenthesound4relationshipbetweenthesoundandformIntheearlieststageofEnglish,thewrittenformagreedwiththeoralform.Inotherwords,thesoundwassimilartotheform.relationshipbetweenthesound5Thedifferencebetweensoundandformresultfrom4majorfactors.a).theinternalreasonisEnglishalphabetdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguage.b).Pronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingc).Someofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.(printingfreezedthespellingofwordsin1500)d).EnglishBorrowedwordsfromotherlanguages.Thedifferencebetweensounda6vocabularyVocabulary---allthewordsinalanguagemakeupitsvocabulary.Thegeneralestimateofthepresent-dayEnglishvocabularyisover1millionwords.vocabularyVocabulary---allt7claassificationofwordsTheEnglishvocabularycanbeclassifiedbydifferentcriteriaandfordifferentpurposes.claassificationofwordsTheEn8

Wordsmayfallintothebasicwordstockandnonbasicvocabulary

byusefrequency,intocontentwordsandfunctionalwords

by

notion,andintonativewordsandborrowedwords

byorigin.Wordsmayfall9basicwordstockandnonbasicvocabularyTheFundamentalFeaturesoftheBasicWordStock:1)AllNationalcharacter（全民性mostimportant）2)Stability（穩(wěn)定性）3)Productivity（多產(chǎn)性）4)Polysemy（多義性）5)Collocability（搭配性）basicwordstockandnonbasic10

Non-basicvocabulary--

(1)Terminology(術(shù)語)(2)Jargon（行話）(3)slang（俚語）(4)Argot（暗語）（5）Dialectalwords(方言)(6)Archaisms（古語）(7)Neologisms（新詞語）

Non-basicvocabulary--

(1)T11contentwordsandfunctionalwordsBynotion,wordscanbegroupedintocontentwordsandfunctionalwords.Contentwords(notionalword)–denoteclearnotions.Functionalword(emptyword,formword)–donothavenotionsoftheirown,expresstherelationbetweennotions,wordsandsentences.contentwordsandfunctionalw12Chapter2

TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary

Inthischapter,youwilllearn:Languagefamily(語系),languagegroup(語族)thethreeperiodsofthedevelopmentofEnglishvocabulary(英語詞匯發(fā)展的三個階段)ThreemodesofmodernEnglishvocabularydevelopment(現(xiàn)代英語詞匯發(fā)展的三種模式)Chapter2

TheDevelopmentoft13TheIndo-Europeanfamily

ismadeupofmostofthelanguageofEurope,

theNearEast,andIndia.TheIndo-Europeanfamily14TheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamilyfallinto8principalgroups，(語族）whichcanbegroupedinto

anEasternset,andaWesternset.TheIndo-Europeanlanguagefam15oldEnglish(450-1150)OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50000to60000words.ItwasahighlyinflectedlanguagejustlikemodernGerman.oldEnglish(450-1150)OldEngl16middleEnglish(1150-1500)MiddleEnglishwasoneofleveledending.middleEnglish(1150-1500)Midd17modernEnglish(1500-uptonow)ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland.earlymodernEnglish(1500-1700)latemodernEnglish(1700-uptonow)InmodernEnglish,wordendingsweremostlylost.modernEnglish(1500-uptonow18Englishhasevolvedfrom

asyntheticlanguage

[sin‘θetik]綜合性語言(OldEnglish)tothepresent

analyticlanguage

[?n?’l?t?k]分析性語言.Englishhasevolvedfrom19summaryTheThreeStagesofDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary1.OldEnglishPeriodorTheAnglo-SaxonPeriod(450-1100)

OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50000to60000words.Itwasahighlyinflectedlanguage2MiddleEnglishPeriod(1150-1500)

English,LatinandFrenchexistedsidebyside.MiddleEnglishwasoneofleveledendings.3ModernEnglishPeriod(1500-now):

ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland.earlymodernEnglish(1500-1700)latemodernEnglish(1700-uptonow)Englishabsorbswordsfromallmajorlanguagesoftheworld.InModernEnglish,wordendingsweremostlylost.summaryTheThreeStagesofDev20growthofpresent-dayEnglishvocabularyTherearethreemainsourcesofnewwords:1.Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology;2.Social,economicandpoliticalchanges;3.Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages.growthofpresent-dayEnglish21modes(模式)ofvocabularydevelopmentModernEnglishvocabularydevelopsthroughthreechannels:

creation,

semanticchange,

borrowing.modes(模式)ofvocabularydevel22Chapter3wordformationⅠ構(gòu)詞法Inthischapter,youwilllearn:Definitionofmorpheme,morph,allomorphTypesofmorphemeThedifferencebetweenrootandstemChapter3wordformationⅠ構(gòu)詞23Morpheme(詞素)---theminimalmeaningfulunitofalanguage.Morpheme(詞素)---theminimalmea243.3typesofmorphemesFreemorphemes（自由詞素）Boundmorphemes（粘附詞素）3.3typesofmorphemesFreemor25afreemorphemereferstoamorphemethatcanstandalone.boundmorphemereferstoamorphemethataccurswithatleastoneothermorpheme.afreemorphemereferstoamo26Thetypesofmorphemesfreemorpheme=freerootMorphemeboundroot prefix boundmorpheme derivational affix suffix inflectional

Thetypesofmorphemes27高等教育自學(xué)考試英語詞匯學(xué)第一章到第八章必背考點課件28Chapter4wordformationⅡTheexpansionofvocabularyinmodernEnglishdependschieflyon

word-formation.Chapter4wordformationⅡThe29affixationcompoundingconversionshorteningblendingBack-formationWordsfrompropernounsWord-formationprefixationsuffixationaffixationcompoundingconversio30Affixation詞綴法Compounding復(fù)合法Conversion轉(zhuǎn)類法Shortening縮略法Blending縮合法Back-formation逆生法Wordsfrompropernouns專有名詞轉(zhuǎn)化法Word-formation構(gòu)詞法Prefixation前綴法Suffixation后綴法Affixation詞綴法Compounding復(fù)合法Con31Affixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingderivatonalaffixestostems.prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.Compoundingistheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsfromoneclasstoanotherclass.Affixationistheformationof32Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsfromoneclasstoanotherclass.

Adj..N.FullyconvertedPartiallyconvertedConversionistheformatio33Blendingistheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordpluspartofanotherword.Clippingistoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremains.Acronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjioningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.InitialismsarewordsprouncedletterbyletterAcronymsarewordsprouncedasanormalwordBack-formationisthemethodofcreatingwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes.Blendingistheformationofn34NouncompoundsAdjectivecompoundsVerbcompoundscompoundingn.+n.(moonwalk)n.+v.(toothache)n.+v-ing(brainwashing)v.+n.(crybaby)a.+a.(deaf-mute)a.+v-ing(easy-going)Num.+n.(four-leg)Throughconversion(honeymoon)Throughbackformation(chain-smoke)NouncompoundsAdjectivecompou35

Conversiontonounsvn.(want/find)fullyconverted(white)an.partiallyconverted(poor)

conversionnv.(topocket)Conversiontoverbsa.v(wet/yellow)Conversionton36shorteningclippingacronymyInitialisms(VOA)Acronyms(NATO)Frontclipping(telephone)Backclipping(dormitory)Frontandback(influenza)Phraseclipping(popularmusic)shorteningclippingacronymyInit37

head+tail(motel---motor+hotel)haed+haed(telex—teleprinter+exchangeBlendinghead+word(medicare---medical+care)word+tail(workfare—work+welfare)head+tail(mot38Abstractnouns(emote---emotion)Humannouns(sculpt---sculptor)Back-formationCompoundnouns(babysit---babysitter)Adjectives(laze---lazy)

39Themostproductivewaysareaffixation,

compounding

andconversion.Themostproductivewaysare40Chapter5wordmeaningAwordisthecombinationofformandmeaning.Form---bothitspronunciationandspellingChapter5wordmeaningAwordi41Reference–istherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworldReference–istherelationshi42Concept,whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworld

inthehumanmind.Concept,43Sense–denotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.Everywordthathasmeaninghassense.Sense–denotestherelations44高等教育自學(xué)考試英語詞匯學(xué)第一章到第八章必背考點課件45Motivation理據(jù)onomatopoeicmotivation（擬聲）morphologicalmotivation（形態(tài)）Motivationsemanticmotivation（詞義）etymologicalmotivation（詞源）Motivation理據(jù)465.3typesofmeaninggramaticalmeaningAssociativemeaningConnotativemeaningStylisticmeaning(formalneutralinformal)CollocativemeaningAffectivemeaning(appreciativepejorative)WordmeaningLexicalmeaningConceptualmeaning5.3typesofmeaninggramatical47Chapter6senserelationsandsemanticfield語義關(guān)系和語義場Inthischapter,youwilllearn:1.senserelations-----Polysemy([p?‘l?s?mi]多義關(guān)系)/poly’semant(多義詞)Homonymy([ho‘mɑn?mi]

同音同形異義關(guān)系)/homonym(同音同形異義詞)Synonymy

([s?‘nɑn?mi])同義關(guān))/synonym(同義詞)

Antonymy

([?n‘t?nimi])反義關(guān)系)/antonym(反義詞)

Hyponymy

([hai‘p?nimi])上下義關(guān)系)/hyponym(下義詞)2.semanticfieldChapter6senserelationsand48Polysemyisacommonfeature(共同特征)peculiartoallnaturallanguages.InmodernEnglish,anoverwhelmingmajorityofwordsarepolysemous.Polysemyisacommonfeature(49Diachronicapproach

[‘da??’krɑn?k]歷時方法Synchronicapproach

[s??‘krɑn?k]共時方法Diachronicapproach[‘da??’krɑ50高等教育自學(xué)考試英語詞匯學(xué)第一章到第八章必背考點課件51twoprocessesofdevelopmentThedevelopmentofword-meaningfrommonosemy(['m?n?u,si:mi])topolysemyfollowstwocourses:Radiation[,reidi‘ei??n]輻射型concatenation[k?nk?t?‘ne??n]連鎖型twoprocessesofdevelopmentTh52高等教育自學(xué)考試英語詞匯學(xué)第一章到第八章必背考點課件53homonymy

[ho‘mɑn?mi]同形同音異義關(guān)系Homonyms

(['h?m?nim]同形同音異義詞

)

--aregenerallydefinedaswordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspelling

oridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling.

homonymy

[ho‘mɑn?mi]同形同音異義關(guān)系546.2.1typesofhomonyms

['h?m?nim]同形同音異義詞

Basedonthedegreeofsimilarity,homonymsfallintothreeclasses:1.PerfectHomonyms同形同音異義詞

2.Homographs同形異音異義詞

3.Homophones同音異形異義詞

Ofthethreetypes,

homophonesconstitutethelargestnumberandaremostcommon.6.2.1typesofhomonyms

['h?m556.3synonymy[s?'n?n?m?]同義關(guān)系

thesemanticrelationthatholdsbetweentwowordsthatcan(inagivencontext)expressthesamemeaning.(fromthedictionaryinsteadofthetextbook)6.3synonymy[s?'n?n?m?]同義關(guān)系t566.3.2typesofsynonymsSynonymscanbeclassifiedintotwomajorgroups:1.AbsoluteSynonyms(CompleteSynonyms)2.Relativesynonyms(Near-Synonyms)6.3.2typesofsynonymsSynonym576.4antonymy[?n't?nimi]反義關(guān)系

Antonymy--isconcernedwithsemanticopposition.Antonyms—canbedefinedaswordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.6.4antonymy[?n't?nimi]反義關(guān)系A(chǔ)586.4.1typesofantonyms

[‘?nt?n?m]反義詞Threemajorgroups:Contradictoryterms(矛盾反義詞)Contraryterms(對立反義詞)Relativeterms(關(guān)系反義詞)6.4.1typesofantonyms

[‘?nt596.5hyponymy[hai'p?nimi]上下義關(guān)系

Hyponymy--dealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.

Eg.tulipandrosearehyponyms([‘ha?p?n?m]下義詞)offlowerlionandelephantarehyponymsofanimal.

6.5hyponymy[hai'p?nimi]上下義關(guān)系60tree-likegraphLivingthingsCreatureplantAnimalinsectvegetableflowertreeHorsedogpigcockroachcabbagerosepinetree-likegraph616.6semanticfield語義場

Anintegratedsystemoflexemes([‘leksi?m]語義)interrelatedinsense.Wordsoflanguagecanbeclassifiedintosemanticallyrelatedfields.Eg.Apple,peach,orangeandsoonmakeupthesemanticfieldof‘fruits’.red,yellow,green,black,etc.makeupthesemanticfieldof‘colors’.6.6semanticfield語義場Anint62Chapter7changesinwordmeaningInthischapter,youwilllearn:Ertension[?k‘sten?(?)n]詞義的擴大Narrowing[‘n?r??i?]詞義的縮小Degradation[,degr?‘de??(?)n]詞義的降格elevation[,el?‘ve??(?)n]詞義的升華transfer[tr?ns‘f??]詞義的轉(zhuǎn)移Chapter7changesinwordmean63Changesinwordmeaning

ExtensionNarrowingTypesofchangesElevationDegradationTransferHistoricalreasonExtra-languageClassreasonPsychologicalreasoncausesofchangesShorteningLanguageBorrowinganalogyChangesinwordmeaning64Changesinwordmeaning

Extension(generalization)Narrowing(specialization)TypesofchangesElevation(amelioration)[?,mi:lj?'rei??n]

Degradation(pejoration)[pi:d??’rei??n]

TransferHistoricalreasonExtra-languageClassreasonPsychologicalreasoncausesofchangesShorteningLanguageBorrowinganalogyChangesinwordmeaning65

詞義的擴大詞義的縮小變化種類詞義的升華詞義的降格詞義的轉(zhuǎn)移詞義的演變歷史原因非語言原因階級原因心理原因變化原因縮略詞語言原因借詞類比

66Englishlexicologyreview1-8Englishlexicologyreview1-867Chapter1

BasicconceptsofwordsandvocabularyInthischapter,youwillstudy…TherelationbetweensoundandmeaningTherelationbetweensoundandformTherelationbetweenwordsandvocabularyVocabularyclaasificationChapter1

Basicconceptsofw68Word---Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.Word---Awordisaminimalf69relationshipbetweenthesoundandmeaningThereisnologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandmeaning.Therelationshipbetweenthemisarbitraryandconventional.relationshipbetweenthesound70relationshipbetweenthesoundandformIntheearlieststageofEnglish,thewrittenformagreedwiththeoralform.Inotherwords,thesoundwassimilartotheform.relationshipbetweenthesound71Thedifferencebetweensoundandformresultfrom4majorfactors.a).theinternalreasonisEnglishalphabetdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguage.b).Pronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingc).Someofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.(printingfreezedthespellingofwordsin1500)d).EnglishBorrowedwordsfromotherlanguages.Thedifferencebetweensounda72vocabularyVocabulary---allthewordsinalanguagemakeupitsvocabulary.Thegeneralestimateofthepresent-dayEnglishvocabularyisover1millionwords.vocabularyVocabulary---allt73claassificationofwordsTheEnglishvocabularycanbeclassifiedbydifferentcriteriaandfordifferentpurposes.claassificationofwordsTheEn74

Wordsmayfallintothebasicwordstockandnonbasicvocabulary

byusefrequency,intocontentwordsandfunctionalwords

by

notion,andintonativewordsandborrowedwords

byorigin.Wordsmayfall75basicwordstockandnonbasicvocabularyTheFundamentalFeaturesoftheBasicWordStock:1)AllNationalcharacter（全民性mostimportant）2)Stability（穩(wěn)定性）3)Productivity（多產(chǎn)性）4)Polysemy（多義性）5)Collocability（搭配性）basicwordstockandnonbasic76

Non-basicvocabulary--

(1)Terminology(術(shù)語)(2)Jargon（行話）(3)slang（俚語）(4)Argot（暗語）（5）Dialectalwords(方言)(6)Archaisms（古語）(7)Neologisms（新詞語）

Non-basicvocabulary--

(1)T77contentwordsandfunctionalwordsBynotion,wordscanbegroupedintocontentwordsandfunctionalwords.Contentwords(notionalword)–denoteclearnotions.Functionalword(emptyword,formword)–donothavenotionsoftheirown,expresstherelationbetweennotions,wordsandsentences.contentwordsandfunctionalw78Chapter2

TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary

Inthischapter,youwilllearn:Languagefamily(語系),languagegroup(語族)thethreeperiodsofthedevelopmentofEnglishvocabulary(英語詞匯發(fā)展的三個階段)ThreemodesofmodernEnglishvocabularydevelopment(現(xiàn)代英語詞匯發(fā)展的三種模式)Chapter2

TheDevelopmentoft79TheIndo-Europeanfamily

ismadeupofmostofthelanguageofEurope,

theNearEast,andIndia.TheIndo-Europeanfamily80TheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamilyfallinto8principalgroups，(語族）whichcanbegroupedinto

anEasternset,andaWesternset.TheIndo-Europeanlanguagefam81oldEnglish(450-1150)OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50000to60000words.ItwasahighlyinflectedlanguagejustlikemodernGerman.oldEnglish(450-1150)OldEngl82middleEnglish(1150-1500)MiddleEnglishwasoneofleveledending.middleEnglish(1150-1500)Midd83modernEnglish(1500-uptonow)ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland.earlymodernEnglish(1500-1700)latemodernEnglish(1700-uptonow)InmodernEnglish,wordendingsweremostlylost.modernEnglish(1500-uptonow84Englishhasevolvedfrom

asyntheticlanguage

[sin‘θetik]綜合性語言(OldEnglish)tothepresent

analyticlanguage

[?n?’l?t?k]分析性語言.Englishhasevolvedfrom85summaryTheThreeStagesofDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary1.OldEnglishPeriodorTheAnglo-SaxonPeriod(450-1100)

OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50000to60000words.Itwasahighlyinflectedlanguage2MiddleEnglishPeriod(1150-1500)

English,LatinandFrenchexistedsidebyside.MiddleEnglishwasoneofleveledendings.3ModernEnglishPeriod(1500-now):

ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland.earlymodernEnglish(1500-1700)latemodernEnglish(1700-uptonow)Englishabsorbswordsfromallmajorlanguagesoftheworld.InModernEnglish,wordendingsweremostlylost.summaryTheThreeStagesofDev86growthofpresent-dayEnglishvocabularyTherearethreemainsourcesofnewwords:1.Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology;2.Social,economicandpoliticalchanges;3.Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages.growthofpresent-dayEnglish87modes(模式)ofvocabularydevelopmentModernEnglishvocabularydevelopsthroughthreechannels:

creation,

semanticchange,

borrowing.modes(模式)ofvocabularydevel88Chapter3wordformationⅠ構(gòu)詞法Inthischapter,youwilllearn:Definitionofmorpheme,morph,allomorphTypesofmorphemeThedifferencebetweenrootandstemChapter3wordformationⅠ構(gòu)詞89Morpheme(詞素)---theminimalmeaningfulunitofalanguage.Morpheme(詞素)---theminimalmea903.3typesofmorphemesFreemorphemes（自由詞素）Boundmorphemes（粘附詞素）3.3typesofmorphemesFreemor91afreemorphemereferstoamorphemethatcanstandalone.boundmorphemereferstoamorphemethataccurswithatleastoneothermorpheme.afreemorphemereferstoamo92Thetypesofmorphemesfreemorpheme=freerootMorphemeboundroot prefix boundmorpheme derivational affix suffix inflectional

Thetypesofmorphemes93高等教育自學(xué)考試英語詞匯學(xué)第一章到第八章必背考點課件94Chapter4wordformationⅡTheexpansionofvocabularyinmodernEnglishdependschieflyon

word-formation.Chapter4wordformationⅡThe95affixationcompoundingconversionshorteningblendingBack-formationWordsfrompropernounsWord-formationprefixationsuffixationaffixationcompoundingconversio96Affixation詞綴法Compounding復(fù)合法Conversion轉(zhuǎn)類法Shortening縮略法Blending縮合法Back-formation逆生法Wordsfrompropernouns專有名詞轉(zhuǎn)化法Word-formation構(gòu)詞法Prefixation前綴法Suffixation后綴法Affixation詞綴法Compounding復(fù)合法Con97Affixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingderivatonalaffixestostems.prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.Compoundingistheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsfromoneclasstoanotherclass.Affixationistheformationof98Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsfromoneclasstoanotherclass.

Adj..N.FullyconvertedPartiallyconvertedConversionistheformatio99Blendingistheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordpluspartofanotherword.Clippingistoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremains.Acronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjioningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.InitialismsarewordsprouncedletterbyletterAcronymsarewordsprouncedasanormalwordBack-formationisthemethodofcreatingwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes.Blendingistheformationofn100NouncompoundsAdjectivecompoundsVerbcompoundscompoundingn.+n.(moonwalk)n.+v.(toothache)n.+v-ing(brainwashing)v.+n.(crybaby)a.+a.(deaf-mute)a.+v-ing(easy-going)Num.+n.(four-leg)Throughconversion(honeymoon)Throughbackformation(chain-smoke)NouncompoundsAdjectivecompou101

Conversiontonounsvn.(want/find)fullyconverted(white)an.partiallyconverted(poor)

conversionnv.(topocket)Conversiontoverbsa.v(wet/yellow)Conversionton102shorteningclippingacronymyInitialisms(VOA)Acronyms(NATO)Frontclipping(telephone)Backclipping(dormitory)Frontandback(influenza)Phraseclipping(popularmusic)shorteningclippingacronymyInit103

head+tail(motel---motor+hotel)haed+haed(telex—teleprinter+exchangeBlendinghead+word(medicare---medical+care)word+tail(workfare—work+welfare)head+tail(mot104Abstractnouns(emote---emotion)Humannouns(sculpt---sculptor)Back-formationCompo