焊接的健康與安全welding health and safety

WeldingHealthandSafety

焊接作業(yè)的健康與安全Hazards危害性Weldinghasboth“Apparent”hazardsand“Hidden”hazards.Apparenthazardsarethosewhichcanbeeasilyidentified.Hiddenhazardsarethosenotseenandoftenforgotten.焊接分明顯的危害和隱藏的危害，明顯的危害是容易鑒定而隱藏的危害是不明顯而且容易忽略的。Someoftheseare:

ElectricalShock觸電

Overexposuretoarcradiation電弧光輻射

Fumesandgasses有害的煙和氣Burnsandfire灼傷和火災(zāi)

Compressedgascylinders壓力容器

Noise噪音

EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafety電氣安全Electricshockandelectrocutionarepossiblehazardswithallweldingprocesses.在整個焊接過程中，觸電和電擊是可能存在的危害。①EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafety電氣安全FuseorBreakerpanel保險絲或者斷路面板PowerSupplycables電源線Internalpartsofthepowersource電源內(nèi)部零件Exposedwiresontheweldinglead.焊接端面上的裸線Contactwiththeelectrodeandtheworkpiece.電極和工件之間的連接Wetglovesorskin.濕的手套或者外套Theprimaryside:主要方面:Thesecondaryside:次級方面:Therearetwodifferentareasofconcern.有兩個不同的區(qū)域需要注意。①EHS俱樂部Primarysidepowerisnormallyishighamperage/highvoltage.Theweldershouldnotworkinthisarea.Itshouldleftuptoaqualifiedmaintenanceperson.初級電源通常是高電流/電壓,焊工不應(yīng)工作在這個區(qū)域。它應(yīng)該由一個合格的維護人操作。Notice:注意：EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafety電氣安全①ACCurrent交流電Paralyzesvoluntarymuscles.肌肉麻痹ACistheprimarypowerforweldingwhichismuchhigherthantheoutputweldingcurrent.交流電主電源處電壓比輸出端高很多DCCurrent直流電DCCurrentcancauseseverinternalburnsbutdoesnotparalyzemuscles.直流電能引起嚴(yán)重的內(nèi)部燃燒，但不會使肌肉麻痹Question:Whichismoredangerous?哪個更危險？ACCurrentorDCCurrent？交流電或直流電？Answer:InGMAW,ACcurrentismoredangerous.氣體保護電弧焊中，交流電是更加危險的。EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafety電氣安全①WorkReturnLeadvs.Ground.工作回路引線和接地Theworkreturnleadisoftenreferredtoastheground.工作回路引線有點像接地Workreturnandgroundingaretwodifferentthings.但是接地和工作回路引線是兩種不同的事情。EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafety電氣安全①Groundingis：接地是：Acableattachedtoacopperroddrivenintotheground.電纜聯(lián)接銅棒插入地下。Itspurposeistocarryawaycurrentincaseofatransformerfault,powersurge,orstrayvoltage.它的目的將使在變壓器故障,電力高峰及短路情況下把電流導(dǎo)入地下。AWorkReturnLeadis:工作回路引線是:Acableattachedtotheworkpiece.電纜被連接到工件上。Itspurposeistocreateacompletecircuitforwelding.它的目的是使焊接時建立一條完全回路。EHS俱樂部ConnectingtheWorkReturnlead連接工作回路引線ElectricalSafety電氣安全①Properconnectionisveryimportant，becausetheweldingcurrentwillfindtheeasiestpathbacktothePowersource.正確的連接非常重要,因為焊接電流將容易找到返回到功率源的路徑。Possiblythroughthebuildingifthereisametalfloor.容易通過金屬平臺穿過建筑。Throughanattachedliftingdevicesuchasanoverheadcrane.通過一個附屬的起重裝置例如一架吊車。Throughpowertoolsifotheroperationsbeingperformedontheassemblyyouareweldingon.當(dāng)在焊接時如果有組裝的時候，通過一個手動工具。EHS俱樂部Possiblecurrentreturnpaths.目前可能的返回路徑。Throughoverheadliftingdevices.通過起重設(shè)備Throughmetalplatesthatmaybeplacedinthefloorforotherfunctions.通過放在地上的金屬板或類似物品Throughpowertoolsusedforotheroperationsonthesameunit.在同一個產(chǎn)品上操作時，通過電動工具ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafetyTips:PowerSource電氣安全提示：電源Shouldbeinstalledandservicedbyaqualifiedelectricianormaintenanceperson.持有電工證的電工或則維修人員安裝電源和維護。Avoidworkingnearprimarysidepowercables.避免在主要電源端附近工作。Neverrunoverprimarysideoranyotherpowercableswithaforklift.Also,becarefulnottodropheavyobjectsonpowercords.Damagetotheoutercasingcanresultandexposetheconductorunderneath.絕對不能使用叉車壓住主要電源端和任何電源線。同樣，小心不要掉重物在電源線上。破壞電器箱將會是使導(dǎo)體裸露。ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafetyTips:WeldingEquipment電氣安全提示：焊接設(shè)備Checkcablesforwornorcutinsulation.檢查電源線是否磨損或者絕緣斷開。Letyoursupervisorknowifdamageisfoundsomaintenancecanbecalled.如果發(fā)現(xiàn)破壞，通知你的主管讓維修人員去修理。ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafetyTips:ProtectiveClothing電氣安全提示：防護服Wearproperglovesthataredryandfreeofholes.穿那些干燥的且有通氣孔的特制的手套Wearrubbersoledsafetyshoes.穿橡膠制作的安全鞋ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafetyTips:WorkReturnLead電氣安全提示：工作回路引線Makesuretheworkreturnleadisproperlyconnectednearthepointofweldingandmakesgoodelectricalconnection.確定工作回路引線是被正確的夾在焊接點的附近和確保有好的電氣連接。Donotplacethepowersourceonafloorthatcouldconductweldingcurrent.不要將電源放置在能導(dǎo)電的地面上。Neverleaveanoverheadcraneorotherliftingdeviceconnectedtotheassemblybeingwelded.Currentcantravelbackthroughthesedevicesandcauseveryseriousdamage.不要把吊機或是其它起重設(shè)備連接在正在焊接的產(chǎn)品上。通過這些設(shè)備電流能夠回流，也能引起非常嚴(yán)重的破壞。ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafetyTips:IncaseofElectricalShock電氣安全提示：假如發(fā)生電擊Ifpossible,turnthepoweroffimmediately.如有可能，立即關(guān)閉電源。Donottrytopullthevictimfreewhileincontactwiththeelectricalpower.不要試圖去推開那些正觸電的受害者。ActivatetheEMS(emergencymedicalsystem),call120.Alertfirstrespondersaccordingtoprotocolspostednearthephonesintheshop.啟動急救系統(tǒng)，呼叫120。向廠房里電話邊張貼的負(fù)責(zé)人提供警報。ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂部Ultraviolet–UV紫外線Visible可見光Infrared-(IR)紅外線ArcRadiation電弧輻射②Theweldingarcemitsthreetypesofradiation.焊接時有三種輻射產(chǎn)生。EHS俱樂部ShortwavelengthUVcauses“Arceye”or“Weldersflash”短波紫外線引起的眼病。UVintherangeof300-400Nano-Meters(NM)hasbeenassociatedwiththeformationofcataracts.紫外線引起白內(nèi)障。InfraredandVisiblelightcancauseburnsandretinallesions.紅外線和可見光損壞視網(wǎng)膜。ArcRadiation電弧輻射②EHS俱樂部Themostcommontypeofeyeinjuryfromradiationis“arceye”or“weldersflash”.最常見的眼病，從輻射是“紅眼”或“電光性眼炎”。Severalhoursafterexposure,you’reeyeswillfeellikethereissandinthemandwillberedandswollen.眼睛曝光幾個小時后，會覺得像有沙子，他們將變紅和腫脹。Theeffectsareshortlivedandcanbetreatedbyavisittotheemergencyroomwheredropscanbeadministeredtocorrectthiscondition.影響是短暫的。到急診室處理有助于緩解和改善這樣的狀況。However,theeyescanbepermanentlydamagedbyintenseexposureovertime.然而，曝光時間過長的話，視力將會永久的傷害。

ArcRadiation電弧輻射②EHS俱樂部ClearPlasticlensesandsideshieldswillblockshortwaveUVandhelpavoidexposure.透明膠鏡片將阻止短波紫外線，并有助于避免曝光。UVintherangeof300to400Nano-Meters,Infrared,andvisiblelightarenotblockedbyclearplastic.Thecorrectshadeoffilterplateneedstobeusedtopreventexposure.透明膠鏡片不可以攔住300~400納米范圍的紫外線，紅外線和可見光的。需要選用正確的濾光片來防止曝光。ArcRadiation電弧輻射②EHS俱樂部ArcRadiation電弧輻射②Thefollowingslideisachartofrecommendedfilterplateshadesfordifferentweldingprocessesandcurrentlevels.以下說明不同的焊接時需要不同濾光片的種類。EHS俱樂部Arcradiationcancauseaconditionverymuchlikesunburn.電弧輔射可能導(dǎo)致很多象曬斑的情況Thehazardisincreasedbyhigheramperageandargonbasedgas.更高的安培數(shù)和氬氣體會增加危險ArcRadiation電弧輻射②Properweldingclothessuchassleeves,capesleeves,aprons,andahelmetshouldbewornforprotection.穿適當(dāng)?shù)暮附臃b例如袖子，護袖，圍裙，頭盔將保護身體。Screensandprotectivebarriersshouldbeinplacetoprotectnon-weldersinthearea.防曬霜和防護墻在焊接區(qū)域應(yīng)該是保護非焊工。Sunscreencanbeusedtoprotectexposedskin.

防曬霜可以被用于保護暴露的皮膚EHS俱樂部Highlyreflectivematerialssuchasaluminum,stainlesssteel,andgalvanizedincreasetheriskofexposure.高度反射性材料例如鋁，不銹鋼和鍍鋅增加曝光的風(fēng)險Arcradiationisreflectedoffthesematerialsandcausesinjurytothebackoftheneckorotherexposedareas.弧輻射被反射這些材料并且造成傷害到脖子或其他被暴露的區(qū)域的后面Properclothingorsunscreencanhelpeliminateorminimizetheexposure.適當(dāng)?shù)囊挛锘蛘陉査赡軒椭麥缁蚴蛊毓鉁p到最小ArcRadiation電弧輻射②EHS俱樂部CausesofFumesandGasses.煙塵和廢氣產(chǎn)生的原因。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Becauseofthevariablesinfumeandgasgenerationwithdifferentweldingprocesses,wewillneedtotreatthesubjectinaverygeneralizedway.由于發(fā)煙和氣體不同的焊接過程產(chǎn)生不同煙和氣，我們將需要制定一個廣泛的方式對待這個問題。Fumeandgassescanbehazardousifproperventilationisnotused.如果沒有適當(dāng)?shù)目諝饬鲃?，發(fā)煙和氣體是很危害的。EHS俱樂部Contaminantsintheweldplume:焊接中的污染物：Particulatematterintheweldplumegivestheplumeit’scolor.特殊的物質(zhì)在焊接中產(chǎn)生它自己特有的顏色。Theparticulateiscomposedprimarilyofoxidizedfillermetal,basemetal,andanycoatingsfoundonthebasemetal.微粒物質(zhì)主要由被氧化的填充金屬、母材和所有覆蓋在母材上的東西。Weldersshouldtakecaretoavoidbreathingthefumesbecauseofthepotentialassociatedhealthhazards.焊工應(yīng)當(dāng)心避免吸入煙塵,因為它與身體建康相關(guān)聯(lián)。AluminumandIronparticlescancausedustdiseaseofthelungesiflevelsarehighenoughandoccuroveralongperiodoftime.鋁和鐵微?？赡軐?dǎo)致刺的積塵病，如果量是足夠多和長時間。。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③EHS俱樂部Contaminantsintheweldplume:焊接中的污染物：Somemetalsposeamoreserioushealthhazard.一些金屬構(gòu)成更嚴(yán)重的健康危害Itisveryimportanttouseallavailablesafetydeviceswhenworkingwiththesematerials:它是很重要的當(dāng)與這些材料一起使用時，使用所有可利用的保險裝Manganese,foundinAluminum(3003),caneffectthecentralnervoussystem,resultinginimpairedspeechandmovement.錳與鋁(3003)焊接，可能影響中央神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)，造成語言和行動功能受損。FumesfromstainlesssteelandotherspecializedconsumableshavethepotentialtocontaincertaincompoundsofChromiumand/ornickel.Someofthesecompoundsareknownorsuspectedtohavecausedlungcancerinprocessesotherthanwelding.從不銹鋼的發(fā)煙和其他專業(yè)消費品有潛力包含鉻和鎳某些化合物。除焊接之外，其中一些化合物在過程中知道或被懷疑有導(dǎo)致的肺癌。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③EHS俱樂部Contaminantsintheweldplume:焊接中的污染物：ThemostcommoncoatingfoundatGreenheckisZinc,whichisthecoatingfoundonGalvanizedorGalvanealmaterial.在格林瀚克最主要的涂層材料是鍍鋅板,是一種電鍍或熱鍍鋅的材料。Zincmeltsbetween800°and900°andiseasilyvaporizedbytheweldingarc.鋅融化在800度到900度之間,通過焊弧很易蒸發(fā),。TheresultingfumeisZincOxide.隨之發(fā)生煙是氧化鋅。ZincOxide,inlargeenoughquantitiescancause“ZincFever”or“MetalFumeFever”.氧化鋅，在足夠大的數(shù)量，可引起自然或金屬灰發(fā)燒。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③EHS俱樂部FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Contaminantsintheweldplume:焊接中的污染物：Cause原因Effect結(jié)果Zinc（GalvanizedSteel）涂鋅（鍍鋅鋼）Exposuretozincfumescanresultin“ZincFever”or“MetalFumeFever”暴光的鋅可能引起自燃或金屬灰發(fā)燒CadmiumPlating電鍍鉻Exposuretocadmiumfumescanbetoxic暴光的鉻氣可能引起中毒Lead-Containingpaints含鉛油漆Exposuretoleadfumescan

betoxic可能引起中毒Zincchromatepaints含鋅鉻酸鹽的油漆Hexavalentchromiumisassociatedwithlungcancer六價鉻離子可能引起肺癌EHS俱樂部FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Gasses廢氣Asphyxiates(inert)使窒息(惰性氣體)Irritants刺激性氣體Systemicpoisons全身的毒氣CarbondioxideArgonCarbonmonoxide二氧化碳?xì)鍤庖谎趸糘zoneChloridesFluoridesSulfurdioxide臭氧氯化物氟化物二氧化硫Fluorides,OxidesofNitrogenPhosgene氟化物氧化氮光氣EHS俱樂部ConfinedSpace:狹小的空間：Asphyxiatescanbeveryhazardousinconfinedspaces.在狹小的空間內(nèi),呼吸不暢是很危險的。Thesegasesareheavierthanairandcansettleinenclosedareasanddisplaceoxygen.這些氣體比空氣重，并能解決在封閉區(qū)和取代氧氣。Alwaysusesometypeofventilationtokeepfreshairflowinginthistypeofenvironment.總要使用一些通風(fēng)器以保持新鮮空氣的流動，在這種類型的環(huán)境。Theremaynotbeanywarningsignsofoxygendeficiency.Youmaysimplyloseconsciousness.可能沒有任何警告標(biāo)志的氧氣不足。你可能很容易失去意識。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③EHS俱樂部Gasesproducedbywelding:焊接產(chǎn)生的氣體：Caremustbetakenwhenusingcleaningsolventsformulatedwithchlorinatedhydrocarbons.必須注意當(dāng)使用清洗溶劑與氯化碳?xì)浠衔颰richloroethyleneandPerchloroethyleneareexamplesofthese.氯乙烯和全氯乙烯是這些的例子。WhenvaporsfromthesecleaningsolventsareexposedtoUVfromtheweldingarc,Phosgenegasisproduced.當(dāng)蒸汽從這些清洗溶劑是暴露在紫外線從焊接電弧，光氣是天然氣生產(chǎn)。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③EHS俱樂部OzonecanbeaproblemwhenweldingAluminum當(dāng)焊接鋁件時臭氧是一個問題。Cancauseheadache,chestpain,andshortnessofbreath.能導(dǎo)致頭痛,胸悶和呼吸短促。Veryhighlevelsofexposuretoozonecancausefluidtobuildupinthelungsandevendeath.非常嚴(yán)重的暴露于臭氧中能使流進肺中和甚至死亡。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Gasesproducedbywelding:焊接產(chǎn)生的氣體：EHS俱樂部TheproductionofOzonedependsonthetypeoffillermetalused.臭氧的產(chǎn)生主要依靠那種焊絲被使用。Theuseof4043fillermetalcausestheformationofozone.使用4043焊絲能導(dǎo)致臭氧的產(chǎn)生。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Gasesproducedbywelding:焊接產(chǎn)生的氣體：EHS俱樂部ReducingtheRisk:減少危險：Keepyourheadoutoftheweldingplume.保持你的頭部離開焊接廢氣。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③EHS俱樂部ReducingtheRisk:減少危險：FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Uselocalfumeextractiondevicestohelpremovethefume.利用局部的排煙裝置，以幫助排走煙氣。EHS俱樂部ReducingtheRisk:減少危險：FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Usefiltersorotherdevicestofiltertheairinyourbreathingzone.在你呼吸地方使用過濾器或其他裝置，以過濾空氣。EHS俱樂部ReducingtheRisk:減少危險：FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Insomecasesitmaybenecessarytoremovethecoatingfromthebasemetalbeforewelding.在某些情況下，也許要先清理涂層從金屬母材上在焊前Makesureyouknowtheproperwaytoremovethecoating.Grindingsomecoatingsmaybejustashazardousaswelding.確保您知道正確的做法對于清理涂層。磨削有些涂料可能只是為減少焊接危險EHS俱樂部Burnsareoneofthemostcommonhazardsfacedinallweldingprocesses.燒傷是最常見的危險在所有焊接工作中。Arcradiation,sparks,spatter,andthepartsthemselvescancauseseriousinjury.電弧輻射，火花飛濺及零件本身可能導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重傷害。BurnsandFire燒傷和火災(zāi)④EHS俱樂部ProtectiveClothingandGear.防護服和手套。BurnsandFire燒傷和火災(zāi)④Propergearandclothingcanhelpprotectyoufromthesehazards.適當(dāng)?shù)难b備和服裝可以幫助您避免這些危害。WeldingMaskWeldingGlovesDustMaskProtectiveClothingWeldingApronEHS俱樂部Cleaningsolventsanddegreasersareflammableandposeaseverefireandexplosionhazard.清洗溶劑和脫脂劑是易燃的及構(gòu)成嚴(yán)重火災(zāi)和爆炸危險。BurnsandFire燒傷和火災(zāi)④Fireisalsoamajorconcernassociatedwithwelding.火災(zāi)也是焊接時主要要考慮的。Thesesubstancesshouldbekeptoutoftheweldingarea.這些物質(zhì)應(yīng)遠(yuǎn)離焊接區(qū)域貯存。EHS俱樂部Materialssuchaspaperandragsarecombustibleandcanbeignitedbysparksandspatterfromtheweldingprocess.材料如紙張和抹布都是易燃物，可點燃的火花飛濺從焊接過程中。Thesematerialscansmolderforhoursbeforecatchingfire.這些材料在著火前能悶燒幾個小時。Allcombustiblematerialsshouldbekeptoffthefloorandoutoftheimmediateweldingarea.所有可燃材料應(yīng)保存在地面上，且于眼能看到的焊接區(qū)域。Thesematerialsshouldbeplacedinafireproofcontainerattheend