06年6月-2012年6月歷年大學(xué)英語六級真題及答案

2007年6月23日大學(xué)英語六級(CET-6)真題試卷(A卷)PartIWriting(30minutes).有人做好事期望得到回報(bào);.有人認(rèn)為應(yīng)該像雷鋒那樣做好事不圖回報(bào);.我的觀點(diǎn)。ShouldOneExpectaRewardWhenDoingaGoodDeed?PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-4,markY(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;N(forNO)ifstatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.Forquestions5-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.SevenStepstoaMoreFulfillingJobManypeopletodayfindthemselvesinunfulfillingworksituations.Infact,oneinfourworkersisdissatisfiedwiththeircurrentjob,accordingtotherecent“Plansfor2004"survey.Theircareerpathmaybefinanciallyrewarding,butitdoesn'tmeettheiremotional,socialorcreativeneeds.They'restuck,unhappy,andhavenoideawhattodoaboutit,exceptmovetoanotherjob.MaryLynMiller,veterancareerconsultantandfounderoftheLifeandCareerClinic,saysthatwhenmostpeopleareunhappyabouttheirwork,theirfirstthoughtistogetadifferentjob.Instead,Millersuggestslookingatthepossibilityofadifferentlife.Throughherbook,8MythsofMakingaLiving,aswellasworkshops,seminarsandpersonalcoachingandconsulting,shehashelpedthousandsofdissatisfiedworkersreassesslifeandwork.LikethewayofZen,whichincludesunderstandingofoneselfasonereallyis,Millerencouragesjobseekersandthosedissatisfiedwithworkorlifetoexaminetheirbeliefsaboutworkandrecognizethat"inmanycasesyourbeliefsarewhatbroughtyoutowhereyouaretoday."Youmayhavebeenraisedtothinkthatwomenwerebestatnurturingandcaringand,therefore,shouldbeteachersandnurses.Sothat'swhatyoudid.Or,perhapsyouwerebroughtuptobelievethatyoushoulddowhatyourfatherdid,soyouhavetakenoverthefamilybusiness,orbecomeadentist"justlikedad."Ifthissoundsfamiliar,it'sprobablytimetolookatthenewpossibilitiesforyourfuture.Millerdevelopeda7-stepprocesstohelppotentialjobseekersassesstheircurrentsituationandbeliefs,identifytheirrealpassion,andstartonajourneythatallowsthemtopursuetheirpassionthroughwork.Step1:Willingnesstodosomethingdifferent.Breakingthecycleofdoingwhatyouhavealwaysdoneisoneofthemostdifficulttasksforjobseekers.Manyfinditdifficulttosteerawayfromacareerpathormakeachange,evenifitdoesn'tfeelright.Millerurgesjobseekerstoopentheirmindstootherpossibilitiesbeyondwhattheyarecurrentlydoing.Step2:Commitmenttobeingwhoyouare,notwhoorwhatsomeonewantsyoutobe.Lookatthe\giftsandtalentsyouhaveandmakeacommitmenttopursuethosethingsthatyoulovemost.Ifyoulovethesocialaspectsofyourjob,butarestuckinsideanofficeor“chainedtoyourdesk”mostofthetime,vowtofollowyourinstinctandinvestigatealternativecareersandworkthatallowyoumoretimetointeractwithothers.Dawnworkedasamanagerforalargeretailclothingstoreforseveralyears.Thoughshehadadvancedwithinthecompany,shefeltfrustratedandlongedtobeinvolvedwithnatureandtheoutdoors.Shedecidedtogotoschoolnightsandweekendstopursuehertruepassionbyearninghermaster'sdegreeinforestry.Shenowworksinthebiotechforestrydivisionofamajorpapercompany.Step3:Self-definitionMillersuggeststhatoncejobseekersknowwhotheyare,theyneedtoknowhowtosellthemselves."Inthejobmarket,youareaproduct.Andjustlikeaproduct,youmostknowthefeaturesandbenefitsthatyouhavetoofferapotentialclient,oremployer."Examinetheskillsandknowledgethatyouhaveidentifyhowtheycanapplytoyourdesiredoccupation.Yourqualitieswillexhibittoemployerswhytheyshouldhireyouoverothercandidates.Step4:Attainalevelofself-honoring.Self-honoringorself-lovemayseemlikeanoddstepforjobhunters,butbeingabletoacceptyourself,withoutjudgment,helpseliminateinsecuritiesandwillmakeyoumoreself-assured.Byacceptingwhoyouare-allyouremotions,hopesanddreams,yourpersonality,andyouruniquewayofbeing-you'llprojectmoreconfidencewhennetworkingandtalkingwithpotentialemployers.Thepowerofself-honoringcanhelptobreakallthefalsehoodsyouwereprogrammedtobelieve-thosethatmadeyoufeelthatyouwerenotgoodenough,orstrongenough,orintelligentenoughtodowhatyoutrulydesire.Step5:Vision.Millersuggeststhatjobseekersdevelopavisionthatembracestheanswerto"WhatdoIreallywanttodo?"oneshouldcreateasolidstatementinadozenorsosentencesthatdescribeindetailhowtheyseetheirliferelatedtowork.Forinstance,thesecretarywholongstobeanactressdescribesalifethatallowshertoexpressherloveofShakespeareonstage.Arealestateagent,attractedtohiscurrentjobbecauseherlovesfixingupoldhomes,describesbuyingpropertiesthatneedalittletenderlovingcaretomakethemmoresaleable.Step6:Appropriaterisk.Somephilosophersbelievethatthewaytoenlightenmentcomesthroughfacingobstaclesanddifficulties.Oncepeoplediscovertheirpassion,manyaretooscaredtodoanythingaboutit.Instead,theydonothing.Withthisstep,jobseekersshouldassesswhattheyarewillingtogiveup,orrisk,inpursuitoftheirdream.Foroneworkingmom,thatmeanttakingnightclassestolearnnewcomputer-aideddesignskills,whilestillearningasalaryandkeepingherdayjob.Forsomeoneelse,itmaymeanquittinghisorherjob,takingoutloanandgoingbacktoschoolfulltime.You'llmoveonestepclosertoyouridealworklifeifyouidentifyhowmuchriskyouarewillingtotakeandthesacrificesyouarewillingtomake.Step7:Action.Someteachersofphilosophydescribeactioninthisway,“Ifonewantstogettothetopofamountain,justsittingatthefootthinkingaboutitwillnotbringonethere.Itisbymakingtheeffortofclimbingupthemountain,stepbystep,thateventuallythesummitisreached."Alltoooften,itisthelackofactionthatultimatelyholdspeoplebackfromattainingtheirideals.Creatingaplanandtakingitonestepatatimecanleadtonewanddifferentjobopportunities.Job-huntingtasksgainaddedmeaningasyousensetheirimportanceinyourquestforamoremeaningfulworklife.Theplancanincluderesearchingindustriesandoccupations,talkingtopeoplewhoareinyourdesiredareaofwork,takingclasses,oracceptingvolunteerworkinyourtargetedfield.Eachofthesestepswillleadyouonajourneytoahappierandmorerewardingworklife.Afterall,itisthejourney,notthedestination,thatismostimportant.注意:此部分試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡1上作答。Accordingtotherecent"Plansfor2004"survey,mostpeopleareunhappywiththeircurrentjobs.MaryLynMiller'sjobistoadvisepeopleontheirlifeandcareer.MaryLynMillerherselfwasoncequitedissatisfiedwithherownwork.Manypeoplefinditdifficulttomakeuptheirmindswhethertochangetheircareerpath.AccordingtoMaryLynMiller,peopleconsideringchangingtheircareersshouldcommitthemselvestothepursuitof?Inthejobmarket,jobseekersneedtoknowhowtosellthemselveslikeDuringaninterviewwithpotentialemployers,self-honoringorself-lovemayhelpajobseekertoshow?MaryLynMillersuggeststhatajobseekerdevelopavisionthatanswersthequestion""Manypeoplearetooscaredtopursuetheirdreamsbecausetheyareunwillingto.Whatultimatelyholdspeoplebackfromattainingtheiridealsis?PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatsaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA)B)C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.注意:此部分試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。A)Surfingthenet.Watchingatalkshow.Packingabirthdaygift.Shoppingatajewelrystore.A)Heenjoysfindingfaultwithexams.Heissureofhissuccessintheexam.Hedoesn'tknowifhecandowellintheexam.HeusedtogetstraightA'sintheexamshetook.A)Themanisgenerouswithhisgoodcommentsonpeople.Thewomanisunsureiftherewillbepeaceintheworld.Thewomanisdoubtfulaboutnewspaperstories.Themanisquiteoptimisticabouthumannature.A)Studyforsomeprofession.Attendamedicalschool.Stayinbusiness.Sellhisshop.A)Moremoney.Fairtreatment.Acollegeeducation.Shorterworkhours.A)Shewasexhaustedfromhertrip.Shemissedthecomfortsofhome.ShewasimpressedbyMexicanfood.ShewillnotgotoMexicoagain.A)Cheerherselfupabit.Findamoresuitablejob.Seekprofessionaladvice.Takeapsychologycourse.A)Hedressesmoreformallynow.Whathewearsdoesnotmatchhisposition.Hehasignoredhisfriendssincegraduation.Hefailedtodowellatcollege.Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Togosightseeing.Tohavemeetings.Topromoteanewchampagne.Tojoininatrainingprogram.A)Itcanreducethenumberofpassengercomplaints.Itcanmakeairtravelmoreentertaining.Itcancutdowntheexpensesforairtravel.Itcanlessenthediscomfortcausedbyairtravel.A)Tookbalancedmealswithchampagne.Atevegetablesandfruitonly.Refrainedfromfishormeat.Avoidedeatingrichfood.A)Manyofthemfounditdifficulttoexerciseonaplane.Manyofthemwereconcernedwiththeirwell-being.Notmanyofthemchosetodowhatshedid.Notmanyofthemunderstoodtheprogram.Questions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Atafair.Atacafeteria.Inacomputerlab.Inashoppingmall.A)Thelatestcomputertechnology.Theorganizingofanexhibition.Thepurchasingofsomeequipment.Thedramaticchangesinthejobmarket.A)Datacollection.Trainingconsultancy.Corporatemanagement.Informationprocessing.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicemarkedA)B)C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.注意:此部分試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。PassageOneQuestions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Improvethemselves.Getridofemptydreams.Followtheculturaltradition.Attemptsomethingimpossible.A)Byfindingsufficientsupportforimplementation.Bytakingintoaccounttheirownabilitytochange.Byconstantlykeepinginmindtheirultimategoals.Bymakingdetailedplansandcarryingthemout.A)Toshowpeoplehowtogettheirlivesbacktonormal.Toshowhowdifficultitisforpeopletoloseweight.Toremindpeopletocheckthecaloriesonfoodbags.Toillustratehoweasilypeopleabandontheirgoals.PassageTwoQuestions29to31arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Michael'sparentsgotdivorced.KarenwasadoptedbyRayAnderson.Karen'smotherdiedinacaraccident.Atruckdriverlosthislifeinacollision.3〇.A)Heranaredlightandcollidedwithatruck.Hesacrificedhislifetosaveababygirl.Hewaskilledinstantlyinaburningcar.HegotmarriedtoKaren'smother.A)Thereportedheroturnedouttobehisfather.Hedidnotunderstandhisfathertilltoolate.Suchmisfortuneshouldhavefallenonhim.Itremindedhimofhismiserablechildhood.PassageThreeQuestions32to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Germany.B)Japan.TheU.S.TheU.K.A)Bydoingoddjobsatweekends.Byworkinglonghourseveryday.Byputtinginmorehourseachweek.Bytakingshortervacationseachyear.A)Tocombatcompetitionandraiseproductivity.Toprovidethemwithmorejobopportunities.Tohelpthemmaintaintheirlivingstandard.Topreventthemfromholdingasecondjob.A)Changetheirjobs.Earnmoremoney.Reducetheirworkinghours.Strengthenthegovernment'srole.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyourownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.注意:此部分試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。Nursing,asatypicallyfemaleprofession,mustdealconstantlywiththefalseimpressionthatnursesaretheretowaitonthephysician.Asnurses,weare(36)toprovidenursingcareonly.Wedonothaveanylegalormoral(37)toanyphysician.Weprovidehealthteaching,(38)physicalaswellasemotionalproblems,(39)patient-relatedservices,andmakeallofournursingdecisionsbaseduponwhatisbestorsuitableforthepatient.If,inany(40),wefeelthataphysician'sorderis(41)orunsafe,wehavealegal(42)toquestionthatorderorrefusetocarryitout.Nursingisnotanine-to-fivejobwitheveryweekendoff.Allnursesareawareofthatbeforetheyentertheprofession.Theemotionalandphysicalstress.However,thatoccursduetooddworkinghoursisa(43)reasonforalotofthecareerdissatisfaction.(44).Thatdisturbsourpersonallives,disruptsoursleepingandeatinghabits,andisolatesusfromeverythingexceptjob-relatedfriendsandactivities.Thequalityofnursingcareisbeingaffecteddramaticallybythesesituations.(45).Consumersofmedicallyrelatedserviceshaveevidentlynotbeenaffectedenoughyettodemandchangesinourmedicalsystem.Butiftrendscontinueaspredicted,(46)PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.PleasewriteyouranswersonAnswerSheet2.Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Googleisaworld-famouscompany,withitsheadquartersinMountainView,California.ItwassetupinaSiliconValleygaragein1998,andinflated(膨脹)withtheInternetbubble.Evenwheneverythingarounditcollapsedthecompanykeptoninflating.Google'ssearchengineissowidespreadacrosstheworldthatsearchbecameGoogle,andgooglebecameaverb.Theworldfellinlovewiththeeffective,fascinatinglyfasttechnology.GoogleowesmuchofitssuccesstothebrillianceofS.BrinandL.Page,butalsotoaseriesoffortunateevents.ItwasPagewho,atStanfordin1996,initiatedtheacademicprojectthateventuallybecameGoogle'ssearchengine.Brin,whohadmetPageatastudentorientationayearearlier,joinedtheprojectearlyon.TheywerebothPh.D.candidateswhentheydevisedthesearchenginewhichwasbetterthantherestand,withoutanymarketing,spreadbywordofmouthfromearlyadoptersto,eventually,yourgrandmother.Theirbreakthrough,simplyput,wasthatwhentheirsearchenginecrawledtheWeb,itdidmorethanjustlookforwordmatches,italsotallied(統(tǒng)計(jì))andrankedahostofothercriticalfactorslikehowwebsiteslinktooneanother.Thatdeliveredfarbetterresultsthananythingelse.BrinandPagemeanttonametheircreationGoogol(themathematicaltermforthenumber1followedby100zeroes),butsomeonemisspelledthewordsoitstuckasGoogle.Theyraisedmoneyfromprescient(有先見之明的)professorsandventurecapitalists,andmovedoffcampustoturnGoogleintobusiness.Perhapstheirbiggeststrokeofluckcameearlyonwhentheytriedtoselltheirtechnologytoothersearchengines,butnoonemettheirprice,andtheybuiltitupontheirown.Thenextbreakthroughcamein2000,whenGooglefiguredouthowtomakemoneywithitsinvention.Ithadlotsofusers,butalmostnoonewaspaying.Thesolutionturnedouttobeadvertising,andit'snotanexaggerationtosaythatGoogleisnowessentiallyanadvertisingcompany,giventhatthat'sthesourceofnearlyallitsrevenue.Todayitisagiantadvertisingcompany,worth$100billion.注意:此部分試題請?jiān)诖鹗┛?上作答。Apartfromaseriesoffortunateevents,whatisitthathasmadeGooglesosuccessful?Google'ssearchengineoriginatedfromstartedbyL.Page.HowdidGoogle'ssearchenginespreadallovertheworld?BrinandPagedecidedtosetuptheirownbusinessbecausenoonewouldTherevenueoftheGooglecompanyislargelygeneratedfrom?SectionBDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Youheartherefrainallthetime:theU.S.economylooksgoodstatistically,butitdoesn'tfeelgood.Whydoesn9tever-greaterwealthpromoteever-greaterhappiness?Itisaquestionthatdatesatleasttotheappearancein1958ofTheAffluent(富裕的)SocietybyJohnKennethGalbraith,whodiedrecentlyat97.TheAffluentSocietyisamodernclassicbecauseithelpeddefineanewmomentinthehumancondition.Formostofhistory,“hunger,sickness,andcold"threatenednearlyeveryone,Galbraithwrote."Povertywasfoundeverywhereinthatworld.Obviouslyitisnotofours."AfterWorldWarII,thedreadofanotherGreatDepressiongavewaytoaneconomicboom.Inthe1930sunemploymenthadaveraged18.2percent;inthe1950sitwas4.5percent.ToGalbraith,materialismhadgonemadandwouldbreeddiscontent.Throughadvertising,companiesconditionedconsumerstobuythingstheydidn'treallywantorneed.Becausesomuchspendingwasartificial,itwouldbeunfulfilling.Meanwhile,governmentspendingthatwouldmakeeveryonebetteroffwasbeingcutdownbecausepeopleinstinctively—andwrongly—labeledgovernmentonlyas"anecessaryevil."It'softensaidthatonlythericharegettingahead;everyoneelseisstandingstillorfallingbehind.Well,therearemanyundeservingrich—overpaidchiefexecutives,forinstance.Butoveranymeaningfulperiod,mostpeople'sincomesareincreasing.From1995to2004,inflation-adjustedaveragefamilyincomerose14.3percent,to$4320〇.peoplefeel"squeezed"becausetheirrisingincomesoftendon'tsatisfytheirrisingwants—forbiggerhomes,morehealthcare,moreeducation,fasterInternetconnections.Theothergreatfrustrationisthatithasnoteliminatedinsecurity.Peopleregardjobstabilityaspartoftheirstandardofliving.Ascorporatelayoffsincreased,thatparthaseroded.Moreworkersfearthey'vebecome"thedisposableAmerican,MasLouisUchitelleputsitinhisbookbythesamename.Becausesomuchprevioussufferingandsocialconflictstemmedfrompoverty,thearrivalofwidespreadaffluencesuggestedutopian(烏托邦式的)possibilities.Uptoapoint,affluencesucceeds.Thereismuchlesphysicalmiserythanbefore.Peoplearebetteroff.Unfortunately,affluencealsocreatesnewcomplaintsandcontradictions.Advancedsocietiesneedeconomicgrowthtosatisfythemultiplyingwantsoftheircitizens.Butthequestforgrowthletsloosenewanxietiesandeconomicconflictsthatdisturbthesocialorder.Affluenceliberatestheindividual,promisingthateveryonecanchooseauniquewaytoself-fulfillment.Butthepromiseissoextravagantthatitpredestinesmanydisappointmentsandsometimesinspireschoicesthathaveanti-socialconsequences,includingfamilybreakdownandobesity(肥胖癥).Statisticalindicatorsofhappinesshavenotrisenwithincomes.Shouldwebesurprised?Notreally.We'vesimplyreaffirmedanoldtruth:thepursuitofaffluencedoesnotalwaysendwithhappiness.注意:此部分試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。WhatquestiondoesJohnKennethGalbraithraiseinhisbookTheAffluentSociety?Whystatisticsdon'ttellthetruthabouttheeconomy.Whyaffluencedoesn'tguaranteehappiness.Howhappinesscanbepromotedtoday.Whatliesbehindaneconomicboom.AccordingtoGalbraith,peoplefeeldiscontentedbecause?publicspendinghasn'tbeencutdownasexpectedthegovernmenthasprovedtobeanecessaryeviltheyareinfearofanotherGreatDepressionmaterialismhasrunwildinmodernsocietyWhydopeoplefeelsqueezedwhentheiraverageincomerisesconsiderably?Theirmaterialpursuitshavegonefaraheadoftheirearnings.Theirpurchasingpowerhasdroppedmarkedlywithinflation.Thedistributionofwealthisunevenbetweenther5ichandthepoor.Healthcareandeducationalcosthavesomehowgoneoutofcontrol.WhatdoesLouisUchitellemeanby“thedisposableAmerican"(Line3,Para.5)?Thosewhoseejobstabilityaspartoftheirlivingstandard.Peoplefullofutopianideasresultingfromaffluence.PeoplewhohavelittlesayinAmericanpolitics.Workerswhonolongerhavesecurejobs.WhathasaffluencebroughttoAmericansociety?Renewedeconomicsecurity.Asenseofself-fulfillment.Newconflictsandcomplaints.Miseryandanti-socialbehavior.PassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Theuseofdeferential（敬重的）languageissymbolicoftheConfucianidealofthewoman,whichdominatesconservativegendernormsinJapan.Thisidealpresentsawomanwhowithdrawsquietlytothebackground,subordinatingherlifeandneedstothoseofherfamilyanditsmalehead.Sheisadutifuldaughter,wife,andmother,masterofthedomesticarts.ThetypicalrefinedJapanesewomanexcelsinmodestyanddelicacy;she"treadssoftly（謹(jǐn)言慎行）intheworld,“elevatingfemininebeautyandgracetoanartform.Nowadays,itiscommonlyobservedthatyoungwomenarenotconformingtothefemininelinguistic（語言的）ideal.Theyareusingfeweroftheverydeferential"women,s"forms,andevenusingthefewstrongformsthatareknowas“men's."This,ofcourse,attractsconsiderableattentionandhasledtoanoutcryintheJapanesemediaagainstthedefeminizationofwomen'slanguage.Indeed,wedidn'thearabout"men'slanguage"untilpeoplebegantorespondtogirls'appropriationofformsnormallyreservedforboysandmen.Thereisconsiderablesentimentaboutthe"corruption"ofwomen'slanguage—whichofcourseisviewedaspartofthelossoffeminineidealsandmorality—andthissentimentiscrystallizedbynationwideopinionpollsthatareregularlycarriedoutbythemedia.YoshikoMatsumotohasarguedthatyoungwomenprobablyneverusedasmanyofthehighlydeferentialformsasolderwomen.Thishighlypolitestyleisnodoubtsomethingthatyoungwomenhavebeenexpectedto"growinto"—afterall,itisassignnotsimplyoffemininity,butofmaturityandrefinement,anditsusecouldbetakentoindicateachangeinthenatureofone'ssocialrelationsaswell.Onemightwellimaginelittlegirlsusingexceedinglypoliteformswhenplayinghouseorimitatingolderwomen—inafashionanalogoustolittlegirls'useofahigh-pitchedvoicetodo"teachertalk"or"mothertalk"inroleplay.ThefactthatyoungJapanesewomenareusinglessdeferentiallanguageisasuresignofchange—ofsocialchangeandoflinguisticchange.Butitismostcertainlynotasignofthe"masculization"ofgirls.Insomeinstances,itmaybeasignthatgirlsaremakingthesameclaimtoauthorityasboysandmen,butthatisverydifferentfromsayingthattheyaretryingtobe"masculine."KatsueReynoldshasarguedthatgirlsnowadaysareusingmoreassertivelanguagestrategiesinordertobeabletocompetewithboysinschoolsandout.Socialchangealsobringsnotsimplydifferentpositionsforwomenandgirls,butdifferentrelationstolifestages,andadolescentgirlsareparticipatinginnewsubculturalforms.Thuswhatmay,toanolderspeaker,seemlike"masculine"speechmayseemtoanadolescentlike"liberated"or"hip"speech.注意:此部分試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。Thefirstparagraphdescribesindetail?thestandardssetforcontemporaryJapanesewomentheConfucianinfluenceongendernormsinJapanthestereotypedroleofwomeninJapanesefamiliesthenormsfortraditionalJapanesewomentofollowWhatchangehasbeenobservedintoday'syoungJapanesewomen?Theypaylessattentiontothe