2022年考研考博-考博英語-鄭州大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)94

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-鄭州大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

DukeEllington’s（）orchestrationtechniquesmadehimperhapsthemostremarkableartistthatjazzhasproduced.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.melodious

B.lyrical

C.intricate

D.clever

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)melodious“悅耳的，旋律優(yōu)美的”；B選項(xiàng)lyrical“抒情詩調(diào)的，感情豐富的”；C選項(xiàng)intricate“復(fù)雜的，錯(cuò)綜的”；D選項(xiàng)clever“聰明的”。句意：艾靈頓公爵優(yōu)美的管弦樂編曲技巧使他成為爵士樂中最杰出的藝術(shù)家。本句表示管弦樂的編曲旋律優(yōu)美。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Ididn'tsayanythinglikethatatall.Youarepurposely（）myideastoproveyourpoint.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.revising

B.distorting

C.distracting

D.contradicting

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。revise“修訂”；distort“扭曲”;distract“轉(zhuǎn)移，分心”；contradict“反駁，否定”。根據(jù)Ididn’tsayanythinglikethatatall“我根本沒有說過那樣的話”可知“為了證明你的觀點(diǎn)，將我的想法扭曲了”符合語境，因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

3.單選題

Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionary,flyinginthefaceofwhatisacceptableandproducingnotwhatisacceptablebutwhatwillbecomeaccepted.Accordingtothisformulation,highlycreativeactivitytranscendsthelimitsofanexistingformandestablishesanewprincipleoforganization.However,theideathatextraordinarycreativitytranscendsestablishedlimitsismisleadingwhenitisappliedtoarts,eventhoughitmaybevalidforthesciences.Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromadifferenceintheirgoals.Forthesciences,anewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeact.Innovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways.Suchphenomenaasabrilliantdiamondoranestingbirdarerelegatedtotheroleofdata,servingasthemeansforformulatingortestinganewtheory.Thegoalofhighlycreativeartisverydifferent:thephenomenonitselfbecomesthedirectproductofthecreativeact.Shakespeare'sHamletisnotatractaboutthebehaviorofindecisiveprincesortheusesofpoliticalpower;norisPicasso'spaintingGuernicaprimarilyapropositionalstatementabouttheSpanishCivilWarortheevilsoffascismWhathighlycreativeartisticactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthattranscendsestablishedlimits,butratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploit,inaninnovativeway,thelimitsofanexistingform,ratherthantranscendthatform.

Thisisnottodenythatahighlycreativeartistsometimesestablishesanewprincipleoforganizationinthehistoryofanartisticfield;thecomposerMonteverdi,whocreatedmusicofthehighestaestheticvalue,comestomind.Moregenerally,however,whetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichaslittlebearingonitsaestheticworth.Becausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganization,somemusicalworks,suchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerata,areofsignalhistoricalimportance,butfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic.Ontheotherband,Mozart'sTheMarriageofFigaroissurelyamongthemasterpiecesofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans.IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.

ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionsrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits—therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBach—instrikinglyoriginalways.

1.TheauthorimpliesthatBeethoven'smusicwasstrikinglyoriginalbecauseBeethoven（）.

2.Theauthorconsidersanewtheorythatcoherentlyrelatesdiversephenomenatooneanothertobethe（）.

3.ThepassagestatesthattheoperasofFlorentineCamerataare（）.

4.Theauthorregardstheideathatallhighlycreativeartistictranscendslimitswith（）.

5.ThepassagesuppliesinformationforansweringallofthefollowingquestionsEXCEPT（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.manipulatedtheestablishedconventionsofmusicalcompositioninahighlyinnovativefashion

B.fundamentallychangedthemusicalformsofhispredecessorsbyadoptingarichlyinventivestrategy

C.embellishedandInterwovethemelodiesofseveralofthegreatcomposerswhoprecededhim

D.strovetooutdohispredecessorsbybecomingthefirstcomposertoexploitlimits

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.basisforreaffirmingawell-establishedscientificformulation

B.byproductofanaestheticexperience

C.resultofhighlycreativescientificcreativity

D.toolusedbyascientisttodiscoveranewparticular.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.unjustifiablyignoredbymusicologists

B.notgenerallyconsideredtobeofhighaestheticvalueeventhoughtheyareimportantinthehistoryofmusic

C.amongthoseworksinwhichpopularhistoricalthemeswereportrayedinamusicalproduction

D.ofteninappropriatelycitedasexamplesofmusicalworksinwhichanewprincipleoforganizationwasintroduced

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.moderateamusement

B.strongindignation

C.markedindifference

D.deepskepticism

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Hasunusualcreativeactivitybeencharacterizedasrevolutionary?

B.WhobesidesMonteverdiwrotemusicthattheauthorwouldconsidertoembodynewprinciplesoforganizationandtobeofhighaestheticvalue?

C.IsMozart'sTheMarriageofFigaroanexampleofacreativeworkthattranscendedlimits?

D.DidBeethovenworkwithinamusicaltradition:thatalsoincludedHandelandBach?

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題目問的是“作者認(rèn)為貝多芬的音樂具有一種令人矚目的獨(dú)創(chuàng)性，因?yàn)樨惗喾摇?。文章最后一段提到貝多芬打破了常?guī)，把音樂從令人窒息的陳規(guī)陋習(xí)中解放出來。但是仔細(xì)研究他的作品會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，貝多芬并沒有推翻認(rèn)為原則。相反，他是一位無與倫比的戰(zhàn)略家，他以驚人的獨(dú)創(chuàng)方式利用各種從前輩那里繼承下來的限制條件，比如規(guī)則、形式和慣例（IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionsrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits--therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBach--instrikinglyoriginalways），由此可知選項(xiàng)A“以一種高度創(chuàng)造性的方式利用已有的慣例”符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。題目問的是“作者認(rèn)為一種把各種現(xiàn)象連貫地聯(lián)系起來的新理論是……”。文章第一段提到“對(duì)于科學(xué)來說，一個(gè)新的理論是創(chuàng)造行為的目標(biāo)和最終結(jié)果。創(chuàng)新的科學(xué)產(chǎn)生新的命題，在這些命題中，不同的現(xiàn)象可以以更連貫的方式彼此關(guān)聯(lián)”（Forthesciences,anewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeact.Innovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways），由此可知選項(xiàng)C“是高創(chuàng)造性科學(xué)的結(jié)果”符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“文章中提出佛羅倫薩歌劇是……”。文章第二段提到一般來說，一首樂曲是否在音樂史上確立了一個(gè)新的原則與它的美學(xué)價(jià)值幾乎沒有關(guān)系。一些音樂作品，比如佛羅倫薩樂團(tuán)的歌劇，因?yàn)榘艘环N新的組織形式，而具有顯著的歷史重要性，但是很少有聽眾或音樂家會(huì)把這些作品列入偉大的音樂作品之列（Moregenerally,however,whetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichaslittlebearingonitsaestheticworth.Becausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganization,somemusicalworks,suchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerata,areofsignalhistoricalimportance,butfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic），因此選項(xiàng)B“雖然它們?cè)谝魳肥飞虾苤匾话阏J(rèn)為沒有很高的美學(xué)價(jià)值”符合題意。

4.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。題目問的是“作者認(rèn)為一切具有高度創(chuàng)造性的藝術(shù)都是超越界限的……”。文章第一段提到“由高創(chuàng)造性藝術(shù)產(chǎn)生的美學(xué)細(xì)節(jié)只會(huì)是對(duì)現(xiàn)有模式限制的延伸，而不會(huì)是對(duì)其超越”（Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploit,inaninnovativeway,thelimitsofanexistingform,ratherthantranscendthatform），由此可知作者對(duì)于那種認(rèn)為創(chuàng)造性藝術(shù)可以超越現(xiàn)有模式限制的觀點(diǎn)是不認(rèn)可的，因此選項(xiàng)D“深度懷疑”符合題意。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“這篇文章提供了回答以下所有問題的信息，除了……”。文章第一段提到“非凡的創(chuàng)造性活動(dòng)被認(rèn)為是革命性的”（Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionary），由此可知選項(xiàng)A“不尋常的創(chuàng)造性活動(dòng)被定性為革命嗎？”在文章中有回復(fù)的信息，排除；文章最后一段提到“莫扎特的《費(fèi)加羅的婚禮》無疑是音樂的杰作之一，盡管它的適度創(chuàng)新僅限于擴(kuò)展現(xiàn)有的手段”（Mozart'sTheMarriageofFigaroissurelyamongthemasterpiecesofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans），由此可知選項(xiàng)C得到了回答，排除；文章最后一段提到貝多芬打破了常規(guī)，把音樂從令人窒息的陳規(guī)陋習(xí)中解放出來。但是仔細(xì)研究他的作品會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，貝多芬并沒有推翻認(rèn)為原則。相反，他是一位無與倫比的戰(zhàn)略家，他以驚人的獨(dú)創(chuàng)方式利用各種從前輩那里繼承下來的限制條件，比如規(guī)則、形式和慣例（IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionsrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits--therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBach--instrikinglyoriginalways），由此可知選項(xiàng)B在文章得到了回答，排除。綜上，選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

4.單選題

Lifeoffersusamyriadof（）,evenopposingones,andwhatisinvolvedinourdecisionprocessistodiscoverandchoosewhatismostsuitedtoarriveatourobjectives.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.bisociations

B.navigations

C.digerati

D.paradigms

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)bisociations“異類聯(lián)想”；B選項(xiàng)navigations“航行，航海”；C選項(xiàng)digerati“電腦專家”；D選項(xiàng)paradigms“范例，范式”。句意：生活給我們提供了無數(shù)的模式，甚至是對(duì)立的模式，而在我們做出決定的過程中，我們要發(fā)現(xiàn)并選擇最適合我們達(dá)到目標(biāo)的模式。本句表示生活中的范式。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

5.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingpartintoEnglish.

北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)弘揚(yáng)了團(tuán)結(jié)、友誼、和平的奧林匹克精神，成為世界各國(guó)人民共同見證的文化交流的盛會(huì)。北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)的成功，是中國(guó)人民和世界各國(guó)人民共同努力的結(jié)果。榮譽(yù)屬于國(guó)際奧林匹克大家庭，屬于在比賽場(chǎng)上奮勇爭(zhēng)先的運(yùn)動(dòng)員，屬于來自世界各地的自愿者。北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)的舉辦，將更加有力地促進(jìn)中國(guó)體育事業(yè)向前發(fā)展，將更加廣泛地促進(jìn)中國(guó)同國(guó)際奧林匹克大家庭的交流合作，將更加深入地促進(jìn)中國(guó)人民同世界各國(guó)人民的相互了解和友誼。

【答案】TheBeijingOlympicGameshaspromotedtheOlympicspiritofsolidarity,friendshipandpeace.Ithasbecomeagrandevenofculturalexchangeswitnessedbypeopleofthewholeworld.ThesuccessoftheBeijingOlympicGamesisattributabletotheconcertedeffortsoftheChinesepeopleandpeoplefromtherestoftheworld.TheglorygoestotheOlympicFamily,toathleteswhohavecompetedhard,tovolunteersfromdifferentpartsoftheworld.ThehostingoftheBeijingOlympicGameswillgiveaboosttothefurtherdevelopmentofsportsinChina,promotemoreextensiveexchangesandcooperationbetweenChinaandtheInternationalOlympicFamilyandfurtherenhancethemutualunderstandingandfriendshipbetweentheChinesepeopleandpeopleofallothercountries.

6.單選題

The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson'sshareofthegoodsandservicesthecountryproduces.Acountry'sstandardofliving,（1）,dependsfirstand（2）onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoney,forwedonotliveonmoney（3）onthingsthatmoneycanbuy:"goods"suchasfoodandclothing,and"services”suchastransportand（4）.

Acountry'scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactors;mostof（5）haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends（6）anextentuponacountry'snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandminerals,andhaveafertilesoilanda（7）climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem.

Nexttonaturalresources（8）theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell（9）astheUSAinnaturalresources,butsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland（10）wars,and（11）thisandotherreasonswas（12）todevelopherresources.（13）andstablepoliticalconditions,and（14）fromforeigninvasion,enableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadily,andtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell（15）bynaturebutlesswellordered.

Acountry'sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed（16）itownborders,butalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.（17）Britain'swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon（18）grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould（19）belacking.Acountry'swealthis.therefore,muchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity,（20）thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.therefore

B.however

C.nevertheless

D.furthermore

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.primary

B.principal

C.uniquely

D.foremost

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.or

B.but

C.nor

D.except

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.recreation

B.enlightenment

C.refreshment

D.entertainment

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.if

B.them

C.which

D.that

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.with

B.for

C.to

D.on

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.neutral

B.favorable

C.virtuous

D.marine

問題8選項(xiàng)

A.come

B.comes

C.coming

D.came

問題9選項(xiàng)

A.off

B.known

C.done

D.furnished

問題10選項(xiàng)

A.military

B.external

C.contemporary

D.domestic

問題11選項(xiàng)

A.for

B.because

C.becauseof

D.dueto

問題12選項(xiàng)

A.impossible

B.incapable

C.proficient

D.unable

問題13選項(xiàng)

A.Strong

B.Sound

C.Sturdy

D.Robust

問題14選項(xiàng)

A.liberty

B.freedom

C.prevention

D.liberation

問題15選項(xiàng)

A.assisted

B.avenged

C.rescued

D.served

問題16選項(xiàng)

A.with

B.near

C.within

D.without

問題17選項(xiàng)

A.Inshort

B.Forexample

C.Firstly

D.Ononehand

問題18選項(xiàng)

A.that

B.those

C.what

D.it

問題19選項(xiàng)

A.likely

B.otherwise

C.certainty

D.certainly

問題20選項(xiàng)

A.provided

B.depended

C.given

D.supposed

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

第6題:C

第7題:B

第8題:B

第9題:A

第10題:B

第11題:A

第12題:D

第13題:B

第14題:B

第15題:D

第16題:C

第17題:B

第18題:B

第19題:B

第20題:A

【解析】1.考查邏輯關(guān)系。空格處前面提到“生活水平”指該國(guó)生產(chǎn)的商品和服務(wù)的人均份額，與后面的itscapacitytoproducewealth說的是同一件事，因此選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

.考查固定搭配。firstandforemost“首先，首要的是”，選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

3.考查邏輯關(guān)系?？崭裉幥懊媸莣edonotliveonmoney，后面是onthingsthatmoneycanbuy，可知前后是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

4.考查名詞詞義辨析。Recreation“娛樂，消遣”，偏向于個(gè)人；enlightenment“啟迪”；refreshment“起提神作用的東西”；entertainment“娛樂，消遣”，偏向于公眾。前面是提到services，可知空格處所填的單詞屬于其中之一，與transport并列，因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

5.考查語法題。分析句子，可知空格處需要填寫一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞來指代前面的manyfactors,因此在C與D之間選，定語從句中，that不能在介詞后面，因此選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

6.考查固定搭配。toanextent“在一定程度上”，選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

7.考查形容詞詞義辨析。Neutral“中立的”；favorable“有利的，良好的”；virtuous“善良的，有道德的”；marine“海生的”。根據(jù)并列連詞and可知空格處所在句子談?wù)摰氖悄承┑貐^(qū)的有利方面，因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意，“氣候宜人”。

8.考查主謂一致?？崭裉帪橐话悻F(xiàn)在時(shí)，并且theability是第三人稱，由此可知謂語動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)該用第三人稱，選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

9.考查固定搭配。welloff“富裕的，處境好”，選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

10.考查形容詞詞義辨析。military“軍事的”；external“外部的；表面的”；contemporary“當(dāng)代的”；domestic“國(guó)內(nèi)的”。根據(jù)空格處前面的單詞civil“內(nèi)部的”可知選項(xiàng)B符合題意，“中國(guó)經(jīng)歷了內(nèi)戰(zhàn)和對(duì)外戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”。

11.考查語法知識(shí)。根據(jù)空格前后的句意可知此處需要填寫一個(gè)表示“因?yàn)椤钡倪B詞，選項(xiàng)B、C、D在表示“因?yàn)椤钡囊馑紩r(shí)，一般要求句子的主干部分的主語不能省略，因此選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

12.考查形容詞詞義辨析。Impossible“不可能的”；incapable“無能力的”，偏指本身能力不夠；proficient“熟練的”；unable“不能的”，偏指外部影響導(dǎo)致。前面提到中國(guó)遭受內(nèi)戰(zhàn)和對(duì)外戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，還有其他一些原因，導(dǎo)致無法開發(fā)資源，因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

13.考查固定搭配。soundandstablepoliticalconditions“良好和穩(wěn)定的政治環(huán)境”，選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

14.考查詞義辨析。liberty“（偏向于政治經(jīng)濟(jì)和人權(quán)上的解放）自由，自主”；freedom“（偏向于更廣泛意義上的自由）自由，自主”；prevention“預(yù)防，阻止”；liberation

“釋放，解放”。由空格后的foreigninvasion“外敵入侵”知這里指廣義上的“免于外敵入侵的自由”，選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

15.考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。assist“輔助，援助，avenge“報(bào)復(fù)，報(bào)仇”；rescue“營(yíng)救，援救”；serve“提供，招待”。這里指“被自然平等地提供資源但是國(guó)家秩序不好的國(guó)家”，因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

16.考查邏輯關(guān)系?？崭窈蟆巴ㄟ^國(guó)家貿(mào)易”以及“國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的”的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系可知這里指“在我們國(guó)家境內(nèi)”，因此選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

17.考查邏輯關(guān)系。空格前提到“.…..不僅依賴于……，而且還依賴于……”接著提到英國(guó)的財(cái)富問題，可知這里是用英國(guó)財(cái)富的例子來舉例，因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

18.考查邏輯關(guān)系。由空格前后的對(duì)比關(guān)系可知這里要填一個(gè)詞代替前面提到的foodstuffsandotheragriculturalproducts，由此可知選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

19.考查詞義辨析。likely“很可能”；otherwise“否則；另外”；certainty“必然”，名詞；certainly“當(dāng)然”?？崭裉幩诰渥拥拇笠馐恰百Q(mào)易讓她的剩余產(chǎn)品到國(guó)外交易換取……缺乏的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品”，因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

20.考查詞義辨析。Providethat“如果，倘若”；giventhat“只要是，考慮到”；supposedthat“推測(cè)，認(rèn)為”，沒有dependthat的用法。將選項(xiàng)的意思代入空格處，只有A選項(xiàng)符合語境。

7.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingpartintoEnglish.

縱觀國(guó)際國(guó)內(nèi)大勢(shì)，我國(guó)發(fā)展仍處于可以大有作為的重要戰(zhàn)略機(jī)遇期。我們要準(zhǔn)確判斷重要戰(zhàn)略機(jī)遇期內(nèi)涵和條件的變化，全面把握機(jī)遇，沉著應(yīng)對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)，贏得主動(dòng)，贏得優(yōu)勢(shì)，贏得未來，確保到2020年實(shí)現(xiàn)全面建設(shè)成小康社會(huì)的宏偉目標(biāo)。

【答案】AnexaminationofboththecurrentinternationalanddomesticenvironmentsshowsthatChinaremainsinanimportantperiodofstrategicopportunitiesforitsdevelopment,aperiodinwhichmuchcanbeachieved.Weneedtohaveacorrectunderstandingofthechangingnatureandconditionsofthisperiod,seizeallopportunities,respondwithcool-headednesstochallenges,andgaininitiativeandadvantagestowinthefutureandattainthegoalofcompletingthebuildingofamoderatelyprosperoussocietyinallrespectsby2020.

8.單選題

IfacontemporaryRipVanWinklehadsleptforfortyyearsandawakenedtoday,hewouldhavetogobacktoschoolbeforehecouldunderstandadailynewspaperoramagazine.Hewouldneverhaveheardofatomicbombs,babysitters,flyingsaucersorcontactlenses,orofmambo,microfilm,nylons,orsmog.

ManynewwordshavebeenaddedtotheEnglishlanguageinthepastfortyyears;andsinceShakespeare’stimethenumberofwordsinthelanguagehasincreasedmorethanfivetimes,fromabout140,000tosomewherebetween700,000and800,000.Mostofthesenewwordshavenotcomefromborrowing,butfromthenaturalgrowthoflanguage.

Thelanguagehasalwayschanged,buttherateofchangehasbeenuneven;minorchangeshaveslowlyaccumulatedineverygeneration,buttherehavebeenperiodsofrapidchangeaswell.Themostimportantoftheseperiodsoccurredduringthetwohundredandfiftyyearsafter1066,theyeartheNormansconqueredEngland.Beforetheconquest,theinhabitantsofEnglishspokeAnglo-Saxon,acomplexGermaniclanguage.TheNormanswereNorsemenwhosettledinnorthernFranceinthetenthcenturyandby1066werespeakingaformofFrench.AftertheirconquestofEnglandtheyinstitutedNormanFrenchasthedominantlanguage—thelanguageoftheupperclasses,oflaw,ofgovernmentandofsuchcommerceastherewas.

Nevertheless,themasswentrightonspeakingAnglo-Saxonandreestablisheditselfasthelanguageoftheupperclasses,asEnglish,andhaditbecomeaflexible,exact,splendidandmovinginstrumentofexpression.NormanFrench,meanwhile,hadbecomesomethingcomicspokenbythevillainsintheoldmysteryplaysjustforalaugh.

Theseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies,duringwhichprintingbecomeestablished,sawthestabilizationofspellingand,moreimportant,theestablishmentofcoloniesinAmerica.Immediatelythelanguageofthenewworldandthatoftheoldworldbegantodrawapart.Inwriting,too,achangehastakenplace.TheuseofthecolloquialinAmericanwritingisincreasingratherthandiminishing.Theincreasinguseofthecolloquialinourwritingisaninterestingchangethatisboundtohavefar-reachingconsequences.

Theenormousenlargementofourvocabulary,theincreasinguseofourwritingofthespokenidiom,andchangesinourpronunciationarenottheonlychangesthattakingplace,however.Therehavealsobeensignificantgrammaticalalternationsinourlanguage.Suchchangestakeplaceonlybygenerationsordecadesatthefastest,sotheypassunnoticedbyallbutgrammarians;yeteventhelaymancanperceivethemwhenheistoldthatsomethingseems"quiteallright"tohimthatregardedaserroneousonlyafewyearsago.

Nobodyknowswhyallthesechangesarebeingmade,perhapsweareintheprocessofreducingourverbstoafewbasicwords.Ifthisisso,itmaymarkachangeassignificantasthattookplaceaftertheNormanconquest.

Whateverthereasonsforthechangesthataretakingplace,thevocabularywillprobablycontinuetoexpand,becausetheexpansionofourknowledgeandexperiencerequirestheinventionofnewwordsortheadaptationofoldones.Meaningwilldependmoreandmoreuponwordorderandcontext,andspellingwillbecomesimpler,withfewercommonvariants.Pronunciation,becauseofthegreatmobilityofourpopulationandthespreadofradioandtelevision,willtendtobecomemoreuniform.

1.Whatwillprobablyhappentothevocabularyaccordingtotheauthor?

2.ThemostimportantchangeoflanguageinEnglandafter1066wasthat（）.

3.Whydidgrammaticalalterationchangestakeplaceunnoticed?

4.Whyareallthesechangesbeingmade?

5.Accordingtothispassage,mostofthenewwordsarefrom（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Themeaningwilldependmoreandmoreuponwordorder.

B.Thespellingwillbecomesimpler.

C.Theamountofvocabularywillcontinuetoexpand.

D.Allofabove.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.ThepeopleinEnglandcan’tspeakAngloSaxon

B.TheofficiallanguagehaschangefromAnglo-SaxonlanguagetoNormanFrench

C.TheAnglo-Saxonwasinstitutedasthedominantlanguage

D.ThemasseswentonspeakingNormanFrench

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Becausethechangesgraduallytakeplacebygenerationsordecades.

B.Becausegrammaticalalterationsarenotimportantcomparedwiththeotherchanges.

C.Becauseonlygrammarianscanperceivethealteration.

D.Becausethelaymancannotperceivethealternations.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Inordertomeettherequirementofthedevelopmentoflanguage.

B.Becauseweneedtochangethelanguagetocopewithgrammar.

C.Nobodyknowstheexactreasons.

D.Becauseweareintheprocessofreducingourverbstoafewbasicwords.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.borrowing

B.thenaturalgrowthoflanguage

C.combinationoftwooldwords

D.dailynewspaperormagazine

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“根據(jù)作者的觀點(diǎn)，詞匯可能會(huì)發(fā)生什么變化？”文章最后一段第一句話提到“詞匯量可能繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大”（thevocabularywillprobablycontinuetoexpand），因此可知選項(xiàng)C表述正確；接下來提到“意義將越來越取決于詞序和上下文，并且拼寫將變得簡(jiǎn)單”（Meaningwilldependmoreandmoreuponwordorderandcontext,andspellingwillbecomesimpler,withfewercommonvariants），因此可知選項(xiàng)A與B表述正確。綜上，選項(xiàng)D“以上都是”符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“1066年以后，英國(guó)最重要的語言變化是……”文章第四段第一句話提到“盡管如此，大眾還是繼續(xù)說盎格魯-薩克遜語，并且將它重建為上層階級(jí)的語言”（Nevertheless,themasswentrightonspeakingAnglo-Saxonandreestablisheditselfasthelanguageoftheupperclasses），因此選項(xiàng)C“盎格魯-薩克遜被設(shè)置成主導(dǎo)語言”符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“為什么語法上的變化不被注意？”文章第六段提到“這樣的變化（指語法變化）最快也不過幾代人或幾十年，所以除了語法學(xué)家，其他人都沒有注意到”（Suchchangestakeplaceonlybygenerationsordecadesatthefastest,sotheypassunnoticedbyallbutgrammarians），因此選項(xiàng)A“因?yàn)樽兓窃趲状嘶驇资昀锇l(fā)生”符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“為什么做這些改變？”文章倒數(shù)第二段提到“沒有人知道為什么做出這些改變”（Nobodyknowswhyallthesechangesarebeingmade），因此選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“根據(jù)文章可知，大部分新單詞來源于……”文章第二段最后一句話提到“這些新詞大多不是借用而來，而是從語言的自然發(fā)展中來的”（Mostofthesenewwordshavenotcomefromborrowing,butfromthenaturalgrowthoflanguage），因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

9.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Therearetwofactorswhichdetermineanindividual’sintelligence.Thefirstisthesortofbrainheisbornwith.Humanbrainsdifferconsiderably,somebeingmorecapablethanothers.Butnomatterhowgoodabrainhehastobeginwith,anindividualwillhavealoworderofintelligenceunlesshehasopportunitiestolearn.Sothesecondfactoriswhathappenstotheindividual-thesortofenvironmentinwhichheisreared.Ifanindividualishandicappedenvironmentally,itislikelythathisbrainwillfailtodevelopandhewillneverattainthelevelofintelligenceofwhichheiscapable.

Theimportanceofenvironmentindetermininganindividual’sintelligencecanbedemonstratedbythecasehistoryoftheidenticaltwins,PeterandMarkX.Beingidentical,thetwinshadidenticalbrainsatbirth,andtheirgrowthprocesseswerethesame.Whenthetwinswerethreemonthsold,theirparentsdied,andtheywereplacedinseparatefosterhomes.Peterwasrearedbyparentsoflowintelligenceinanisolatedcommunitywithpooreducationalopportunities.Markwasrearedinthehomeofwell-to-doparentswhohadbeentocollege.Hewasreadtoasachild,senttogoodschools,andgiveneveryopportunitytobestimulatedintellectually.Thisenvironmentaldifferencecontinueduntilthetwinswereintheirlateteens,whentheyweregiventeststomeasuretheirintelligence.Mark’sI.Q.was125,twenty-fivepointshigherthantheaverageandfullyfortypointshigherthanhisidenticalbrother.Givenequalopportunities,thetwins,havingidenticalbrains,wouldhavetestedatroughlythesamelevel.

1.Thisselectioncanbestbetitled（）.

2.Thebeststatementofthemainideaofthispassageisthat（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,theaverageI.Q.is（）.

4.Thecasehistoryofthetwinsappearstosupporttheconclusionthat（）.

5.Thispassagesuggeststhatanindividual’sI.Q.（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.MeasuringYourIntelligence

B.IntelligenceandEnvironment

C.TheCaseofPeterandMark

D.HowtheBrainInfluencesIntelligence

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.humanbrainsdifferconsiderably

B.thebrainapersonisbornwithisimportantindetermininghisintelligence

C.environmentisvitaltodetermineaperson’sintelligence

D.personshavingidenticalbrainswillhaveroughlythesameintelligence

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.85

B.100

C.110

D.125

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.individualwithidenticalbrainsseldomtestatsamelevel

B.anindividual’sintelligenceisdeterminedonlybyhisenvironment

C.lackofopportunityblocksthegrowthofintelligence

D.changesofenvironmentproducechangesinthestructureofthebrain

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.canbepredictedatbirth

B.staysthesamethroughouthislife

C.canbeincreasedbyeducation

D.isdeterminedbyhischildhood

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段Therearetwofactorswhichdetermineanindividual’sintelligence.Thefirstisthesortofbrainheisbornwith...Sothesecondfactoriswhathappenstotheindividual-thesortofenvironmentinwhichheisreared（有兩個(gè)因素決定一個(gè)人的智力。首先是他與生俱來的大腦……所以第二個(gè)因素是個(gè)體發(fā)生了什么——他成長(zhǎng)的環(huán)境）可知B選項(xiàng)“智力與環(huán)境”最符合題意；A選項(xiàng)“衡量你的智力”，C選項(xiàng)“彼得和馬克的案例”以及D選項(xiàng)“大腦如何影響智力”都是文章內(nèi)容中的一部分，沒有概括全文；因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段Butnomatterhowgoodabrainhehastobeginwith,anindividualwillhavealoworderofintelligenceunlesshehasopportunitiestolearn.Sothesecondfactoriswhathappenstotheindividual-thesortofenvironmentinwhichheisreared.Ifanindividualishandicappedenvironmentally,itislikelythathisbrainwillfailtodevelopandhewillneverattainthelevelofintelligenceofwhichheiscapable（但是，無論一個(gè)人的大腦有多好，如果沒有學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)，他的智力水平也會(huì)很低。所以第二個(gè)因素是個(gè)體發(fā)生了什么——他成長(zhǎng)的環(huán)境。如果一個(gè)人在環(huán)境上有缺陷，他的大腦很可能無法發(fā)展，他將永遠(yuǎn)無法達(dá)到他所能達(dá)到的智力水平）以及第二段Theimportanceofenvironmentindetermininganindividual’sintelligencecanbedemonstratedbythecasehistoryoftheidenticaltwins,PeterandMarkX（環(huán)境在決定個(gè)人智力方面的重要性，可以從同卵雙胞胎彼得x和馬克x的歷史中得到證明）可以得知C選項(xiàng)“環(huán)境對(duì)決定一個(gè)人的智力至關(guān)重要”符合題意；A選項(xiàng)“人類的大腦有很大的不同”和D選項(xiàng)“擁有相同大腦的人會(huì)有大致相同的智力”未在文章內(nèi)提及；雖然文章內(nèi)提到Therearetwofactorswhichdetermineanindividual’sintelligence.Thefirstisthesortofbrainheisbornwith（有兩個(gè)因素決定一個(gè)人的智力。首先是他與生俱來的大腦）但是并沒有表達(dá)出B選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)人天生的大腦在決定他的智力方面很重要”的含義，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第二句Mark’sI.Q.was125,twenty-fivepointshigherthantheaverageandfullyfortypointshigherthanhisidenticalbrother（馬克的智商是125，比平均水平高出25分，比他同父異父的哥哥整整高出40分），可知平均水平為100；因此B選項(xiàng)“100”符合題意。

第4題:推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第二句Beingidentical,thetwinshadidenticalbrainsatbirth,andtheirgrowthprocesseswerethesame（由于同卵，這對(duì)雙胞胎在出生時(shí)就擁有相同的大腦，他們的成長(zhǎng)過程也相同）以及第二段Peterwasrearedbyparentsoflowintelligenceinanisolatedcommunitywithpooreducationalopportunities.Markwasrearedinthehomeofwell-to-doparentswhohadbeentocollege.Hewasreadtoasachild,senttogoodschools,andgiveneveryopportunitytobestimulatedintellectually.Thisenvironmentaldifferencecontinueduntilthetwinswereintheirlateteens,whentheyweregiventeststomeasuretheirintelligence.Mark’sI.Q.was125,twenty-fivepointshigherthantheaverageandfullyfortypointshigherthanhisidenticalbrother（得是在一個(gè)受教育機(jī)會(huì)很少的與世隔絕的社區(qū)里，由智力低下的父母撫養(yǎng)長(zhǎng)大的。馬克是在上過大學(xué)的富裕家庭長(zhǎng)大的。他還是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，就有人給他讀故事，送他去好學(xué)校，給他一切機(jī)會(huì)去激發(fā)他的智力。這種環(huán)境差異一直持續(xù)到雙胞胎十幾歲時(shí)，當(dāng)他們接受智力測(cè)試時(shí)。馬克的智商是125，比平均水平高出25分，比他同父異父的哥哥整整高出40分）可以得知C選項(xiàng)“缺乏機(jī)會(huì)阻礙了智力的成長(zhǎng)”符合題意；A選項(xiàng)“具有相同大腦的個(gè)體很少接受相同水平的測(cè)試”和D選項(xiàng)“環(huán)境的變化產(chǎn)生大腦結(jié)構(gòu)的變化”未在文章內(nèi)提及；根據(jù)第一段第一句Therearetwofactorswhichdetermineanindividual’sintelligence.Thefirstisthesortofbrainheisbornwith（有兩個(gè)因素決定一個(gè)人的智力。首先是他與生俱來的大腦）可知B選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)人的智力只取決于他所處的環(huán)境”錯(cuò)誤，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段