（中職）計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語unit 1教學(xué)課件

1、YCF正版可修改PPT（中職）計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語unit 1教學(xué)課件Unit 1 Fundamentals of Computers1.1 History of Computers1.2 The Five Generations of Computers1.3 Types of ComputerswordPhrasesGrammar Reference TranslationThe computer-a tool that has transformed businesses and lives around the world, increased productivity, and opene

2、d access to vast amounts of knowledge，was an acknowledged symbol of the 20th century technology. Computers relieved the drudgery of simple tasks, and brought new capabilities to complex ones. Engineering ingenuity fueled this revolution, and continued to make computers faster, more powerful, and mor

3、e affordable. In the first half of the 20th century, a steady stream of technical innovation transformed peoples lives-the automobile, the airplane, the farm machinery, and the washing machine. In many ways, new technologies were no longer a surprise. Then came a new machine-the computer. The comput

4、er would soon evolve from an elaborate calculator to a complex system of enormous capability. The computers impact would prove to be immense, a fact recognized by the magazine Time in 1982, when it dubbed the computer “ Man of the Year. “ Before the century was over, the computer had become an integ

5、ral part of every major industry, and had begun to open new worlds through the Internet. Unit 1 Fundamentals of Computers下一頁返回The history of the computer has been one of dazzling feats. Early groundwork included Blas Pascals adding machines (1600s) ；Marie Jacquards weaving looms (1801) ；Charles Babb

6、ages Analytical Engine (1840s) ；and Herman Holleriths punch-card program (1880s) . In 1943, the British logic calculator, Colossus, cracked complex Nazi codes in hours, and turned the tide in favor of the Allies. In 1946, Americas ENIAC performed 5, 000 additions and subtractions per second. In the

7、1980s super computers performed 10 trillion calculations per second-what would take 10 million years on a handheld calculator. Among the more dazzling feats were those that enabled these machines to store information and read programs. The first hurdle in this transformation was accepting the concep

8、t of a universal machine, as outlined in a 1945 paper by Alan Turing. He laid out the principles for a machine that could store programs as well as data, and quickly switch to perform tasks as diverse as arithmetic, data processing, and chess playing. Independently, building on the work of ENIAC eng

9、ineers Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, von Neumanns EDVAC report came to the same conclusion. 1.1 History of Computers上一頁下一頁返回The idea of one machine that could be applied to many tasks was foreign to the scientific world of 1945 Even in 1956, Howard Aiken of Harvard University wrote “If it should

10、turn out that the basic logics of a machine designed for the numerical solution of differential equations coincide with the logics of a machine intended to make bills for a department store, I would regard this as the most amazing coincidence that I have ever encountered. “ Indeed, this “coincidence

11、” came to pass, and it has been amazing. 1.1 History of Computers上一頁返回The history of computer development is often referred to as the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way comp

12、uters operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices. 1. 2. 1 First Generation (1940-1956) :Vacuum TubesBeginning with ENIAC and continuing into the late 1950s, the first generation computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic dru

13、ms for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity，generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. First generation computers relied on machine language to perform operations, an

14、d they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. 1.2 The Five Generations of Computers下一頁返回The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of the first generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial

15、computer delivered to a business client, the U. S. Census Bureau in 19511. 2. 2 Second Generation (1956-1963) ：TransistorsTwo key engineering developments in the late 1940s would have a dramatic impact on future generations of computers. One is the development of the transistor, by John Bardeen, Wal

16、ter H. Brattain, and William B. Shockley in 1947. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing co

17、mputers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. So it became the de facto te

18、chnology for building computers. 1.2 The Five Generations of Computers上一頁下一頁返回Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. But it moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly languages, which allowed programmers to specify instr

19、uctions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. Another new development that started in the early 1950s came to fruition during the second generation, it is the invention of ferrite core memories by An Wang. MITs

20、 Whirlwind project expanded on Wangs basic patent and developed random access memory (RAM) , which would make information retrieval quick and easy. 1. 2. 3 Third Generation (1964-1971) ：Integrated CircuitsThe development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers

21、. The first integrated circuit was developed in the 1950s. Integrated circuits are used for a variety of devices, including microprocessors, audio and video equipment, and automobiles. 1.2 The Five Generations of Computers上一頁下一頁返回In 1964, the IBM360 pioneered the use of integrated circuits on a chip

22、. Hundreds of transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, which were as small as fingertips, but drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. Integrated circuits are often classified by the number of transistors and other electronic components they contain; (1) SSI (sm

23、all-scale integration) ; Up to 100 electronic components per chip. (2) MSI (medium-scale integration) ; From 100 to 3, 000 electronic components per chip. (3) LSI (large-scale integration) ; From 3, 000 to 100, 000 electronic components per chip. (4) VLSI (very large-scale integration) ; From100, 00

24、0to1, 000, 000electronic components per chip. (5) ULSI (ultra large-scale integration) ; More than 1 million electronic components per chip. 1.2 The Five Generations of Computers上一頁下一頁返回Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and mon

25、itors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors. 1.

26、 2. 4 Fourth Generation (1971-Present) ：MicroprocessorsThe microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 ch

27、ip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer-from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls-on a single chip. In 1981, IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also, moved out of the re

28、alm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors. 1.2 The Five Generations of Computers上一頁下一頁返回As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of

29、 the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. 1. 2. 5 Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) ：Artificial IntelligenceFifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some app

30、lications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fif

31、th generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. 1.2 The Five Generations of Computers上一頁返回Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows, though there is considerable overlap; (1) Notebook com

32、puter; An extremely lightweight personal computer. (2) Personal computer; A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving data. (3)

33、Workstation：A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor. (4) Minicomputer; A multiuser computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously. (5) Mainframe：A powerful multiuse

34、r computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. (6) Supercomputer：An extremely fast computer that can perform thousands of billions of instructions per second. 1.3 Types of Computers下一頁返回1. 3. 1 Notebook Computer The notebook computer is an extremely lightweight

35、personal computer. It typically weighs less than 6 pounds and is small enough to fit easily in a briefcase. Aside from size, the principal difference between a notebook computer and a personal computer is the display screen. Notebook computers use a variety of techniques, known as flat-panel technol

36、ogies, to produce a lightweight and non-bulky display screen. The quality of notebook display screens varies considerably. Many notebook display screens are limited to VGA resolution. Active-matrix screens produce very sharp images, but they do not refresh as rapidly as full-size monitors. In terms

37、of computing power，modern notebook computers are nearly equivalent to personal computers. They have the same CPUs, memory capacity, and disk drives. However, all this power in a small package is expensive. A notebook computer costs about twice as much as an equivalent regular-sized computer. 1.3 Typ

38、es of Computers上一頁下一頁返回Notebook computers come with battery packs that enable you to run them without plugging them in. However, the batteries need to be recharged every few hours. 1. 3. 2 Personal ComputerThe small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an individual user, shown in Fig. 1-1,

39、 is an example of PC system. In price, personal computers range anywhere from a few hundred dollars to thousands of dollars. All are based on the microprocessor technology that enables manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one chip. Businesses use personal computers for word processing, accounting,

40、desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet and database management applications. At home, the most popular use for personal computers is for playing games. 1. 3. 3 WorkstationThe workstation (see Fig. 1-2) is a type of computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM) , desktop publishing, s

41、oftware development, and other types of applications that require a moderate amount of computing power and relatively high quality graphics capabilities. 1.3 Types of Computers上一頁下一頁返回Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, at least 256 MB (megabytes) of RAM, built

42、-in network support, and a graphical user interface. Most workstations also have a mass storage device such as a disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called a diskless workstation, comes without a disk drive. The most common operating systems for workstations are UNIX and Windows NT. In te

43、rms of computing power, workstations lie between personal computers and minicomputers, although the line is fuzzy on both ends. High-end personal computers are equivalent to low-end workstations. And high-end workstations are equivalent to minicomputers. Like personal computers, most workstations ar

44、e single-user computers. Workstations differ from conventional computer systems in providing each user with a guaranteed amount of processing power times. Conventional timeshare computing systems can slow each users processing to a crawl if many users compete for resources at once. 1.3 Types of Comp

45、uters上一頁下一頁返回However, workstations reveal their true power when linked into networks through two kinds of machines called “ servers. “ One such machine, the file server, stores and retrieves data files for the workstation; It acts as the central data-storage depot for the network. A workstation user

46、 who needs additional computing resources to run a specialized or time consuming task can direct it to the computer server, which may come from the workstation manufacturer or another company. The computer server runs the task when it has the time. Meanwhile, the user can do other tasks on the works

47、tation. 1. 3. 4 MinicomputerA minicomputer is a midsize computer. In size and power, minicomputers lie between workstations and mainframes. In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers an

48、d workstations. But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting from 4 to about 200 users simultaneously. 1.3 Types of Computers上一頁下一頁返回1. 3. 5 MainframeA mainframe, is a very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users si

49、multaneously. In the hierarchy that starts with a simple microprocessor at the bottom and moves to supercomputers at the top, mainframes are just below supercomputers. In some ways, mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers because they support more simultaneous programs. But supercomputers c

50、an execute a single program faster than mainframes. The distinction between small mainframes and minicomputers is vague, depending really on how the manufacturer wants to market its machines. 1. 3. 6 SupercomputerThe supercomputer (see Fig. 1-3) is the fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are ve

51、ry expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum

52、exploration. 1.3 Types of Computers上一頁下一頁返回The chief difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs concurrently. 1.3 Types of Computers上一

53、頁返回Relieve v. 減輕，解除，援救，救濟(jì)，換班drudgery n.辛苦乏味的工作，苦工fuel v.推動，加強(qiáng)，加燃料ingenuity n.機(jī)靈，獨(dú)創(chuàng)性，精巧，靈活性, 精巧的裝置hurdle n. 籬笆，欄，障礙，跨欄，活動籬笆 v. 用籬笆圍住，跳過 (欄柵) ，克服 (障礙) stream n. 潮流immense a. 巨大的，無邊的fundamentally adv. 基礎(chǔ)地，根本地malfunction n. 故障predecessor n. 前輩，前任， (被取代的) 原有事物molecular n. 分子nanotechnology n. 納米技術(shù)cryptic

54、a. 秘密的，含義模糊的，神秘的，隱藏的depot n. 倉庫words下一頁返回simultaneously adv. 同時地recharge v. 再充電，再控告，再襲擊，再裝填hierarchy n. 層次，體系integration n. 整合，完成，集成calculation n. 計算，計算結(jié)果，估計，預(yù)測mathematical a. 數(shù)學(xué)的，精確的acknowledged a. 公認(rèn)的productivity n. 生產(chǎn)率，生產(chǎn)力capability n. 能力，功能，性能，潛力steady a. 穩(wěn)固的，穩(wěn)定的integral a. 組成的，完整的，不可缺的loom n. 織

55、布機(jī)calculator n. 計算者，計算器transformation n. 轉(zhuǎn)化，變換words上一頁下一頁返回principle n. 原理，主義，信條independently adv. 獨(dú)自地，獨(dú)立地coincidence n. 巧合，符合circuitry n. 電路線路，電路圖magnetic a. 磁鐵的，地磁的，有吸引力的usher v. 招待，迎接，開辟，創(chuàng)始specify v. 具體指定，詳細(xì)說明fruition n. 成就，實(shí)現(xiàn)ferrite n. 純鐵，鐵氧體hallmark n. 標(biāo)志，特點(diǎn)，保證書 v. 使具有標(biāo)志miniaturize v. 使小型化；使微型化

56、interface n. 界面，接口，連系裝置macintosh n. 蘋果機(jī)realm n. 國土，領(lǐng)域，范圍words上一頁下一頁返回recognition n. 認(rèn)出，承認(rèn)，賞識parallel a. 平行的，類似的，并聯(lián)的overlap n. 重疊，重疊處 v. 與部分重疊，與部分 同時發(fā)生principal a. 主要的，資金的 n. 委托人，主角，資金equivalent a. 相等的，等值的individual a. 個體的，特別的moderate a. 中等的，有節(jié)制的，普通的fuzzy a. 模糊不清的fluid a. 流動的dynamic a. 力學(xué)的，能動的petrole

57、um n. 石油nuclear a. 核心的，原子的concurrently adv. 同時發(fā)生地，并存地words上一頁返回give way to 讓位，讓路evolve from 從進(jìn)化而來turn the tide 改變形勢，改變局面使事態(tài)急轉(zhuǎn)直下in favor of 贊成，支持，有利于foreign to 和無關(guān)的，不適合于come to pass 發(fā)生，實(shí)現(xiàn)differential equation 微分方程in reference to 關(guān)于usher in 宣告，展示come to fruition 成熟in terms of 根據(jù)，按照，用的話，在方面de facto adj

58、. 事實(shí)上的，實(shí)際的at one time 同時，曾經(jīng)Phrases返回專業(yè)英語概述隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展，充滿信息和知識的新時代正向我們走來。信息和知識的爆炸帶來了更多的新詞匯、新知識，需要我們不斷地學(xué)習(xí)和交流。英語作為一種備受關(guān)注和歡迎的世界用語，也面臨著新的挑戰(zhàn)。大量的科技用語、專業(yè)詞匯在各行各業(yè)和報紙雜志中不斷涌現(xiàn)，形成了一種與日常生活的詞語有極大差別的專業(yè)英語。諸如計算機(jī)英語、醫(yī)學(xué)英語等，各自都有著很強(qiáng)的專業(yè)特色，它們都屬于科技英語 (EST) 的范疇。對于科技英語或者說專業(yè)英語，大多數(shù)人都認(rèn)為其就是一般英語加上一些專業(yè)詞匯。實(shí)際上，科技英語在形式、文體和語法結(jié)構(gòu)上都有很多與日常英語

59、迥然不同的特點(diǎn)。第一，在形式上，科技英語和日常英語一樣都有口語和書面兩種形式?？谡Z形式大多出現(xiàn)在一些科技知識的講座、廣播等場合中，它的特點(diǎn)是用詞有含糊的地方，也會出現(xiàn)不完全句或反復(fù)，Grammar下一頁返回而書面形式一般出現(xiàn)在書籍、論文和雜志等媒介中，用語正規(guī)。但不管哪種形式都少不了大量的專業(yè)詞匯。第二，在文體結(jié)構(gòu)上，由于科技英語大多強(qiáng)調(diào)簡單明了、精練準(zhǔn)確，所以會大量地使用一些諸如動名詞、分詞和不定式等非限定性動詞。另外，也使用一些名詞結(jié)構(gòu)以及像 “ with+名詞” 這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)，這些都出于我們要達(dá)到簡化句子結(jié)構(gòu)，簡明表述文章內(nèi)容的目的。除了精練的特點(diǎn)外，在科技英語中還使用限制條件，以便進(jìn)一步

60、準(zhǔn)確地說明意思。比如在一些科技文章中，有很多描述實(shí)驗(yàn)過程等的現(xiàn)象，在設(shè)置實(shí)驗(yàn)條件時，就常常會出現(xiàn) “ 假定” 的情況，這時就會用到類似于虛擬語氣之類的結(jié)構(gòu)和一些表示假設(shè)的詞，比如if，provided等。第三，在語氣上，大量使用被動語態(tài)是科技英語的一大特色。由于被動語態(tài)中，包含大量信息的主語在句子的開始出現(xiàn)，這樣很容易引起讀者的注意。另外，在科技英語中，許多句子中常常不指定特定的主語，總是用一些像 “ it” “ there” 等詞代替具體的主語。Grammar上一頁下一頁返回出現(xiàn)這種特點(diǎn)，主要是因?yàn)樵诳萍嘉恼轮?，我們更關(guān)心的是所發(fā)生的動作和事實(shí)，而對發(fā)出動作的主語并不關(guān)心。所以，對于科技文章