英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)完形填空篇

1、四級(jí)完型填空題的解題方法與技巧完形填空或改錯(cuò)時(shí)間15分鐘，1篇文章，20道多項(xiàng)選擇題或改錯(cuò)，占總分的10%，合計(jì)70分。一、完型填空題的設(shè)計(jì)填空(Cloze)又稱(chēng)綜合填空，其命題原理是格式塔心理學(xué)。格式塔心理學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)整體感知，完形填空測(cè)試的就是考生結(jié)合上下文的語(yǔ)境(context)對(duì)英語(yǔ)的整體感知能力。一篇完形填空測(cè)試考生的什么能力，這與短文的空格設(shè)計(jì)密切相關(guān)。如果空格要求學(xué)生填入連詞、介詞、冠詞等，那么空格為功能性空格；如果要求填入名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞等實(shí)義詞，那么空格為語(yǔ)義空格。目前，完形填空試題的題目難度不斷加大，重點(diǎn)從傳統(tǒng)工程題逐漸轉(zhuǎn)到對(duì)整體語(yǔ)感的測(cè)試和整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇的理解，所以根據(jù)上下文選擇詞

2、匯的題目比例正在增大。一、完型填空題的設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)者遵循一定的要求和準(zhǔn)那么，以保證測(cè)試的信度和效度。所給的空有規(guī)那么的排列，大約在近250字的文章中每隔816字就有一個(gè)空格，而且是按照一定的間隔并根據(jù)語(yǔ)法或詞匯測(cè)試的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì)的。這些空格外表看起來(lái)沒(méi)有什么意義，實(shí)際上綜合了詞匯、語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)以及閱讀理解所要測(cè)試的內(nèi)容，它不僅測(cè)試應(yīng)試者在詞匯和句子水平上運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力，還測(cè)試應(yīng)試者在語(yǔ)篇上綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)的能力。完形填空中所填的詞是與文章的上下文緊密聯(lián)系的。所以難度較大，往往成為學(xué)生失分較嚴(yán)重的題項(xiàng)。一、完型填空題的設(shè)計(jì)從內(nèi)容看，完型填空涉及說(shuō)明文，議論文等眾多文體體裁，而題裁更涉及到社會(huì)領(lǐng)域的方方面面，

3、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、教育、醫(yī)學(xué)、天文、體育、科技等等。所以考生具備大量的背景知識(shí)也是格外重要的。二、完型填空題的做題步驟完形填空的測(cè)試點(diǎn)及解題方法從外表來(lái)看，就是要求考生把每個(gè)句子中刪掉的詞恢復(fù)出來(lái)。因此，要做好完形填空，必須要在通讀全文、把握結(jié)構(gòu)與大意的前提下，根據(jù)所提供的選項(xiàng)及句子的結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)法、語(yǔ)篇等信息，通過(guò)邏輯推理、比照等手段最后確定答案。根據(jù)完形填空這一測(cè)試特點(diǎn)，一般采取以下五個(gè)步驟逐一進(jìn)行。步驟一，通讀全篇，把握總的思想，了解知識(shí)背景。完形填空題在出題時(shí)有這樣一條準(zhǔn)那么：去掉20個(gè)空不影響對(duì)整篇的理解，而且一般而言，短文的前兩句話(huà)不應(yīng)設(shè)題。我們應(yīng)該細(xì)讀文章首句，因?yàn)檫@是我們了解文章的

4、“窗口。這樣，我們就可以判斷體裁、把握背景、推測(cè)大意、主題或結(jié)構(gòu)。這一點(diǎn)很重要。在閱讀文章的過(guò)程中，學(xué)生積極搜集頭腦中已有的相關(guān)知識(shí)，結(jié)合文章內(nèi)容形成對(duì)文章的整體把握，我們稱(chēng)之為圖式。圖式能夠幫助我們對(duì)文章內(nèi)容產(chǎn)生期待，能夠簡(jiǎn)化推斷，并在隨后的閱讀中，不斷修正，以求與原文一致。比方，Three girls went walking in the woods. They were enjoying themselves so much that they forgot the time and stayed too long. A dragon kidnapped them. As they w

5、ere be dragging off. They cried for help. Three heroes heard the cries and set off their horses to rescue the girls. One possible result: The heroes came and fought with the dragon and rescued the girls. Then the heroes returned the daughters to their places. Maybe, you can guess that the three girl

6、s married the three men respectively. 如果我們對(duì)文章非常熟悉，那么文章內(nèi)容與你頭腦中的圖式相結(jié)合，你解題將會(huì)勢(shì)如破竹，一發(fā)不可收拾。又如： Writing in a diary, watching television, talking with friends, speaking on the telephone, and reading a menu-what do they have in common? . Thus, _ may be defined as the means by which people exchange feelings a

7、nd ideas with each other. A. information B. learning C. communication D. acquisition 步驟二，選擇答案。有兩中選擇答案的方法：一，可以不看選項(xiàng)，自己猜測(cè)正確答案，然后再在選項(xiàng)當(dāng)中選擇最接近自己猜測(cè)的一項(xiàng)。二，可以將選項(xiàng)帶入空格內(nèi)檢測(cè)。按照先易后難的原那么，即首先選出那些只根據(jù)上下文就能確定的直接的明顯的答案。這就增強(qiáng)了信心，減輕了心理壓力。然后瞻前顧后，不要忘記首尾照應(yīng)。另外，要牢記文章的中心思想，每個(gè)空白處的含義應(yīng)與前后句的意義聯(lián)系起來(lái)理解。步驟三，為不確定答案尋找線(xiàn)索。 文章前面的空格提出的問(wèn)題很有可能要到

8、文章的末尾才才能找到答案。所以，對(duì)于那些難度頗高的空格只有在字里行間尋找線(xiàn)索。一定要上下連貫，符合邏輯。步驟四，回頭補(bǔ)缺 我們不提倡在一個(gè)題上耽誤太多的時(shí)間。如果有一個(gè)不會(huì)我們可以暫時(shí)放過(guò)，繼續(xù)思路做下面的題，等通篇做完后再回過(guò)頭來(lái)考慮這個(gè)選項(xiàng)。切忌，一定要保證思維的連續(xù)性和統(tǒng)一性。步驟五，核實(shí)答案。 我們可以從以下幾方面對(duì)所選答案進(jìn)行核查： 1)所選擇的單詞或短語(yǔ)是否符合本句內(nèi)容，使上下文連貫和諧，與全文意義相協(xié)調(diào)； 2)所選擇的單詞或短語(yǔ)是否符合某種固定搭配；3)所選擇的單詞或短語(yǔ)是否符合某種句型、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊要求，如虛擬語(yǔ)氣從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用原形(過(guò)去式、過(guò)去完成式)；4)所選詞本身

9、或附近的詞有無(wú)特殊要求，如有些動(dòng)詞后面只接動(dòng)名詞而不能接不定式。 5)保持自信，不要輕易否認(rèn)以前選過(guò)的選項(xiàng)。必要時(shí)對(duì)個(gè)別答案仍需推敲，發(fā)現(xiàn)不妥，要重新考慮，但應(yīng)慎重，無(wú)確實(shí)把握，仍應(yīng)相信第一印象。完型填空題的考察內(nèi)容詞匯第一、 詞義辨析 詞單詞的掌握，根本義 例1 That “something special was men creative individuals who could invent machines, find new 75 of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society. A) origi

10、ns (由來(lái),出身) B) sources C) bases D) discoveries第二、 形近詞辨異例1 Speaking quickly but almost in a whisper, she 75 everyone that the pilot had fainted and asked if any of the passengers knew anything about machines or at least how to drive a car. A) inquired B) insured C) informed D) instructed例2 Following 8

11、8 , the man guided the plane toward the airfield. A) impression B) information C) inspections D) instructions例3 Never ask a child whether he likes or dislikes a food and never discuss likes and dislikes in front of him or allow 66 else to do so. A everybody B anybody C somebody D nobody第三、 詞語(yǔ)搭配例1 Th

12、e man had to circle the airport several times in order to become 85 with the controls of the plane.A) intimate B) familiar C) understood D) close例2 Did you ever have someones name on the tip of your tongue and yet you were unable to recall it? When this happens again, do not try to recall it. Do som

13、ething 73 for a couple of minutes and the name may come into your head.simple B) apart C) else D) similar例3 A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply, all these were important factors in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. But they

14、 were not enough. Something 73 was needed to start the industrial process.A) else B) near C) extra 額外的，不包括其中的 D) similar例4 Take it _69_ granted that he likes everything and he probably will A. with B. as C. over D. for例5 But these various means of communication differ in important ways _68_ human la

15、nguage. A. about B. with C. from D. in例6 the great tit(山雀) is a case _77_point. A. in B. at C. of D. for語(yǔ)法：句第一、 指代關(guān)系例1 The foreign research scholar usually isolates 76 in the laboratory as a means of protection; However, what he needs is to be fitted into a highly organized university system quite d

16、ifferent from 79 at home.76. A) himself B) oneself C) him D) one79. A) those B) which C) what D) that例 2 No two speakers speak in exactly the same way. We can always hear differences 74 them,74. A) between B) among C) of D) from例 3 We can change an utterance by replacing one word in it with _73_. A.

17、 ours B. theirs C. another D. others例4 They also suggest that our readers do not call for friends only among those who are most like them, but find many_78_ differ in race. 78. A. people B. who C. what D. friends第二、 虛擬語(yǔ)氣例1 Professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works; Th

18、ey expect students, particularly graduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference sources in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but 84 that their students should not be too dependent on them.84. A) hate B) dislike C) like D) prefer例 2 A geographer might be described as one

19、 who observes, records, and explains the differences between places. If places 87 alike, there would be little need for geographers.87. A) being B) are C) be D) were例 3but _63_ you were to move the skin you would not tell anything about the race to which the individual belonged. A. since B. if C. as

20、 D. while第三、 倒裝知識(shí)要點(diǎn): 倒裝分完全倒裝與局部倒裝兩種類(lèi)型，重點(diǎn)是局部倒裝，即只有系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞參與的倒裝。常見(jiàn)的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為四大類(lèi)：1、 否認(rèn)倒裝。指否認(rèn)副詞或否認(rèn)的副詞性結(jié)構(gòu)hardly, seldom, scarcely, never, little, nowhere, not once ，under no circumstances, in no way， no sooner than用于句首時(shí)所導(dǎo)致的倒裝。如：Vitamins do not provide energy, _42_ do they construct or build any part

21、of the body. A. either B. so C. nor D. never 2、 虛擬倒裝。指在IF引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句中，將IF省略，把should, had, were提至主語(yǔ)前，形成倒裝。 e.g. Were I you, Ill never promise to do that.3、 強(qiáng)調(diào)倒裝。為突出強(qiáng)調(diào)某一成分而將它提至句首時(shí)，實(shí)行倒裝：句子結(jié)構(gòu)要求倒裝：如： a. so 倒裝句 b. 以某些表示肯定的副詞開(kāi)頭作狀語(yǔ)：only, often， then, so c. 以某些表示否認(rèn)的副詞開(kāi)頭作狀語(yǔ)；little, hardly, seldom, scarcely, neve

22、r, nowhere, not once d. 某些表示否認(rèn)的副詞短語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭作狀語(yǔ): under no circumstances, in no way, no sooner than, hardly/scarcely/barelywhen/before e. As作“雖然但是解時(shí)用半倒裝。4、 省略倒裝。涉及詞語(yǔ)包括so, neither, nor 例 _70_ does size have anything to do with intelligence.A. Only B. Or C. Nor D. So第四、從句和強(qiáng)調(diào)句型 例 1 The word geography comes fro

23、m two Greek words, ge, the Greek word for “earth and graphing, 75 means “to write. A) what B) that C) which D) it例 2 but a bird has a single alarm cry, _75_ means “danger! A. this B. that C. which D. it例 3 These secondary routes may go up steep slopes, along high cliffs, or down frightening hillside

24、s to towns lying in deep valleys. Through these less direct routes, longer and slower, they generally go to places 88 the air is clean and the scenery (風(fēng)景) is beautiful, A) there B) when C) which D) where 第三、 語(yǔ)篇考查 篇例 1 The United States is well-known for its network of major highways designed to hel

25、p a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time. Although these wide modern roads are generally smooth and well maintained, with 73 sharp curves and many straight sections, a direct route is not always the most _75_ one. Large high ways often pass 76 scenic areas and interesti

26、ng small towns.73. A) little B) few C) much D) many75. A) terrible B) possible C) enjoyable D) profitable76. A) to B) into C) over D) by例 2 When research is assigned, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with 79 guidance. It is the students responsibility to find

27、books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works; 79. A) maximum B) minimum C) possible D) practical完型填空題的相應(yīng)對(duì)策針對(duì)出題者的考察內(nèi)容，我們有以下相應(yīng)的對(duì)策： 第一種：詞義與詞形辨析 四級(jí)完形考察詞匯不外乎同義詞、反義詞、形近詞，和詞的精確用法。我們應(yīng)該了解高頻詞的近義詞、反義詞，形近詞和詞匯的根本義。例如， 1) Geographers comp

28、are and contrast _ places in the world. A. similar B. various C. distant D. famous 2) The findings _ that issues of trust and betrayal are central to friendship. A. secure (保護(hù)) B. assure保證 C. confirm證實(shí) ) D. resolve決心，解決3) The big shops, beautifully decorated and brightly lit, stay open long after da

29、rk. Shop owners like Christmas because it is a time when people _ presents. A. change B. exchange C. transfer 轉(zhuǎn)移D. transform 轉(zhuǎn)變第二種：運(yùn)用上下文邏輯關(guān)系填詞。對(duì)上下文邏輯關(guān)系的考察是完形填空題區(qū)別于單純句子理解的要點(diǎn)之一，也是處理語(yǔ)篇的重要特點(diǎn)。這就牽扯到有關(guān)語(yǔ)篇知識(shí)，這也是四級(jí)考察學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言能力的題型之一。語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)，顧名思義，是指在一定的情景下，作者的謀篇布局、銜接連貫、提供信息等等。為了把文章很好的組織起來(lái)，作者除了在句子內(nèi)部用指代前指，后指、省略、連接外，

30、還會(huì)運(yùn)用到一些句與句之間的連詞來(lái)表達(dá)并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、比照、列舉、原因、結(jié)果、讓步、補(bǔ)充等關(guān)系。下面我們給大家一些常考的連接詞： 表示并列關(guān)系的：and, on the one hand, on the other, (也可表比照)表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的：however, nevertheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, etc.表示比照關(guān)系的：on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely,

31、etc.表示補(bǔ)充關(guān)系的：also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, whats more, notbut, not only but also, etc.表示讓步關(guān)系的：although, though, no matter , even if, 表示原因關(guān)系的：because, since, as, for, now that, considering that, seeing that, in that, in as much as, on account of the fact that,

32、 for fear that, on the ground that, etc.表示結(jié)果關(guān)系的：so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result, etc.表示列舉關(guān)系的：first, second, third,firstly, secondly, next, in the first place, for one thing, to begin with, to conclude, etc.1) There are four types of blood. _ types are found in ever

33、y race, and no types is distinct to any race. A. All B. Most C. No D. Some (上下文)2) The foreign research scholar usually isolates himself in the laboratory as a means of protection; _ what he really needs is to be fitted into a highly organized university system. A. otherwise B. moreover C. however D

34、. also 邏輯關(guān)系3) Earths animals are disappearing faster than they reproduce. Because there is too little research and too much ignorance, _ is aware of how much we are losing. A. anyone B. no one C. someone D. either one 4) This act (法案) was formed to protect endangered species. _, land developers and

35、factory owners disagree. A. However B. Furthermore C. Therefore D. Though第三種：固定搭配1) We judge race usually _ the coloring of the race: a white race, a brown race, a yellow race and a black race. A. in B. from C. at D. on 2) Unlike other social roles that we are expected to _1_- as citizens, employees

36、, members of professional societies and _2_ organizations, it has its own principle. A. keep B. do C. show D. play A. all B. any C. other D. those第四種：結(jié)構(gòu)識(shí)別but, not only but also, some others, 等詞組結(jié)構(gòu)和一些重要的句型結(jié)構(gòu)。There is no doubt that , so/suchthat, the sameas, it is that強(qiáng)調(diào)句型等等。Rich as our country is, th

37、e qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. The harder you work, the more progress you make. 1They also suggested that our readers do not look for friends only among those who are most like them, _ find many who differ in race. A. only B. and C. but D. then2Lets look at this definition i

38、n more detail because it is language, more than anything else, _62_ distinguishes man from the rest of the animal world. A. that B. it C. as D. what 第五種：一些重點(diǎn)單詞的特殊用法Professors should _ repeating in lectures material that is in the textbook. A. refuse B. prohibit C. prevent D. avoidDespite the growing

39、 rate of divorce, but couples are now taking a different approach _ those wedding vows(誓言). A. making B. make C. to making D. to make 第六種：語(yǔ)法大項(xiàng)。對(duì)語(yǔ)法的考察主要集中在定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、主謂一致、邏輯主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)，句型句式等內(nèi)容上。學(xué)生應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)此類(lèi)語(yǔ)法的復(fù)習(xí)。 1The king placed wealth and power at Wagners disposal and made possible the building of a pla

40、ce- house, _ Wagners works could be performed (表演). A. and B. because C. there D. where2Formal learning is de-contextualized from daily life and indeed, _ Scibner and Cole have observed, may actually “promote ways of learning and thinking . A. like B. as C. what D. which 五、完型填空的解題技巧 技巧一：詞匯手段利用詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)1、

41、 原詞復(fù)現(xiàn) 例 1： but it is the subconscious (下意識(shí)的) 78 that go to work to dig up a dim memory. Meanwhile, deeper mental activities in the subconscious mind are taking place. A) deeds B) activities C) movements D) procedures2、同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn) 例 1 ：Even if a grade is not given, the student is 77 for learning the materi

42、al assigned. It is the students responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. A) criticized B) innocent C) responsible D) dismissed例2： India or West Africa, where there is a long 81 of speaking English for general communication purposes, you should On the other hand, if you l

43、ive in a country where there is no traditional use of English， A) custom B) use C) tradition D) habit例3：These firms compete for sales. They try to learn just what the demand will be so that they can supply exactly what the consumers want. _ keeps the quality of goods from falling very low. A. Need B

44、. Competition C. Demand D. Consumer 3、上下義或同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)例1：Both the visiting professor and his students lack background in each others cultures. Some 82 of what is already in the minds of American students is required by the foreign professor. A. concept B. feeling C. plan D. intelligence 例2：As a result, the

45、 trip had to be canceled, and they returned home _ and unhappy. A. disappointed B. disappointedly C. tired D. tiredly 4、解釋型復(fù)現(xiàn)例1：Our new house is very _ for me as I can get to the office in five minutes. A adaptable B comfortable C convenient D available技巧二：同現(xiàn)詞匯的同現(xiàn)關(guān)系指詞匯共同出現(xiàn)的傾向性。在語(yǔ)篇中，圍繞一定的話(huà)題，一定的詞往往會(huì)同時(shí)

46、出現(xiàn)，這些詞語(yǔ)屬于同一個(gè)詞匯套，形成了詞匯鏈，因此，每當(dāng)我們遇到了其中的一個(gè)詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，根據(jù)情境便會(huì)聯(lián)想到詞匯套中的其他詞語(yǔ)。比方，提到教室一詞，下面出現(xiàn)的詞可能就是：blackboard, desk, students, chair, floor, lights, etc. 例1：My grandmother worked hard all day, making butter, washing clothes, cleaning the house, and even _ in the field when help was scarce. A. worked B. working C. di

47、d D. doing 例2：For example, there was the time I called in a _ to fix my air-conditioner before it was too warm. A. worker B. fixer C. repairman D. painter 例3：I usually have the problem of parents coming in and telling me how they really _ their kids. They tell me they stand over them when they do th

48、eir homework. They check their work and make a big fuss over their grades. They criticize the kids over everything having to do with school A. like B. treat C. hate D. make Within the next fifteen years man had gone to the moon, searching beneath its _ and dusty soil for signs of life. A. wet B. dam

49、p C. moist D. dry 技巧三：同性元素相斥技巧四：巧用圖式 A Pelican holds many fish in its 71. 72 may last a 73, but they wont last a week. A pelican is nearly as tall as you, and its beak is as long as your arm. A long skin sack, or pouch, hands down from its tremendous beak, 74 it look very different from other birds.