高中英語：概要寫作新談

1、概要寫作新談?wù)撐拇缶V:一、詞匯英漢雙解 二、單句同義重述 三、句群分析 四、概括要點 五、同伴共享一、以詞典促表達(dá)學(xué)生表達(dá)問題： 1 .表達(dá)多樣化在日常教學(xué)中要求學(xué)生經(jīng)常查閱詞典，加強詞匯的英漢雙解理解與記憶。常用紙質(zhì)詞典 有牛津高階，朗文英漢詞典等。電子詞典有道，百度，格林斯等。我們要求學(xué)生查找摘錄語 篇中的重點詞匯、高頻詞及銜接詞義，同時了解其用法。查閱詞典比擬費時，同學(xué)們可以分 工合作。下面我們結(jié)合人教版必修4第2單元一個段落，分析一下如何使用詞典。First, they damage the land by killing the helpful bacteria and pests

2、as well as the harmful ones. Chemicals also stay in the ground and underground water for a long time. This affects crops and, therefore, animals and humans, since chemicals get inside the crops and cannot just be washed off. These chemicals in the food supply build up in peoples bodies over time. Ma

3、ny of these chemicals can lead t。cancer or other illnesses. In addition, fruit, vegetables and other food grown with chemical fertilizers usually grow too fast to be full of much nutrition. They may look beautiful, but inside there is usually more water than vitamins and minerals.首先，我們來看這三個銜接詞first,

4、 also ,in addition, first很簡單，不需查詢詞典。有道詞 典中“also”義為“同樣,也，而且”,英文釋義為“in addition”，近義詞有as well, too.百度 詞典中的牛津詞典釋義相似?！癷n addition有道詞典中文釋義為“此外，又”，英文釋義 ufurthermore ,by way of addition其近義詞 “additionally”。學(xué)生可以選擇摘錄 furthermore, additionally這兩個簡單表達(dá)。然后，學(xué)生查詢段落中其它劃線詞匯，要求先理解其詞義，再 查出可用的同近義表達(dá)。同時老師予以相應(yīng)的指導(dǎo)，刪去過于生僻復(fù)雜的詞

5、匯。匯總?cè)缦卤?所示。DamageAs well asAffectLead toAlsoin additionHarmandHave an effect onCauseAdditionallyBesidesdo harm toimpactresult inadditionallyinfluence2 .表達(dá)規(guī)范恰當(dāng)調(diào)查顯示本校約50%的學(xué)生近不善于改寫句，改寫不當(dāng)是最常見的問題，如Quit damage of nicotine is difficult.There are three different ways to become addicted to nicotine, physical

6、 addicted first. Then you become a habit finally mental addicted. I also effects of smoking when I was young.上文來自人教版選修6unit3 一篇課文中的段落概要寫作。Quit, nicotine, addicted, physically, mentally, through habit, difficult 為語篇中的7組關(guān)鍵詞。除了 nicotine不易改寫，其它詞匯很容易從詞典中找 到需要的表達(dá)和用法。其中quit牛津詞典和有道詞典例如分別為If I dont get more

7、money Fil quit.不給我加薪我就辭職。A nicotine spray can helpsmokers quit the habit.從中可以看出quit可作為及物動詞，亦可作為不及物動詞，但不能作 為主語放句首；另外quit damage搭配不當(dāng)，而quit the habit這個短語非常恰當(dāng)。Difficult 常用句型為 it is difficult to do.addicted 常用搭配有 be addicted to (doing)sth, addicted+n,addict oneself to doing其名詞形式為 addiction.mentally,physi

8、cally 作為副詞常用 于狀語修飾動詞，形容詞，整個句子等。例如mentally ill/exhausted;physically J was totally a wreck.effect 名詞常用于 have an effect on,adj+effect,動詞為 affect, affect sth,可用被動語態(tài)。 這樣，上文句子可改為：It is difficult to quit the smoking habit.There are three different ways to become addicted to nicotine,physically,mentally and

9、 through habit.i was also affected by smoking when I was young/I also addicted myself to smoking when I was young.此類詞匯梳理在日常教學(xué)中經(jīng)常應(yīng)用，在概要寫作專題訓(xùn)練中更是有針對性的練習(xí)和記憶。 在晨讀或自習(xí)課，筆者會要求學(xué)生誦讀默寫，識記之后，在單句語境下進(jìn)行替換練習(xí)和翻譯。 如下所示：.閱讀在英語學(xué)習(xí)中扮演至關(guān)重要的作用。(very important /vital).教育極大影響了環(huán)境保護工作。(have an effect/influence on).使用手機過多嚴(yán)重?fù)p壞我

10、們的視力。(harm/do harm to/damage).The young people are more likely to shop online than their parents.(tend to).Wifi is becoming more and more necessary in our daily life.(increasingly ).Depending on the Internet brings some potential risks.(Rely on)二、學(xué)習(xí)句群中的同義轉(zhuǎn)述句群又叫句組，是幾個在意義和結(jié)構(gòu)上有密切聯(lián)系的各自獨立的句子組成的言語交際單 位。即：

11、由前后連貫共同表示一個中心意思的幾個句子組成。(百度百科詞典)?！稗D(zhuǎn)述”對 應(yīng)英文詞匯“restate, paraphrase”轉(zhuǎn)述指用自己的話如實地轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)他人的意思。有道詞典英文 解釋為“to express what sb has said or written using different words, especially in order to make it easier to understand ”(用不同的詞匯表達(dá)他人所說所寫的東西，尤其是為了使之更容易理 解)。很明顯，中文解釋非常簡明，英文釋義詳細(xì)到位，更易便理解接受。無論哪種解釋， 轉(zhuǎn)述一定要忠實于說話者。同義轉(zhuǎn)述策略，

12、在當(dāng)前文獻(xiàn)中和日常練習(xí)很常見。其中包括近同 義詞替換。改變詞性(動名詞轉(zhuǎn)化)、語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化，定語從句與非謂語動詞互換(相關(guān)研究很 多，本文從略)為此，筆者在平時加強常規(guī)的詞匯替換練習(xí)的同時，嘗試新的轉(zhuǎn)述策略。1 .表達(dá)籠統(tǒng)化常指句群前面已詳細(xì)描述某個概念實例和內(nèi)容，在下文不再重復(fù)，而采用寬泛不具體、 不明確、含混、籠統(tǒng)泛化甚至模糊化的言語。請以下三例句群中的句1和句2的劃線內(nèi)容。 句群 1： I had vegetables, pork, beef, eggs ,soup, potatoes and yogurt for lunch today. havent had so much food f

13、or long time.句群 2： The patient suffered from cancer, high pressure ,diabetes, heart attack and other mild diseases. Thats to say he is in very bad condition now.句群 3： Today in the food market I bought two kilos of potatoes , three bottles of milk ,a box of instant noodles 再 little pork , lotus root

14、and other vegetables. It cost me about 20 dollars to daily food.3 .上下位詞匯轉(zhuǎn)述所代表的事物范圍大的詞叫上位詞，范圍小的叫下位詞，前者包含后者J韓 禮德和哈桑等人將詞匯銜接分為詞匯重復(fù)關(guān)系、同義關(guān)系、上下義關(guān)系、和詞匯 搭配四類。為了促進(jìn)表達(dá)豐富多樣，我們可以用一個上位詞匯替代下位詞匯如用 people替換woman creature替換animal等。請看以下句群Liu Xiang is a great Chinese track athlete.-Yes,he is a remarkable sportsman.第一句的t

15、rack athlete是指徑賽運發(fā)動，是下位詞匯。第二句 sportsman 運發(fā)動是上位詞，匚。再看一處句群劃線詞匯shelters和structuresAn artist in Oakland, California is using his skills to help the homeless. Greg Kloehn builds very small shelters that make life on the streets a little more comfortable. The structures offer the homeless some safety and

16、protection from bad weather.數(shù)字改寫如 30.74%- about one third, 6-12 Children/kids， 13-16 teens/teenagers/adolescents40-60 middle-aged ， 60 old people.累積高考真題同義表達(dá)（選項與答案句）The solution is obvious :always handle the most difficult job first.（2016 天津卷 D）The author recommends dealing with the hardest task firs

17、t.（32D 選項）More students than ever before are taking a gap year（間隔）before going to university.（2015 年全 國n卷c篇）The gap year is increasingly popular.（29C 選項）More and more students are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the degree.（2015 年全國卷 II C 篇）The most students on their vacat

18、ion earn money for their education.（32C 選項）If you have somewhere you want to go,something you want to accomplish,someone you want to become.,take immediate action. .（2014 年全國 I 卷）When the world is waving a chair in your face,youre advised to make a quick decision. （3 IC 選 項）In an effort to prevent l

19、anguage loss,scholars from a number of organizationsUNESCO and National Geographic among them-have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.（2014 年全國 I 卷 D 篇）Many scholars are making efforts to rescue disappearing languages.（32B 選項） 三、句群結(jié)構(gòu)分析找出主題句、支撐句及過渡句請在讀后選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)?/p>

20、句群（說明文體）At the end of the 16th century, about five to seven million people spoke English. Nearly all of them lived in England. Later in the next century, people from England made voyages to conquer other parts of the world and because of that, English began to be spoken in many other countries. Toda

21、y, more people speak English as their first, second or foreign language than ever before.1. i上下位概念參考有道詞典A.B.C.D.大局部學(xué)生選A,僅把句當(dāng)成要點句，把其它三處的句群視為支撐句。也 有局部學(xué)生選B。顯然，本文是按照時間開展這個邏輯線索展開的，介紹了英語 的三個開展階段，每個階段的地位都重要。三個句群先后順承，都應(yīng)視為要點。 應(yīng)選D即。句是句的細(xì)節(jié)補充，即介紹16th說英語的人生活地點。 結(jié)構(gòu)如下列圖所示：四、要點概括.主題句改寫縮寫(Restate it).非主題句中提煉關(guān)鍵詞主題句+關(guān)

22、鍵詞請在讀后選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)木淙?議論文體)He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people.The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air.A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies

23、 with their meals.From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.A.，B.，C.，D.，大局部同學(xué)選擇C,局部同學(xué)選擇D。句處是主題句，是本段的要點，但該 句表達(dá)過于抽象，句句也應(yīng)當(dāng)視為要點句。這樣句群意思才完整，讓能讀者 明白作者的真實意圖。句中劃線局部的關(guān)鍵詞是兩個關(guān)鍵信息(multiplied in the air, with their meals),不能忽略?？梢娋涫墙y(tǒng)領(lǐng)整段的主題，算是一個單獨的 句群，及是兩個句群，呈并列關(guān)系，句是對

24、句處的拓展解釋；句 處拓展支撐了句。句群結(jié)構(gòu)如下：The structure of the sentence group五、同伴共享（有序指導(dǎo)，目標(biāo)明確，緊扣評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)） 教師評改示范：cornea to having nicotine? min pain. Secondly. Y.2 xe3d sometguto do it 亞心斗d cHrc*oan hocorknow, if you do the same thins over 5，且自日 Having 3 ciearctte. 3mentally acldicted. I belicvcti I was happocorci *ool

25、when I smolccd. I waat addicted m a一to txscometo txscometo txscomesmoking couplernailer birth weig.what 1 did know wasso unhhusband wa$ ordered outon amost 1 25F even in the shad1 didn t 5。3. for example, that itcigscttc smoke could Affect the health of non-smokers. Howeverr,Bth and clothes smelt, and that the ends of my fingers with