科技英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法部分

1、Chapter 2 Word Collocations (詞匯搭配)and Sentence Members (句子成分)Word Collocations (詞匯搭配)Set phrases (固定詞組)一 in a word, take place, as usual, as a matter of fact,Habitual collocations (習(xí)慣搭配)Some nouns must go with definite verbs.質(zhì)量improve the quality效率raise increase the efficiency提高 能力increaseimprove th

2、e ability認(rèn)識(shí)deepenones understanding警惕enhance heighten the vigilance成就進(jìn)步make achievements progress一致意見(jiàn) reach completeagreement of views取得 教訓(xùn)draw lessons成功achieve success同意obtain consent匪卜分析比較；研究make an analysis a comparison; a study斗介紹描述；說(shuō)明give an introduction a description; an explanationSome verbs,

3、 adjectives, and nouns must go with definite prepositions.Laser beams aresent at the moon.sendpoint throwaimrush(vt.) shoot a a aimrush(vt.) shoot a a (vi.) fire atemitshout沖向向,一開火朝歡呼(be) representative of = represent(be) descriptive of = describe(be) characteristic of = characterize(be) indicative

4、of = indicate(be) symptomatic of = symptomize symptomatizeEmphasis should be laid on the collocation of a noun with a preposition, which may present much difficulty to the Chinese students, especially in writing. A fixed preposition goes before or after a noun. Before a noun無(wú)線電波向四面八方傳播。Radio waves t

5、ravel in all directions.為此目的，大學(xué)生必須至少掌握一門外語(yǔ)。For this purpose To this end, college students must have a good command mastery of at least one foreign language.At this temperature, the metal melts.on a large scale (大規(guī)模地)to a great large extent point, degree(在很大程度上)in (a) great large measure (在很大程度上)at a

6、 rates (以某一速率)at a point (在某一點(diǎn)上；在某一時(shí)刻) at a conference meeting(在會(huì)上). After a noun他們?cè)趨⒓右苿?dòng)通訊國(guó)際會(huì)議They are attending an international conference on mobile communications.王教授是雷達(dá)專家。Professor Wang is anexpert in on radar.the answer key to for(a problem)the solution to of, for (a problem)the preface to (a b

7、ook)an exception to (a rule)the research on into; with; for image processingthe current through (a component)the voltage across(a component)a tangent to a correction for to; ofincrease decrease; rise; fall reduction; variation in of condition requirement; algorithm, technique, method; language; skil

8、l, equation; expression for An important format of word collocation (which has fixed patterns of its translation into Chinese)Format:noun of A prepositionBA and B here are also nouns.which can be further classified as the following three sub-classes:i . The noun is an ordinary abstract noun.Translat

9、ion pattern:A。 B 的”“月球離地球中心的距離為二十四萬(wàn)英里?！盩he distance ofthe moon from the center of the earth is 240,000 miles.“溫度對(duì)半導(dǎo)體電阻的影響必須考慮進(jìn)去?！盩he effect of temperature on upon the resistance of semiconductors must be taken into account.本節(jié)論述 AC與DC相比的一些優(yōu)點(diǎn)（advantageThis section deals with the advantages ofAC over D

10、C.“月亮對(duì)地球的吸引力(attraction)引起了潮汐(tide)。The attraction of the moon for the earth causes the tides.the ratio of A to Bthe effect of A on upon Bthe superiority of A to Bthe relationship of A to Bthe attraction （弓I力）of A for Bthe susceptibilityof A to Bthe sensitivityof A to B the applicability of A to B p

11、erpendicularity of A to B the immunity of A to from B familiarity of A with Bii . The noun coifrem an intransitive verb, in which caseA is the logical subject of the logical actionexpressed by the noun.”Translation pattern:A。 B 的This curve shows the dependenceof the output on upon the input.The cont

12、rol engineer is usually interested in the responseof a control system to unit step （單位階躍）,ramp（斜波），and parabolic （拋物）functions.The interaction of the ball with the ground is called friction.This section deals with the action of an acid （酸）on metal.Consider first the collision of a single molecule wi

13、th the piston （活塞）.“圖1畫出了電流隨阻抗的變化情況。”Fig. 1 shows the variation of current with impedance.as a function of impedanceagainst impedanceversusvs. impedance.the passageof A through Bthe motion of A round around Bthe departure of A from B the deviation of A from B the reaction of A to Bthe interaction of

14、 A with B* A special case:risefallthe increase in of A with B A 隨 B 的decreasereductionA gradual increase in resistance with speed is characteristic of friction between the boat bottom and the water.iii. The noun comes from a transitive verb Which caseA is the logical object of the action expressed b

15、ythe noun.Translation technique: The noun is put into a transitive veSo that the V-O pattern is used.In solving the problem, the resolution （分用年） of this force intox- and y-components （分量）is necessary.The definition （定義） of electric current as a flow of charge is familiar to all of us.The separation

16、 （分開） of aluminum （鋁）from its ore.（礦） was very difficult at that time.In this case, exposure使暴露）of the body （人體）to sunlight helps to overcome anemia （貧血）and stimulate （刺激）metabolism （新陳代謝）.The most familiar example is the attraction of iron or steel objects to a permanent magnet.The relation of Eq.

17、（7 - 21） to Eq. （7 - 22） is shown in Fig. 8.a comparison of A with Bthe transformation of A into to Bthe use of A as Bthe exposureof A to Bthe separation of A from into Bthe protection of A from Bthe isolation of A from Bthe transfer of A to Bthe conversionof A to into BOne More Pattern:noun （from v

18、t.） of A logical object by B logical subjectWhat is the date of the discoveryof America by Columbus?The formulation （確立）of the theory of relativity （相對(duì)論） by Einstein was one of the most significant events of the 20 th century.Niels Bohr, in 1913, first applied these ideas to the emission of light by

19、 atoms.*E/C translation exercise in class：The second and subsequent（隨后的）flip-flops （觸發(fā)器）toggle （翻轉(zhuǎn)）at frequencies one-half or less that of the firstIn this case it is necessary to move the binary point （二進(jìn)位點(diǎn)）n places to the left.If the basic relation I c =m b were to hold （成立） here, we should have I

20、c = 100 mA, and V ce = 10 100 =一90 V, an impossible situationIt is possible to produce an interference pattern （干涉特性圖） by using two identical （相同的）lasers, something that cannot be done with ordinary light sourcesFaraday （法拉第）was unable to calculate the velocity of propagation （傳播）of electromagnetic

21、waves （電 磁波）,a task which required the mathematical precision青度）of Maxwell （麥克斯韋）,which Faraday entirely lacked （缺乏）.This property justifies （使一正當(dāng)） our choice ofthe above constant （常數(shù)） as positive.The importance of this device in modern communications systems is largely due to its realization（實(shí)現(xiàn)）as

22、an integrated circuit （集成電路）.Addressing modes （尋址方式）are sometimes computer specificII. Sentence MembersThe following points may be important.Positions of an appositive （Pay attention to its translation into Chinese.）normal positions（DA immediately followed by set off by a comma fromnoun set off by a

23、 colon fromappositiveset off by a dash fromset off by an introducing word or phrase from（namely, that is, such as, for example, .）The term sensitivity （靈敏度）is often used in radio engineering.The word fadar comes from RAdio Detection And Ranging.The rigid body （剛體）,a body with a perfectly definite an

24、d unchanging shap es itself an idealized model.Arithmetic （算術(shù)）,the science of numbersis the base of mathematics.The decibel is one tenth of a bel, a unit named after Alexander Graham Bell.In the last three examples, the appositive is often translated into a separate sentence.Salt water （鹽水）,a mixtur

25、e, is made up of two compounds （化合物） ,salt and waterspecial positions （a summary）Appositive，subject ，appositive （a noun phrase）The appositive is translated into a separate sentence.2. Parenthetic clause 插入句（Parenthesis with an S-V structure） which may appear in the main clause and in sub-clauses （ma

26、inly in a relative clause）* A rule for its judgment: Its being crossed out won t affect the struatiing ofndiehwhole sentence.in the main clauseLiving things too, it now seems certain obey the lawsof physics and chemistry. * It now seems certain that V1 V1, it was agreed should be replaceable （可替換的）a

27、t will （隨意地）by 1. *It was agreed that . The density （密度） of a substance,we recall, is its mass （質(zhì)量）per unit volume （體積） This band （能帶），it is important to realize is half-filled （半滿的）in the sub-clauseLast year RCA demonstrated a new technique for a wall-hung TV that it was predicted would be on the c

28、onsumer market “ close to 1990.”The machine seems to do many tasks which one would havethought required intelligence.The following table lists （歹U出了）some of the ways I feel the book may be used to teach either undergraduates or graduate students （本科生或研究生）One of the major problems which faced me in writing