Public Speaking An AudienceCentered Approach – 7th edition公開演講的觀眾為中心的方法第七版

1、Public Speaking:An Audience-Centered Approach 7th editionChapter 15SpeakingtoInformThis multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performances or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of a

2、ny derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.Steven A. Beebe & Susan J. Beebe “Notonlyis therean artin knowinga thing,but alsoa certainart inteachingit. - CiceroSpeeches to Inform Aimed at educating listeners. Convey i

3、nformation to others. Speakers “teach; they: define illustrate clarify elaborateGoals of Informative Speaking To enhance understanding: conveyideas that can easily be interpretedand understood. To maintain interest: keep listeners engaged and intrigued. To be remembered: havelisteners recall informa

4、tionlong after the speech hasended.Types of Informative Speeches About objects. About procedures. About people. About events. About ideas.Types of Informative SpeechesObjects Anything tangible, whatyou could see or touch. Could be arranged topically,spatially, or chronologically. Level of detail det

5、erminedby speech time length.Types of Informative SpeechesProcedures How something works. Process leading to a certain outcome. Goal is to have audiencedescribe, understand orfollow procedure. Typically chronological. Types of Informative SpeechesPeople Famous or not. Be selective indetails ofperson

6、s life. Pick significantaspects to discuss. Could be topical orchronological.Types of Informative SpeechesEvents One you experiencedor read about. Goal: to describein concrete terms. Could be chronologicalor cause-effect.Types of Informative SpeechesIdeas More abstract than others. Can address princ

7、iples,concepts or theories. Can be topically arranged.Strategies to EnhanceAudience Understanding Speak with clarity. Appeal to adultlearning. Clarify complexprocesses. Use effective visualreinforcement.Strategies to EnhanceAudience UnderstandingSpeak with clarity Preview ideas in introduction. Show

8、 how ideas relate to each other. Summarize key ideas. Provide visual outline. Provide handout androom for notes. Stay on message.Strategies to EnhanceAudience UnderstandingAppeal to adult learning Pedagogy: teaching children. Andragogy: teaching adults. Information is of immediate use. Actively invo

9、lve listeners. Show how informationapplies to listeners lives. Information should solve problems.Strategies to EnhanceAudience UnderstandingClarify complex processes Analogies: comparing something new to something known, audiencebetter visualizes. Vivid description: bringsideas to life with crispdet

10、ails & concrete words. Word pictures paint images(appeal to senses).Strategies to EnhanceAudience UnderstandingUse effective visual reinforcement Pictures. Graphs. Posters. DVDs, CDs. Models.Strategies to MaintainAudience Interest Create motive for audience to listen. Tell a story. Presentinformatio

11、nthat relatesto listeners. Use theunexpected.Strategies to MaintainAudience InterestEstablish a motive forthe audience to listen Explain how topic isrelevant for them. Pose rhetorical questions. Use words toengage listeners(“you, “your).Strategies to MaintainAudience InterestTell a story Creates ide

12、ntification with listeners. Can include conflict. Can include action-packed details. Can keep people onthe edge of their seats. Can incorporatehumor.Strategies to MaintainAudience InterestPresent information that relatesto your listeners Discuss howaudiencescommunity canbe affected. Show how topicre

13、lates to them presently or potentially.Strategies to MaintainAudience InterestUse the unexpected Create surprise. Build drama. Rhetoricalquestionsstimulatesuspense.Strategies to EnhanceAudience Recall Build in redundancy. Make key ideasshort and simple. Pace yourinformation flow. Reinforce key ideas

14、. Strategies to EnhanceAudience RecallBuild in redundancy Statements in introduction. Statements in conclusion. Internal summaries. Numeric signposts. Strategies to EnhanceAudience RecallMake key ideas short and simple One-statementsummary ofspeech. Audience morelikely to remembershorter phrases.Str

15、ategies to EnhanceAudience RecallPace your information flow Too much too soon is bad. Distribute support evenly. Slow down. Less is more: fewer mainpoints with moredevelopment is better.Strategies to EnhanceAudience RecallReinforce key ideas Verbally (“what Im about to tell you is important) Nonverbally (gesture, slow down, speak louder)A Sample Informative SpeechWatch the video, and ask yourself:1. What type of informative speech is this?(About objects? People? Events