重慶市北大附中重慶實(shí)驗(yàn)學(xué)校高三英語(yǔ)高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法課件：句子成分

1、句子成分主語(yǔ)subject、 謂語(yǔ)predicate、 表語(yǔ)predicative、賓語(yǔ)object、 定語(yǔ)attribute、 狀語(yǔ)(adverbial)。主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)是句子成立的充分且必要的條件，兩者缺一不可。定語(yǔ)：定語(yǔ)是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子，漢語(yǔ)中常用的表示。 定語(yǔ)通常位于被修飾的成分前。假設(shè)修飾some, any, every, no構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，如：something、nothing；或不定式、分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)、從句作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，那么定語(yǔ)通常置后。副詞用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)須放在名詞之后。 形容詞作定語(yǔ)：The little boy needs a blue pen.(l

2、ittle修飾名詞boy；blue修飾名詞pen./小男孩需要一支蘭色的鋼筆。Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是個(gè)英俊的男孩。There is a good boy./有個(gè)乖男孩。數(shù)詞作定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于形容詞：Two boys need two pens./兩個(gè)男孩需要兩支鋼筆。The two boys are students./這兩個(gè)男孩是學(xué)生。There are two boys in the room./房間里有兩個(gè)男孩。 代詞或名詞所有格作定語(yǔ)：His boy needs Toms pen./他的男孩需要Tom的鋼筆。His name is Tom./他的名字是湯姆。T

3、here are two boys of Toms there./那兒有Tom家的兩個(gè)男孩。 介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)：The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支鋼筆。The boy in blue is Tom./穿蘭色衣服的孩子是湯姆。There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有兩個(gè)9歲的，三個(gè)10歲的男孩。名詞作定語(yǔ)：The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圓珠筆。It is a ball pen./這是一支圓珠筆。There is only one ball

4、 pen in the pencil box./這鉛筆盒里只有一支圓珠筆。 副詞作定語(yǔ)：The boy there needs a pen./那兒的男孩需要一支鋼筆。The best boy here is Tom./這里最棒的男孩是Tom。 不定式作定語(yǔ)：The boy to write this letter needs a pen./寫這封信的男孩需要一支鋼筆。The boy to write this letter is Tom./將要寫這封信的男孩是湯姆。There is nothing to do today./今天無(wú)事要做。分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)：The smiling boy need

5、s a pen bought by his mother./那個(gè)微笑的男孩需要一支他媽媽買的鋼筆。The pen bought by her is made in China./她買的筆是中國(guó)產(chǎn)的。There are five boys left./有五個(gè)留下的男孩。 定語(yǔ)從句：The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那個(gè)在閱讀的男孩需要你昨天買的鋼筆。The boy you will know is Tom./你將認(rèn)識(shí)的男孩叫湯姆。There are five boys who will play th

6、e game./參加游戲的男孩有五個(gè)。簡(jiǎn)單句類型英語(yǔ)五種基本句型列式如下：1 主謂2 主謂表3 主謂賓4 主謂間賓直賓5主謂賓賓補(bǔ)主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)是表述主語(yǔ)的特征、狀態(tài)和身份等。I am a teacher.主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞Thesunwasshining.Themoonrose.Whocares?Whathesaiddoesnotmatter.主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)I like popular music.She knows what to do next.I usually do my homework at home in the evening.He began learnin

7、g English ten years ago.He has decided to work harder at English.主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，如：give給，pass遞，bring帶，show顯示。這兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)通常一個(gè)指人，為間接賓語(yǔ)；一個(gè)指物，為直接賓語(yǔ)。間接賓語(yǔ)一般位于直接賓語(yǔ)之前。一般的順序?yàn)椋簞?dòng)詞 + 間接賓語(yǔ) + 直接賓語(yǔ)。如：Give me a cup of tea, please.強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)順序?yàn)椋簞?dòng)詞 + 直接賓語(yǔ) + to + 間接賓語(yǔ)。如：Show this house to Mr. Smith.假設(shè)直接賓

8、語(yǔ)為人稱代詞：動(dòng)詞+ 代詞直接賓語(yǔ) + to + 間接賓語(yǔ)。如：Bring it to me, please. 主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)不足語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：位于賓語(yǔ)之后對(duì)賓語(yǔ)作出說(shuō)明的成分。賓語(yǔ)與其補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。名詞/代詞賓格 + 名詞The war made him a soldier./戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士.名詞/代詞賓格 + 形容詞New methods make the job easy./新方法使這項(xiàng)工作變得輕松. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 介詞短語(yǔ)I often find him at work./我經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)他在工作. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 動(dòng)詞不定式Th

9、e teacher ask the students to close the windows./老師讓學(xué)生們關(guān)上窗戶. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 分詞I saw a cat running across the road./我看見一只貓跑過(guò)了馬路. 同位語(yǔ)：同位語(yǔ)是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對(duì)前者加以說(shuō)明的成分，近乎于后置定語(yǔ)。如：We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位語(yǔ)，都是指同一批學(xué)生We all are students. / (all是we的同位語(yǔ)，都指同樣的我們 There be +主語(yǔ)+狀語(yǔ)There is a book o

10、n the desk.There are many reasons for animals dying out.狀語(yǔ)：狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，說(shuō)明方式、因果、條件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、讓步、方向、程度、目的等 狀語(yǔ)在句子中的位置很靈活，常見情況為：通常在句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)之后，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首；修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)，通常位于被修飾的詞之前；表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的的狀語(yǔ)一般位于句子兩頭，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首，地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)一般須在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)之前；一些表示不確定時(shí)間如：often或程度如：almost的副詞狀語(yǔ)通常位于be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，動(dòng)詞之前。 副詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)：The boy needs a pen ve

11、ry much./男孩非常需要一支鋼筆。程度狀語(yǔ)The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母親買的那支鋼筆。賓語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)那么狀語(yǔ)前置The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支鋼筆。程度狀語(yǔ)The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩現(xiàn)在需要一支鋼筆。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支鋼筆。地點(diǎn)

12、狀語(yǔ)Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母親面前,湯姆總是一個(gè)男孩子.(條件狀語(yǔ))On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里沒(méi)有學(xué)生.(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)) 分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)：He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那兒要一支筆。表示伴隨狀態(tài)Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因?yàn)椴坏貌煌瓿勺鳂I(yè)，男孩需要一支筆。原因狀語(yǔ)Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./因?yàn)?/p>

13、受了驚嚇，他無(wú)聲地坐在那兒。原因狀語(yǔ) 不定式作狀語(yǔ)：The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支筆寫家庭作業(yè)。目的狀語(yǔ)To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./為實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想,湯姆變得對(duì)商業(yè)很有興趣. 名詞作狀語(yǔ)：Come this way!/走這條路！方向狀語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ)從句：Adverbial Clauses耀華中學(xué)狀語(yǔ)從句Different Kinds of Adverbial Clauses:1.Adverbial Clauses of Time:時(shí)間狀

14、語(yǔ)從句2.Adverbial Clauses of Reason(原因狀語(yǔ)從句3.Adverbial Clauses of Conditions(條件狀語(yǔ)從句 4.Adverbial Clauses of Place (地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句5.Adverbial Clauses of Purpose (目的狀語(yǔ)6.Adverbial Clauses of Result結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句7.Adverbial Clauses of Comparison比較8.Adverbial Clauses of Concession(讓步9.Adverb Clauses of Manner(方式狀語(yǔ)從句 )1.Adver

15、bial Clauses of Time:時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 when, while, as, before, after, since, until, as soon as, every time, each time, the moment, by the time , immediately , the minute , the second.1)When he comes here tomorrow, Ill call you. (at that time)2)Henry is in charge of the office when Mr.Smith is away. (during th

16、e time that) 1)While he was walking in the street, he met Tim. (分詞短語(yǔ)While walking in the street,he met Tim. Walking in the street ,he met Tom. 2)He learned to speak English while he was here. 3)I like tea while she likes coffee.III. as (一邊.一邊,隨著 1)As they were picking tea,the girls were singing happ

17、ily. 2) She sang as she worked.IV. Before1)It wont be long before he finishes his writing. V. After1)After he (had) finished his work,he left there. He (had) finished his work before he left here.After finishing his work,he left here. Having finished his work,he left here. VI. since (from the time t

18、hat) 1)I have known him ever since he was a boy. 2)I have worked here since I graduated from the university.3)It is (has been)two years since he came here.VII. until (till) (up to the time that)1)He will not go to bed until(till) his mother comes.2)Until she told me, I had no idea of what they had s

19、aid.3)It is not until his mother comes home that he will go to bed.(強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)VIII .as soon as1)As soon as she got home,she began to cook.On getting home,she began to cook. *IX. every time,each time,the moment 1)Every time/each time I catch a cold,I have pain in my back. 2)There was an applause the moment

20、 (as soon as) she appeared on the stage.X. by the time1)By the time he arrived,the train had already gone.2)By the time he comes,we will already have left. Exercises:1.They walked out of the room _the meeting was over.2.They must stay in school _they are sixteen.3.Take the medicine _you go to bed.as

21、 soon asby the timebefore4.I knew nothing about it _he told me.5.It is more than five years _we started to learn English.6._he talked on, he got more and more excited.7.We should strike _the iron is hot.untilsinceAswhile2.Adverbial Clauses of Reason(原因狀語(yǔ)從句 because, since, as, now that, for I. becaus

22、e1)The ship changed its course because there was a storm.The ship changed its course because of the storm.2)Because he was ill,he didnt go to school. He was ill ,so he didnt go to school.Being ill, he didnt go to school. 1)Since you are ill,youd better go to see the doctor. 2)Since you do not unders

23、tand ,I will explain again. 1)As she was late for class,she had to say sorry. 2)As Jane was the oldest in this family, she had to look after the others.IV. now that 1)Now that class is over,lets go to play football. He must be ill, for he is absent today.Exercises:1.The teacher must be strict with y

24、ou _ they want you to make great progress.2._your father is well again,you no longer have anything to worry about.3.The day breaks,_the birds are singing.3.Adverbial Clauses of Condition (條件狀語(yǔ)從句1)If he had worked harder,he would have passed the exam.2)If you work harder,you will succeed. Work harder

25、, and you will succeed.Work harder,or you wont succeed.Working harder,you will succeed.1)We cant write to Mary unless she tells us her address.We cant write to Mary if she doesnt tell us her address.*III.as long as(只要 ) 1)I will never give up learning as long as I live. 2)You may borrow the book as

26、long as you keep it clean. *IV.on condition that條件是 Well let you use the room on condition that you keep it tidy.*V.in case(萬(wàn)一Youd better take your raincoat with you in case it rains.4.Adverbial Clauses of Place (地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 You may find him where his parents live.5.Adverbial Clauses of Purpose (目的狀語(yǔ)從句 s

27、o that /in order that They set out early so that (in order that) they might arrive there in time. They set out early in order to( so as to)arrive there in time.6.Adverbial Clauses of Result 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句 sothat,suchthat1) It is so good a story that Ill never forget it. It is such a good story that Ill neve

28、r forget it.2)such+adj.+名詞 +that clauseMike is such an honest worker that we all believe him.3)so +adj./adv. +that clauseMike is so honest a worker that we all believe him.4)so + many/few + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞+that clause much/little+不可數(shù)名詞He earned so little money that he couldnt support his family.7.Adverbial Cla

29、uses of Comparison比較 asas,not as(so)as, more/-erthan,lessthan1)He doesnt work so hard as you do.2)There is as much ink in bottle A as in bottle B.3)The more you worry,the less youll succeed.4) Gold is much heavier than any other metal. 8.Adverbial Clauses of concession(讓步 1)Although(Though) he is ol

30、d ,he works hard. He is old,but he works hard. *2)Even though (even if)you say so,I dont believe it. (即使 )*3. Difficult as the work is,well finish it on time. Though the work is difficult,well finish it on time.4.Whenever(No matter when) you come to our country,you will be warmly welcomed.5.Wherever

31、(No matter where) he goes,he always brings two bodyguards with him. 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句通常用 though, although, no matter, even if, if, even though, however, whatever等引起。 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句可以前置，也可以后置；前置時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)主句內(nèi)容，后置時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)從句內(nèi)容。有時(shí)也可以采取中位插入句中。1although 和though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句： 兩個(gè)詞同義，一般情況下可以互換使用，如：He didnt light the fire though / although it

32、was cold. although 比though 較正式，語(yǔ)氣較重，常用于強(qiáng)調(diào)讓步概念，如： He insisted on doing it although I warned him not to. though可以和even 連用，但although 不可以，如： Although (Even though) the traffic held us up, we got to the airport on time. 當(dāng)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句是指一種假設(shè)的情況，不指事實(shí)時(shí)，通常用though，而不用although，如：He will never do such a thing though h

33、e (should) be forced to.Though all the world were against me, I shall still hold to my opinion. though可以在非正式文體中用作連接性狀語(yǔ)，而although 那么不行。though 可以放在句中或句末，通常用逗號(hào)隔開，如： He said he would come; he didnt, though. though引導(dǎo)的從句可用倒裝語(yǔ)序即把從句中的表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)等放在though之前，而although 不能這樣用，如： Young though she is, yet she is fit fo

34、r the job. (= Young as she is, ) 有時(shí)可用副詞yet, still, nevertheless (但不能用連詞but) 來(lái)配合連接詞though或although，以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，如： Though he is over seventy, yet / still / nevertheless he can ride the bike. though和although后面的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞be 可以省略，如果這個(gè)主語(yǔ)和主句中的主語(yǔ)指同一個(gè)人或物時(shí)，如： Though (it was) cold, it was a fine winter morning. Though

35、(he was) severely wounded, yet he refused to leave the battle field. Though (they were) very tired, they continued to march on.2even if, even though和 if 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句： even if 與 even though同義，常用于強(qiáng)調(diào)讓步概念，如： Ill do it, even if it takes me all the afternoon. He was there even if we didnt see him. Even if yo

36、u fail, you can try again. Ill help you, even if I dont sleep for a night. 注：if 有時(shí)也可以用于讓步含義，但要注意條件if 與讓步if 的區(qū)別，試比較： If he is poor, how can he buy the house? (條件) If he is poor, he is at least honest. (讓步) (= even if) If he is inexperienced, he wont be able to accomplish it. (條件) If he is inexperienc

37、ed, he is at any rate eager to learn. (讓步) (= even if) If John had been there, I would have seen him. (條件) If John was there, I didnt see him. (讓步) (= even if) 3由as, that, though引導(dǎo)的特殊讓步狀語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)： 在正式文體或文學(xué)作品中，為了強(qiáng)調(diào)讓步的含義，可用as引導(dǎo)讓步從句。但as一般不置于句首，而將從句中的表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)置于句首。though, that與as一樣，也可以用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)，如下面幾種情況： 表語(yǔ)的倒裝： Tir

38、ed as he was, he still went on with his work. Old as I am, I can still fight. Clever as you may be, you cannot do that. Tall as / though he was, he couldnt reach the top shelf. Difficult though the task was, they managed to accomplish it in time. 狀語(yǔ)的倒裝：這時(shí)不可在狀語(yǔ)之前加very, much等修飾語(yǔ) Much as I admire him a

39、s a writer, I do not like him as a man. Much as he likes the bike, he doesnt want to buy it. Hard as I studied, I could not catch up with them. 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的倒裝： Try as he would, he could not remember a word of it. (= No matter how he would try ) Try as he might, he didnt pass the exam. Hate him as we may, w

40、e must admit his greatness. Search as they would, they could find nothing in the room. Try as you may, you will never succeed.本卷須知： 如果是單數(shù)名詞或形容詞最高級(jí)作表語(yǔ)，不再用冠詞，如： Teacher as Michael is, he is not capable of teaching all subjects. Child as / that he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. Youngest a

41、s he is in our class, he speaks English the best. Child as he is, he knows much. as從句可以置于主句前、主句后或句中，當(dāng)as從句置于句首時(shí)，主句前可加yet ，如： Mary, brave as she is, is afraid of snakes. He was unable to make much progress, hard as he tried. Rich as he is, (yet) I dont envy him. 當(dāng)作表語(yǔ)的形容詞提前時(shí)，如果從句的主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞，那么它只能放在動(dòng)詞之前；如果

42、從句的主語(yǔ)是名詞，那么可用倒裝語(yǔ)序，也可用陳述語(yǔ)序，如： Tired as were the workers, they did not stop. Clever though / as you may be, you cant do that. as 從句與主句在時(shí)態(tài)上可以不一致，如： Child as he is, he was brave. 注意區(qū)別as 引導(dǎo)的原因從句與讓步從句，試比較： Lawyer as he is, he explains the reason clearly. (原因從句) Lawyer as he is, he cant explain the reason

43、very clearly. (讓步從句)4even though和 though even though (= even if) 引導(dǎo)的從句指把握不大或假設(shè)的事情，意為“即使、“縱然； though 引導(dǎo)的從句指事實(shí)，意為“盡管、“雖然，例如： He will not reveal the secret, even though he knows it. (可能知道，也可能不知道。) He will not reveal the secret though he knows it. (雖然知道，卻不說(shuō)出來(lái)。)5while引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句： while (= although),它引導(dǎo)的讓步狀

44、語(yǔ)從句只能前置，位于句首，如： While you may be right, I cant altogether agree. While I admit that the problems are difficult, I dont agree that they cannot be solved.注意比較以下各句： While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings. (讓步) While I understand what you say, I cant agree with you. (讓步) While I was r

45、eading, the light went out. (時(shí)間) Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative. (轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比) He is idle, while his brother is diligent. (轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比)6whetheror引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句： 這種從句也稱“選擇條件-讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，可位于主句之前或之后，如： Whether he drives or (whether he) flies, he will be here on time. Whether you like it or not, youll have t

46、o do it. Whether or not it rains, Im giving a party tomorrow. We hold that all countries, (whether they are) big or small, (whether they are) rich or poor, should be equal. Whether it rains or snows, I will go tonight. She had to go, whether or not she wanted it.7由連接代詞whoever, whomever, whatever, wh

47、ichever引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句： Whoever (= no matter who) is unwilling to go, I will go. (whoever 既相當(dāng)于連接詞短語(yǔ)no matter 連接主句與從句，又相當(dāng)于疑問(wèn)代詞who) Whomever (= no matter whom) you are dealing with, this method is no good. Whatever (= no matter what) happens, keep calm. Whatever others may say, you are certainly right. Whichever (= no matter which) you choose, we have no objection.8由連接形容詞whatever 或whichever 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，如： Whatever (= no matter