2022年哈工大考博英語真題以及答案

1、General English Admission Test For Non-English MajorPh.D. program(Harbin Institute of Technology)Passage OneQuestions 1-7 are based on the following passage:According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated

2、from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considera

3、ble practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earths surface and were found because they had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still leas to an occasiona

4、l discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression.The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of

5、 aerial images that yield a broad geological overview, geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated, and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect : the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralizatio

6、n. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such groun

7、d selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors.These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identif

8、y those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible.1. The author is primarily concerned with .A. advocating a return to an older methodology.B. ex

9、plaining the importance of a recent theory.C. enumerating differences between two widely used methodsD. describing events leading to a discovery 2. According to passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems is that such systems A were formed from metamorphic fluids.B originat

10、ed in molten granitelike bodiesC were formed from alluvial depositsD generally have surface expression 3. The passage implies that which of the following steps would be the first performed by explorers who wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold?A Surveying several sites known to have bee

11、n formed more than two billion years ago.B Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formed form metamorphic fluid.C Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site for further exploration.D Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broad area. 4. Which of the following stateme

12、nts about discoveries of gold deposits is supported by information in the passage?A The number of gold discover made annually has increased between the time of the original gold rushes and the present B New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to be the result of exploration techniques designed t

13、o locate buried mineralizationC It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will ever yield as much as did those deposits discovered during the original gold rushes.D Modern explorers are divided on the question of the utility of simple prospecting methods as a source of new discoveries of go

14、ld deposits.5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is easiest to detect? A A gold-quartz vein system originating in magma tic fluids. B A gold-quartz vein system originating in metamorphic fluids. C A gold deposit that is mixed with granite. D A gold deposit that has shed

15、 alluvial gold.6. The theory mentioned in line I relates to the conceptual models discussed in the passage in which of the following ways? A It may furnish a valid account of ore-forming processes, and hence, can support conceptual models that have great practical significance. B It suggests that ce

16、rtain geological formations, long believed to be mineralized, are in fact mineralized thus confirming current conceptual models. C. It suggests that there may not be enough similarity across Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems to warrant the formulation of conceptual models. D It corrects existing

17、theories about the chemical halos of gold deposits, and thus provides a basis for correcting current conceptual models.7. According to the passage methods of exploring for gold that are widely used today are based on which of the following facts? A Most of the Earths remaining gold deposits are stil

18、l molten. B Most of the Earths remaining gold deposits are exposed at the surface. C Most of the Earths remaining gold deposits are buried and have no surface expression D Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration. since the other types of gold deposits are found in regions difficult to rea

19、ch Passage TwoQuestions 8-15 are based on the following passage:In choosing a method for determining climatic conditions that existed in the past, paleoclimatologists invoke four principal criteria. First, the materialrocks, lakes, vegetation, etc.on which the method relies must be widespread enough

20、 to provide plenty of information, since analysis of material that is rarely encountered will not permit correlation with other regions or with other periods of geological history. Second in the process of formation, the material must have received an environmental signal that reflects a change in c

21、limate and that can be deciphered by modern physical or chemical means. Third, at least some of the material must have retained the signal unaffected by subsequent changes in the environment. Fourth, it must be possible to determine the time at which the inferred climatic conditions held. This last

22、criterion is more easily met in dating marine sediments, because dating of only a small number of layers in a marine sequence allows the age of other layers to be estimated fairly reliably by extrapolation and interpolation. By contrast, because sedimentation is much less continuous in continental r

23、egions, estimating the age of a continental bed from the known ages of beds above and below is more risky.One very old method used in the investigation of past climatic conditions involves the measurement of water levels in ancient lakes. In temperate regions, there are enough lakes for correlations

24、 between them to give us a tenable picture. In arid and semiarid regions, on the other hand, the small number of lakes and the great distances between them reduce the possibilities for correlation. Moreover, since lake levels are controlled by rates of evaporation as well as by precipitation, the in

25、terpretation of such levels is ambiguous. For instance, the fact that lake levels in the semiarid southwestern United States appear to have been higher during the last ice age than they are now was at one time attributed to increased precipitation. On the basis of snowline elevations, however, it ha

26、s been concluded that the climate then was not necessarily wetter than it is now, but rather that both summers and winters were cooler, resulting in reduced evaporationAnother problematic method is to reconstruct former climates on the basis of pollen profiles. The type of vegetation in a specific r

27、egion is determined by identifying and counting the various pollen grains found there. Although the relationship between vegetation and climate is not as direct as the relationship between climate and lake levels, the method often works well in the temperate zones. In arid and semiarid regions in wh

28、ich there is not much vegetation, however, small changes in one or a few plant types can change the picture traumatically, making accurate correlations between neighboring areas difficult to obtain.8. Which of the following statements about the difference between marine and continental sedimentation

29、 is supported by information in the passage?Data provided by dating marine sedimentation is more consistent with researchers findings in other disciplines than is data provided by dating continental sedimentation.It is easier to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence of continental sedimentation

30、than it is to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence of marine sedimentation.Marine sedimentation is much less widespread than continental sedimentationMarine sedimentation is much more continuous than is continental sedimentation. 9. Which of the following statements best describes the organizat

31、ion of the passage as a whole?The author describes a method for determining past climatic conditions and then offers specific examples of situations in which it has been used.The author discusses the method of dating marine and continental sequences and then explains how dating is more difficult wit

32、h lake levels than with pollen profiles.The author describes the common requirements of methods for determining past climatic conditions and then discusses examples of such methods.The author describes various ways of choosing a material for determining past climatic conditions and then discusses ho

33、w two such methods have yielded contradictory data. 10. It can be inferred from the passage that paleoclimatologists have concluded which of the following on the basis of their study of snow-line elevations in the southwest6ern United States?There is usually more precipitation during an ice age beca

34、use of increased amounts of evaporationThere was less precipitation during the last ice age than there is today.Lake levels in the semiarid southwestern United States were lower during the last ice age than they are today.The high lake levels during the last ice age may have been a result of less ev

35、apo9ration rather than more precipitation.11. Which of the following would be the most likely topic for a paragraph that logically continues the passage?The kinds of plants normally found in arid regions.The effect of variation in lake levels on pollen distribution.The material best suited to preser

36、ving signal of climatic changes.A third method fro investigating past climatic conditions. 12. the author discusses lake levels in the southwestern United States in order to illustrate the mechanics of the relationship between lake level, evaporation, and precipitationprovide an example of the uncer

37、tainty involved in interpreting lake levels.Prove that there are not enough ancient lakes with which to make accurate correlationsExplain the effects of increased rates of evaporation on levels of precipitation. 13. It can be inferred from the passage that an environmental signal found in geological

38、 material would no be useful to paleoclimatologists if it .had to be interpreted by modern chemical meansreflected a change in climate rather than a long-term climatic conditionwas incorporated into a material as the material was formingalso reflected subsequent environmental changes. 14. According

39、to the passage the material used to determine past climatic conditions must be widespread for which of the following reasons? .Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons between periods of geological history. . Paleoclimatologists need to compare materials that have supported a wide variety of veg

40、etation . Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons with data collected in other regions.I only onlyI and onlyI and only 15. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the study of past climates in arid and semiarid regions?It is sometimes more difficult to determine past clima

41、tic conditions in arid and semiarid regions than in temperate regionsAlthough in the past more research has been done on temperate regions, paleoclimatologists have recently turned their attention to arid and semiarid regions.Although more information about past climates can be gathered in arid and

42、semiarid than in temperate regions, dating this information is more difficult.It is difficult to study the climatic history of arid and semiarid regions because their climates have tended to vary more than those of temperate regions. Passage ThreeQuestions 16-22 are based on the following passage:Wh

43、ile there is no blueprint for transforming a largely government-controlled economy into a free one, the experience of the United Kingdom since 1979 clearly shows one approach that works: privatization, in which state-owned industries are sold to private companies. By 1979, the total borrowings and l

44、osses of state-owned industries were running at about 3 billion a year. By selling many of these industries, the government has decreased these borrowings and losses, gained over 34 billion from the sales, and now receives tax revenues from the newly privatized companies. Along with a dramatically i

45、mproved overall economy, the government has been able to repay 12.5 percent of the net national debt over a two-year period.In fact privatization has not only rescued individual industries and a whole economy headed for disaster, but has also raised the level of performance in every area. At British

46、 Airways and British Gas, for example, productivity per employee has risen by 20 percent. At associated British Ports. labor disruptions common in the 1970s and early 1980s have now virtually disappeared. At British Telecom, there is no longer a waiting listas there always was before privatizationto

47、 have a telephone installed.Part of this improved productivity has come about because the employees of privatized industries were given the opportunity to buy shares in their own companies. They responded enthusiastically to the offer of shares; at British Aerospace 89 percent of the eligible work f

48、orce bought shares; at Associated British Ports 90 percent; and at British Telecom 92 percent. When people have a personal stake in something, they think about it, care about it, work to make it prosper. At the National Freight Consortium, the new employee-owners grew so concerned about their compan

49、ys profits that during wage negotiations they actually pressed their union to lower its wage demands. Some economists have suggested that giving away free shares would provide a needed acceleration of the privatization process. Yet they miss Thomas Paines point that “what we obtain too cheap we este

50、em too lightly” In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and countries, employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.16. According to the passage all of t

51、he following were benefits of privatizing state owned industries in the United Kingdom EXCEPT Privatized industries paid taxes to the government The government gained revenue from selling state-owned industriesThe government repaid some of its national debtProfits from industries that were still sta

52、te-owned increased 17. According to the passage, which of the following resulted in increased productivity in companies that have been privatized?A large number of employees chose to purchase shares in their companies.Free shares were widely distributed to individual shareholders.The government ceas

53、ed to regulate major industries.Unions conducted wage negotiations fro employees. 18. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers labor disruptions to be an inevitable problem in a weak national economya positive sign of employee concern about a companya predictor of employee react

54、ions to a companys offer to sell shares to them a deterrence to high performance levels in an industry. 19. The passage supports which of the following statements about employees buying shares in their won companies?At three different companies, approximately nine out ten of the workers were eligibl

55、e to buy shares in their companies.Approximately 90%of the eligible workers at three different companies chose to buy shares in their companies. The opportunity to buy shares was discouraged by at least some labor unions.Companies that demonstrated the highest productivity were the first to allow th

56、eir employees the opportunity to buy shares.20. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the principle described in L25-26?A democratic government that decides it is inappropriate to own a particular industry has in no way abdicated its responsibilities as guardian of the public int

57、erest.The ideal way for a government to protect employee interests is to force companies to maintain their share of a competitive market without government subsidies.The failure to harness the power of self-interest is an important reason that state-owned industries perform poorlyGovernments that wa

58、nt to implement privatization programs must try to eliminate all resistance to the free-market system. 21. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the privatization process in the United Kingdom?It depends to a potentially dangerous degree on individual ownership of shares.It c

59、onforms in its most general outlines to Thomas Paines prescription for business ownership.It was originally conceived to include some giving away of free shares.It is taking place more slowly than some economists suggest is necessary. 22. The quotation in L32-33 is most probably used to .counter a p

60、osition that the author of the passage believes is incorrect.State a solution to a problem described in the previous sentence.Show how opponents of the viewpoint of the author of the passage have supported their arguments.point out a paradox contained in a controversial viewpoint. Passage FourQuesti