消費(fèi)者行為-案例專題課

1、案例研討專題期中大作業(yè)消費(fèi)者行為學(xué)臧志zangzhgmail2021-112-2學(xué)習(xí)目的綠色可繼續(xù)消費(fèi)怎樣做案例研討案例研討方法引見(jiàn)案例研討要點(diǎn)案例研討程序案例研討的寫作綠色消費(fèi)方式綠色消費(fèi)方式及引導(dǎo)、扶持政策研討4消費(fèi)才干提升接受才干減弱消費(fèi)方式轉(zhuǎn)型城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程、收入提升和經(jīng)濟(jì)開(kāi)展將刺激消費(fèi)總量提升，消費(fèi)構(gòu)造晉級(jí)資源環(huán)境接受力愈?。贺叫枳柚股鷳B(tài)惡化“自然資源-產(chǎn)品-廢物排放單向物質(zhì)流動(dòng)方式不可繼續(xù)消費(fèi)才干提升接受才干減弱消費(fèi)方式轉(zhuǎn)型5以 Ajzen 等的“方案行為實(shí)際和Stern 的“價(jià)值-信心-規(guī)范實(shí)際為實(shí)際根底，環(huán)境態(tài)度、個(gè)人規(guī)范和感知行為控制為中介變量，建立生態(tài)價(jià)值觀對(duì)綠色消費(fèi)行為影響的

2、綠色消費(fèi)模型：1.3 綠色消費(fèi)指數(shù)構(gòu)造與測(cè)評(píng) (2)生態(tài)價(jià)值觀環(huán) 境 態(tài) 度個(gè) 人 規(guī) 范感知行為控制綠色消費(fèi)行為節(jié)約資源行為環(huán)保選購(gòu)行為反復(fù)利用行為循環(huán)利用行為救助物種行為2-6節(jié)約資源Reduce行為是指購(gòu)買或運(yùn)用過(guò)程中注重節(jié)約資源、能源的行為環(huán)保選購(gòu)Revaluate行為即消費(fèi)者在購(gòu)買過(guò)程中思索環(huán)境維護(hù)要素，多數(shù)與綠色產(chǎn)品的購(gòu)買有關(guān)反復(fù)運(yùn)用Reuse行為只需求發(fā)揚(yáng)行為實(shí)施者的聰明才智，就可以對(duì)物品再利用，它是運(yùn)用行為的延續(xù)循環(huán)利用Recycle行為雖然也是消費(fèi)者對(duì)生活廢棄物或生活渣滓的處置行為，但消費(fèi)者憑仗外部技術(shù)要素或相關(guān)公共效力機(jī)構(gòu)的支持才干將廢棄物再利用萬(wàn)物共生Rescue行為的典

3、型特征是它表達(dá)了人與自然的調(diào)和，人類與自然界的友好行為。第二部分Case study2-7Deductive Research Model因果關(guān)系的規(guī)范9問(wèn)題哪些研討類型適宜得到因果關(guān)系模型？二、變量與假設(shè)John Stuart Mill以為滿足三個(gè)條件就可以稱之為一個(gè)因果關(guān)系：“因在“果之前時(shí)間要求“因與“果之間是相互聯(lián)絡(luò)的共變要求除了“因之外，沒(méi)有其他的要素可以解釋“果的變化。非虛偽關(guān)系1806-1873變量類型與關(guān)系模型自變量 (X)認(rèn)定的緣由因變量 (Y)結(jié)果中介變量 (Med)過(guò)程調(diào)理變量 (Mod)邊境條件控制變量其他的緣由10XY中介變量調(diào)理變量控制變量學(xué)習(xí)目的案例研討方法引見(jiàn)案

4、例研討要點(diǎn)案例研討程序案例研討的寫作11案例研討引見(jiàn)Bent Flyvbjerg：Case study methods involve an in-depth, longitudinal examination of a single instance or event: a case. They provide a systematic way of looking at events, collecting data, analyzing information, and reporting the results. Case studies lend themselves to both

5、 generating and testing hypotheses.As a result the researcher may gain a sharpened understanding of why the instance happened as it did, and what might become important to look at more extensively in future research. 2-12一、案例研討方法Bent Flyvbjerg, Five Misunderstandings About Case Study Research. Quali

6、tative Inquiry, vol. 12, no. 2, April 2006, pp. 219-245.Case Study ResearchThe essence of a case study, the central tendency among all types of case study is that it tries to illuminate a decision or set of decisions: why they were taken, how they were implemented, and with what result.Yin, Robert (

7、1994) Ch 1: Designing Case Studies, Case Study Research: Design & Methods, 2nd edition, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications 一、案例研討方法其他定義定義出處案例研究是為了決定導(dǎo)致個(gè)人、團(tuán)體，或機(jī)構(gòu)之狀態(tài)或行為的因素，或諸因素之間的關(guān)系，而對(duì)此研究對(duì)象，作深入研究。 蓋依(Gay),1992案例研究是一種實(shí)征研究，是在真實(shí)的背景下，研究當(dāng)時(shí)的現(xiàn)象，特別是在現(xiàn)象跟背景間的界線不是非常清楚的時(shí)候。 Jennifer Platt，1992 案例研究是指對(duì)特別的個(gè)人或團(tuán)體，搜集完

8、整的資料之后，再對(duì)其問(wèn)題的前因后果做深入的剖析。 葉重新著，教育研究法P196-197 案例研究是對(duì)一個(gè)個(gè)例做縝密的研究，廣泛的搜集個(gè)例的資料，徹底的了解個(gè)例現(xiàn)況及發(fā)展歷程，予以研究分析，確定問(wèn)題癥結(jié)，進(jìn)而提出矯正的建議，其首重在個(gè)案發(fā)展的資料分析。 白錦門,“個(gè)案法之研究”,教育研究方法論文集，P43-442-14一、案例研討方法Usefulness of Case StudiesCase studies can be:ExploratoryExplanatoryDescriptive (Yin, 1994)Case studies can be used to:Provide descri

9、ptionTest theoryGenerate theory (Eisenhardt, 1989).Yin, Robert (1994) Ch 1: Designing Case Studies, Case Study Research: Design & Methods, 2nd edition, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Eisenhardt, Kathleen M., (1989) Building Theories From Case Study Research, Academy Of Management Review, 14(4)

10、 532-550. investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, especiallywhen the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident (Yin 2002). when the relevant behaviors cannot be manipulated. 一、案例研討方法Criticisms of the MethodInsufficient rigour Compared to experimen

11、tal researchBut actually experiments are not automatically precise or unbiasedInadequate basis for generalisationWhich is why multiple cases are conductedThe results of a case study investigation can be generalised to theory and can inform theory developmentConfusing case study research with case st

12、udy teaching. Case Studies take too long.一、案例研討方法案例研討設(shè)計(jì)研討的命題案例研討設(shè)計(jì)的五個(gè)要素研討的問(wèn)題分析單元資料與命題的連結(jié)logic解釋研討發(fā)現(xiàn)的準(zhǔn)那么二、案例研討要素Key ComponentsResearch questions - how and whyResearch propositions (if any) but not hypothesesThat reflect an important theoretical issue and indicate where to look for relevant evidenceUn

13、it(s) of analysisWhat are we studying? Units, people, individuals?What does the data describe?Logic that links the data to the propositionsThe criteria for interpreting the findings.二、案例研討要素案例研討設(shè)計(jì)五要素案例研討對(duì)于“如何和“為什么的問(wèn)題能夠是最適宜的。因此案例研討設(shè)計(jì)首先要準(zhǔn)確地確認(rèn)所研討問(wèn)題的本質(zhì)。研討的問(wèn)題研討中的每個(gè)命題，會(huì)將他的留意力引導(dǎo)到在研討范圍內(nèi)所應(yīng)該要審視的事情上。定義何謂“案例/個(gè)案

14、能夠是個(gè)人，也能夠是一些事件或是個(gè)體。Donald Campbell1975提出方式對(duì)比Pattern Matching：來(lái)自同一個(gè)案例中一些信息能夠會(huì)和某些實(shí)際的命題有關(guān)。研討的命題分析單元資料data與命題間的連結(jié)logic目前并沒(méi)有明確的方法來(lái)設(shè)定解釋這類發(fā)現(xiàn)的準(zhǔn)那么?？梢杂帽容^至少兩個(gè)對(duì)立命題的方式來(lái)解釋發(fā)現(xiàn)。解釋研討發(fā)現(xiàn)的準(zhǔn)那么二、案例研討要素分析單元特別闡明分析單元分析單元的定義與研討開(kāi)場(chǎng)階段問(wèn)題被定義的方式有關(guān)假設(shè)他想要研討美國(guó)在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)中扮演的角色：分析單元應(yīng)從所研討景象對(duì)研討單元的需求出發(fā)描畫了DGC公司的工程團(tuán)隊(duì)如何發(fā)明且開(kāi)展了新型迷他電腦。在上述的組織研討中，混合了新發(fā)明

15、與小群體的研討。理清分析單元中的其他問(wèn)題區(qū)分研討目前的主題與背景定義案例的開(kāi)場(chǎng)和終了文獻(xiàn)可以成為定義案例和分析單元的指南他的分析單元可以是一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)、全球市場(chǎng)中的一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)、一項(xiàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)政策、兩個(gè)國(guó)家間貿(mào)易或資金的流動(dòng)。二、案例研討要素Campbell方式對(duì)比的例子1 2 3 4 5 6 7 不測(cè)死亡的數(shù)目立法令1 2 3 4 5 6 7 不測(cè)死亡的數(shù)目立法令有效果的模型沒(méi)有效果的模型51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59不測(cè)死亡的數(shù)目立法令實(shí)踐察看325300275250225200資料來(lái)源：COSMOS Corporation二、案例研討要素實(shí)際開(kāi)展完好的研討設(shè)計(jì)還應(yīng)包含一個(gè)與

16、研討主題相關(guān)的實(shí)際。對(duì)某些主題，目前已有的任務(wù)成果可以提供實(shí)際架構(gòu)。某些情況下，適宜的實(shí)際能夠是描畫性的實(shí)際。對(duì)某些主題，現(xiàn)有知識(shí)背景與文獻(xiàn)都很貧乏，能夠被假設(shè)有作為“探求性研討的特征。實(shí)施一個(gè)新的管理信息系統(tǒng)MIS的案例研討 這個(gè)案例研討將會(huì)指出，為什么實(shí)施MIS系統(tǒng)只需在組織可以自我重新建構(gòu)時(shí)才干勝利，而不是只把新的MIS運(yùn)用在舊的組織構(gòu)造上。Markus,1983一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單實(shí)際的構(gòu)成要素二、案例研討要素從案例研討推論至實(shí)際開(kāi)展適當(dāng)?shù)膶?shí)際，也使案例研討結(jié)果可以產(chǎn)生概化的層級(jí)。實(shí)際開(kāi)展在案例研討中是一種“分析式概化，并非“統(tǒng)計(jì)式概化。每一個(gè)個(gè)案并不是抽樣單位，而且也不應(yīng)該是為了要選取抽樣單位而

17、被選取成為個(gè)案。二、案例研討要素兩個(gè)推論的層級(jí)實(shí)際政策含義母體特征樣本實(shí)驗(yàn)的發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)立實(shí)際對(duì)立的政策含義主體案例研討的發(fā)現(xiàn)案例研討調(diào)查研討實(shí)驗(yàn)法第一層第二層資料來(lái)源：COSMOS Corporation二、案例研討要素案例研討設(shè)計(jì)例如研討主題研討問(wèn)題研討命題分析單元資料與命題的連結(jié)組織間的戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟為什么以及如何組織會(huì)和其他組織建立聯(lián)盟？組織間建立戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟的誘因是要獲得共同利益具有戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟關(guān)系的組織群方式對(duì)比實(shí)際開(kāi)展協(xié)作戰(zhàn)略實(shí)際二、案例研討要素案例研討的設(shè)計(jì)類型類型一類型三類型二類型四單一案例設(shè)計(jì)多重案例設(shè)計(jì)整體性的(單一分析單元)嵌入式的(多重分析單元)資料來(lái)源：COSMOS Corporati

18、on三、案例研討類型Single Case DesignThe focal case is used to test a well-formulated theoryThe case meets all the criteria for testing the theoryThe case represents an extreme or unique caseThe revelatory caseA situation that occurs when the investigator has an opportunity to observe and analyze a phenomeno

19、n previously inaccessible to scientific investigation.A single case may have multiple units of analysis三、案例研討類型選擇單一案例的緣由關(guān)鍵性案例極端或特例揭露式案例關(guān)鍵性案例極端或特殊案例反映之前的科學(xué)研討無(wú)法探求的景象，多用于社會(huì)學(xué)。 揭露式案例少見(jiàn)的，任何一個(gè)單一案例都值得記錄并分析。在醫(yī)學(xué)、臨床心思學(xué) 運(yùn)用較廣。選擇單一案例的緣由關(guān)鍵性案例在實(shí)際上曾經(jīng)詳細(xì)地闡明了一組清楚的命題，以及這組命題運(yùn)用的條件。先導(dǎo)案例作為進(jìn)一步研討的開(kāi)場(chǎng)。 先導(dǎo)案例三、案例研討類型類型一/二：?jiǎn)我徽w性/嵌

20、入式案例同樣的案例能夠包含一個(gè)以上的分析單元。嵌入式分析單元是比案例本身更小的分析單元。研討某個(gè)運(yùn)營(yíng)方案嵌入式分析單元方案中的個(gè)別專案“過(guò)程單元：會(huì)議、事件節(jié)點(diǎn)方案涉及的人員、角色假設(shè)案例研討只調(diào)查一個(gè)方案或組織整體的本質(zhì)，那就是運(yùn)用整體性設(shè)計(jì)類型一。三、案例研討類型單一案例設(shè)計(jì)易犯之錯(cuò)誤整體性設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)一步的問(wèn)題是，整個(gè)案例研討的本質(zhì)能夠會(huì)在研討進(jìn)展期間有所改動(dòng)，但研討者卻一無(wú)所知。嵌入式設(shè)計(jì)的易犯錯(cuò)誤：只注重子單元層級(jí)，而無(wú)法回到更大的分析單元。三、案例研討類型Multiple Case DesignThis means that the same study has two or more

21、casesThe evidence from multiple cases is often considered more compelling, which makes the overall study more robust.Undertaking a multiple case study can require extensive resources and time beyond the means of a single researcher.Each case must be chosen carefully and specificallyThe cases should

22、have similar results (a literal replication) or contrary results (a theoretical replication) predicted explicitly at the outset of the investigation.三、案例研討類型Multiple Case DesignIt is important in a replication process to develop a rich, theoretical framework. The framework needs to state the conditi

23、ons under which a particular phenomenon is likely to be found (literal replication) and the conditions under when it is not likely to be found (theoretical replication). The individual cases within a multiple-case study design may be either holistic or embedded. When an embedded design is used each

24、individual case study may in fact include the collection and analysis of highly quantitative data, e.g. surveys.三、案例研討類型選擇多重案例的優(yōu)缺陷穩(wěn)健性資源與時(shí)間的耗費(fèi)無(wú)法替代關(guān)鍵性、揭露式以及例外或少見(jiàn)的案例。 無(wú)法滿足采用單一案例的緣由執(zhí)行多重案例研討能夠會(huì)需求大量的資源，耗費(fèi)大量的時(shí)間。多重案例得到的證據(jù)，通常都被以為是較強(qiáng)有力的，因此，整個(gè)研討常被以為是較為穩(wěn)健的。三、案例研討類型Analyzing within field and cross case data: Thi

25、s preliminary analysis assists in organizing the enormous quantities of data Cross case data forces researchers to go beyond initial impressions.For cross-case data analysis, can look at within group similarities and intergroup differences.Select pairs of cases, and list similarities and differences

26、 between each group forces researcher to look for subtle similarities and differences.Eisenhardt, Kathleen M., (1989) Building Theories From Case Study Research, Academy Of Management Review, 14(4) 532-550. 三、案例研討類型多重案例的復(fù)現(xiàn)邏輯復(fù)現(xiàn)邏輯抽樣邏輯原樣復(fù)現(xiàn)實(shí)際復(fù)現(xiàn)預(yù)測(cè)類似的結(jié)果：某個(gè)特定景象在哪些條件下能夠被發(fā)現(xiàn)？一種原樣復(fù)現(xiàn)由可預(yù)測(cè)的理由，產(chǎn)生不同的結(jié)果：特定景象在哪些條件下不能

27、夠被發(fā)現(xiàn)？一種實(shí)際復(fù)現(xiàn)三、案例研討類型多重案例復(fù)現(xiàn)邏輯例如Peter Szanton研討了很多大學(xué)和研討團(tuán)體試圖要和城市官員協(xié)作的閱歷。第一組案例第二組案例第三組案例四組案例第四組案例顯示出不同大學(xué)的團(tuán)體在協(xié)助這些城市時(shí)都失敗了。顯示出學(xué)校以外的團(tuán)體也失敗了。顯示出少數(shù)可以協(xié)助市政府的團(tuán)體不只會(huì)協(xié)助產(chǎn)生新的想法，還會(huì)關(guān)懷如何實(shí)施的問(wèn)題。顯示出大學(xué)如何勝利地協(xié)助企業(yè)、工程公司及市政府以外的其他部門。原樣復(fù)現(xiàn)實(shí)際復(fù)現(xiàn)三、案例研討類型多重案例的復(fù)現(xiàn)邏輯2006年3月三、案例研討類型Examine not just one process story, but allowing theoretical

28、 ideas to be tested and deepened in different settings:Klarner and Raisch (2021) obtain their data from annual corporate reports of 67 European insurance companies between 1995 and 2004. They code these data into six different temporal patterns of change using an innovative multiple sequence alignme

29、nt method derived from the biological sciences and then show how regularity in ongoing organizational changes is associated with performance using statistical methods.Bresman (2021) uses an interesting embedded multiple case design, focusing on two units in a pharmaceutical company, and examining le

30、arning transferred among four successive projects occurring in each unit (for a total of eight units of analysis). His inductively derived four-phase process model of vicarious learning is replicated across all his cases.Bruns (2021) replicates her model of collaborative research in two different se

31、ttings involving multiple groups. Maguire and Hardy (2021) also compare two different cases of risk assessment processes, showing how both incorporated similar bundles of normalizing and problematizing practices, but how the differential ordering of these practices led to different consequences for

32、the construction of risk.類型三/四 ：多重整體性/嵌入式案例Ira Magaziner & Mark Patinkin 所著的其中一個(gè)個(gè)案韓國(guó)的三星公司，這是一個(gè)關(guān)于使該公司具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的關(guān)鍵戰(zhàn)略的個(gè)案。它包含一個(gè)嵌入式分析單元以三星在微波爐上的開(kāi)展作為闡明的產(chǎn)品。另一個(gè)個(gè)案是關(guān)于蘋果電腦制造商在新加坡的開(kāi)展，是新加坡是國(guó)家更具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的關(guān)鍵政策的個(gè)案研討。蘋果電腦公司制造商的閱歷就是一個(gè)嵌入式分析單元。多重嵌入式案例類型三與四之間的差別決議于所研討景象的類型。三、案例研討類型40四、案例研討程序案例研討的程序表達(dá)目的 設(shè)定研究途徑 搜集 資料 組織數(shù)據(jù)研討單位及其特征、

33、關(guān)系、歷程等確實(shí)定研討單位如何選??？可用的資料來(lái)源有哪些？運(yùn)用那些方法搜集數(shù)據(jù)？ 確定有關(guān)資料的來(lái)源整合成為一個(gè)完好構(gòu)造的研討單位 撰寫結(jié)果報(bào)告討論結(jié)果重要性留意研討報(bào)告的種類、撰寫方式、闡明構(gòu)造 四、案例研討程序Conducting Case Studies 1Preparation for Data CollectionThe researcher shouldbe able to ask good questions be a good listener be adaptive and flexible have a firm grasp of the issues being stud

34、ied be unbiased by preconceived notionsFor the specific context of the case study and organization四、案例研討程序Conducting Case Studies 2The researcher must be able to make intelligent decisions about the data being collected.This will require knowledge aboutwhy the study is being done;what evidence is be

35、ing sought;what variations can be anticipatedwhat would constitute supportive or contrary evidence for any given propositionSurvey or interview designers also need to know the purpose of the survey and the nature of the analysis that will follow四、案例研討程序Case Study ProtocolThe protocol should includeA

36、n overview of the case study project (project, substantive issues, relevant reading)Field procedures (how to gain access to interviewees, planning for sufficient resources, providing for unanticipated events etc)Case study questions (about individuals, multiple cases, entire study, normative questio

37、ns about policy recommendations and conclusions四、案例研討程序Pilot Case StudyIt may be sensible to conduct a small-scale pilot case study first so as to test procedures and protocolsThe pilot can be more convenient so as to train research team members and even act as a laboratory The research questions ca

38、n be broader and less focused than the ultimate data collection plan.The pilot reports can provide lessons for both research design and field procedures四、案例研討程序六種證據(jù)來(lái)源證據(jù)來(lái)源優(yōu)點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn)文件穩(wěn)定、非涉入式、確切的、范圍廣泛 可檢索性（可能低）；如果收集不完整，會(huì)產(chǎn)生有偏見(jiàn)的選擇；報(bào)告的偏見(jiàn)；使用的權(quán)力可能受限檔案紀(jì)錄同上，加之精確和量化的特點(diǎn) 同上，加之由于個(gè)人隱私權(quán)的原因而不易接觸訪談?dòng)心繕?biāo)的、見(jiàn)解深刻因問(wèn)題建構(gòu)不佳而造成的偏見(jiàn)；回

39、應(yīng)的偏見(jiàn)；因無(wú)法回憶而產(chǎn)生的不正確性；反射現(xiàn)象直接觀察真實(shí)、包含情景的消耗時(shí)間；節(jié)選過(guò)的；反射現(xiàn)象；成本較高參與觀察同上，加之對(duì)于人際間的行為和動(dòng)機(jī)能有深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)同上，加之由于調(diào)查者操控事件所造成的偏見(jiàn)實(shí)體物品對(duì)于文化特征能有深刻的理解，對(duì)于技術(shù)的操作能有深刻的理解節(jié)選過(guò)的；可取得性四、案例研討程序收斂的多重證據(jù)來(lái)源事 實(shí)文件檔案記錄開(kāi)放式訪談現(xiàn)實(shí)察看構(gòu)造化訪談或調(diào)查焦點(diǎn)訪談資料來(lái)源：COSMOS Corporation四、案例研討程序Documents, Archives & ArtifactsCurrent organisational documentsPolicies, practic

40、es, templatesHistorical archive recordsPast practices, reports on past projectsThese two forms of data are useful for corroborating evidence from other sourcesArtifacts include physical objects like certificates, awards, etc.四、案例研討程序InterviewsCase study interviews are usually open-ended Focused inte

41、rviews can still be open-ended but involve following specific questions derived from the case study protocolMore structured questions, along the lines of a formal survey. A structured interview would involve the sampling procedures and the instruments used in regular surveys, and it would subsequent

42、ly be analyzed in a similar manner.四、案例研討程序Direct ObservationsBy making a field visit to the case study site, the investigator is creating the opportunity for direct observations.To increase the reliability of observational evidence, a common procedure is to have more than one observer making an obs

43、ervation, whether formally or casually.四、案例研討程序Principles of Data Collection 1Using multiple sources of evidenceThe opportunity to use multiple sources of evidence in case studies far exceeds that in other research methods such as experiments or surveys. The use of multiple sources of evidence in ca

44、se studies allows an investigator to address a broader range of historical and observational issues. It also enables better triangulation of findingsIt contributes to a holistic understanding of a case and indeed contributes to theorization.四、案例研討程序Principles of Data Collection 2Creating a case stud

45、y databaseThe lack of a formal database for most case study efforts is a major shortcoming of case study research. Four components should be contained in a database created for case study researchNotes (including interview data)Documents Tabular materials (e.g. from surveys; structured interviews)Na

46、rrative (stories; diaries).四、案例研討程序Principles of Data Collection 3Maintaining a chain of evidenceThis is to allow an external observer - the reader of the case study for example - to follow the derivation of any evidence from initial research questions to ultimate case study conclusions. Then the fi

47、nal results can adequately reflect construct validity and reliability, thereby becoming worthy of further analysis. The three principles above are intended to make the data collection process as explicit as possible.四、案例研討程序Analyzing Case Study EvidenceRelying on theoretical propositionsThe proposit

48、ion helps to focus attention on some data and to ignore othersto organize the entire case study and to define alternative explanations to be examinedDeveloping a case description Develop a descriptive framework to organize the case study and identify types of event or process or interactionan overal

49、l pattern of complexity that could be used to explain why an implementation failed.四、案例研討程序案例研討分析方式案例研討分析方式方式對(duì)比建立解釋時(shí)間序列程序邏輯方式主要分析方式分析嵌入式單元反復(fù)察看跨個(gè)案的次級(jí)分析次要分析方式四、案例研討程序Modes of AnalysisPattern matchingComparing an empirically based pattern with a predicted one. If the patterns coincide, the results can

50、help to strengthen a case studys internal validity.Explanation buildingAnalyze the data by building case explanations.Time series analysisMatch data over time with:A theoretically significant trend specified in advanceA rival trend, also specified in advance四、案例研討程序方式對(duì)比這種邏輯Trochim，1989比較了以實(shí)證閱歷為根底的方式

51、和實(shí)際或假說(shuō)所預(yù)測(cè)的方式。假設(shè)是解釋性的案例研討，這些方式能夠會(huì)和研討的自變量或因變量有關(guān)或是兩者。假設(shè)是描畫性的案例研討，只需在搜集資料之前就先定義好特定變量間所預(yù)期的方式，方式對(duì)比仍可用。Pattern matching:where a set of results is predicted, and then compared with the actual ones.資料搜集由實(shí)證察看到的方式由實(shí)際預(yù)測(cè)到的方式數(shù)據(jù)處置實(shí)際/假說(shuō)方式對(duì)比四、案例研討程序方式對(duì)比企業(yè)經(jīng)過(guò)進(jìn)入新業(yè)務(wù)而獲得生長(zhǎng)，新業(yè)務(wù)對(duì)現(xiàn)有業(yè)務(wù)的影響主要命題：假設(shè)新業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)不為企業(yè)所熟習(xí)，管理者在新業(yè)務(wù)領(lǐng)域缺乏閱歷，新業(yè)務(wù)將

52、會(huì)對(duì)現(xiàn)有業(yè)務(wù)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。影響協(xié)同作用與現(xiàn)有業(yè)務(wù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)管理者與現(xiàn)有業(yè)務(wù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)資源不相等的因變量用不同的方法和工具評(píng)價(jià)包含一切變量結(jié)果的整體模型質(zhì)疑初始命題假設(shè)結(jié)果與預(yù)測(cè)方式不一致第一個(gè)案例可靠的結(jié)論一致四、案例研討程序方式對(duì)比企業(yè)經(jīng)過(guò)進(jìn)入新業(yè)務(wù)而獲得生長(zhǎng)，新業(yè)務(wù)對(duì)現(xiàn)有業(yè)務(wù)的影響企業(yè)進(jìn)入一個(gè)為企業(yè)所熟習(xí)的新業(yè)務(wù)領(lǐng)域，且管理者在新業(yè)務(wù)領(lǐng)域具有閱歷。影響協(xié)同作用與現(xiàn)有業(yè)務(wù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)管理者與現(xiàn)有業(yè)務(wù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)資源不相等的因變量用不同的方法和工具評(píng)價(jià)與案例一不同的整體模型第二個(gè)案例四、案例研討程序方式對(duì)比資料搜集由實(shí)證察看到的方式由實(shí)際預(yù)測(cè)到的方式數(shù)據(jù)處置實(shí)際/假說(shuō)資料搜集由實(shí)證察看到的方式由實(shí)際預(yù)測(cè)到的方式數(shù)據(jù)處置實(shí)

53、際/假說(shuō)方式對(duì)比案例一案例二方式不同案例一的新業(yè)務(wù)類型對(duì)現(xiàn)有業(yè)務(wù)的負(fù)面影響得到更強(qiáng)的證明。完成了一個(gè)在不同案例間的“實(shí)際復(fù)現(xiàn)方式不同四、案例研討程序方式對(duì)比邏輯效度的要挾前述案例中，假設(shè)企業(yè)的現(xiàn)有業(yè)務(wù)所屬產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)生了變化，因此，研討結(jié)果所顯示的新業(yè)務(wù)對(duì)現(xiàn)有業(yè)務(wù)的影響，能夠?qū)嵺`上是來(lái)自于現(xiàn)有業(yè)務(wù)的產(chǎn)業(yè)演化，而不是來(lái)自于新業(yè)務(wù)。為了處置這個(gè)要挾，他能夠必需求在一開(kāi)場(chǎng)的因變量中定出一個(gè)子集合，并顯示假設(shè)產(chǎn)業(yè)演化才是呵斥影響的真正緣由的話，這個(gè)子集合的方式會(huì)有所不同。他的根本目的是要找出一切對(duì)效度的要挾，進(jìn)展反復(fù)對(duì)比，以顯示這些要挾無(wú)法解釋在兩個(gè)假設(shè)的案例中呈現(xiàn)的雙重方式。四、案例研討程序方式對(duì)比這種分

54、析需求開(kāi)展對(duì)立的實(shí)際命題，并以可操作化的方式加以闡明。這些對(duì)立解釋的重要特征是，每一個(gè)都包含了一種自變量的類型，而且彼此是互斥的。在對(duì)立解釋中，假設(shè)其中一個(gè)解釋有效，其他的解釋就不會(huì)是有效的了。這表示存在某些自變量會(huì)排除其他自變量的出現(xiàn)。案例都曾經(jīng)確知有某些特定的結(jié)果，而調(diào)查那么著重在闡明如何以及為什么每一個(gè)案例中會(huì)產(chǎn)生這些結(jié)果。此類型的研討關(guān)懷的依然是：結(jié)果所呈現(xiàn)的整體方式，以及這種方式和所預(yù)測(cè)的方式間的匹配程度。以對(duì)立的解釋為方式四、案例研討程序方式對(duì)比假設(shè)在多重案例中，得到完全一樣的結(jié)果，那么應(yīng)該就完成了單一案例的原樣復(fù)現(xiàn)。假設(shè)由于預(yù)期中的環(huán)境差別，第二組案例中無(wú)法得到一樣的結(jié)果，那么就

55、完成了實(shí)際復(fù)現(xiàn)，一開(kāi)場(chǎng)所得到的結(jié)果就會(huì)更為穩(wěn)健。對(duì)單一案例來(lái)說(shuō)，勝利地吻合其中一個(gè)對(duì)立解釋的方式，就可以得出這個(gè)解釋正確的結(jié)論。以對(duì)立的解釋為方式四、案例研討程序案例研討質(zhì)量的測(cè)試測(cè)試含義研究行為應(yīng)用的研究階段 構(gòu)念效度衡量研究的可操作性使用多重證據(jù)來(lái)源建立一個(gè)證據(jù)鏈請(qǐng)關(guān)鍵資料提借者，檢視案例研究報(bào)告的草稿 資料收集資料收集寫作 內(nèi)在效度只對(duì)解釋性案例研究重要；可能擴(kuò)展到推論進(jìn)行模式對(duì)比進(jìn)行建立解釋進(jìn)行時(shí)間序列分析 資料分析資料分析資料分析 外在效度發(fā)現(xiàn)是否可推論到案例之外在多重案例研究中使用復(fù)現(xiàn)邏輯 研究設(shè)計(jì) 信度使用案例研究計(jì)劃書發(fā)展案例研究資料庫(kù) 資料收集資料收集 四、案例研討程序Sta

56、ndards of ExcellenceSignificanceCompletenessAlternative perspectives consideredSufficient evidence displayedAn engaging, attractive and readable styleFailure cases can be as instructive as successful cases, if the explanations are persuasive四、案例研討程序Case Study Report StylesLinear-analyticProblem, met

57、hods, findings of data collection and analysis, conclusion.ComparativeThe same kind of case is repeated two or three timesAlternative descriptions or explanations can be compared.Theory-buildingWhere case evidence is used to construct/ground a new theorySuspense the result comes first, the reasons later.四、案例研討寫作案例寫作例如The Dutch heart health community intervention Hartslag Limburg: evaluation design and baseline data(Gaby Ronda, Patricia Van Assema, Erik Ruland, Mieke Steenbakkers and Johannes Brug,Health Education, Vol. 103 No. 6).四、案例研討寫作案例寫作例如A