閱讀解析及譯文passage

1、參考譯文：農(nóng)業(yè)的How did it come aboutt farming developed independently in a number ofworld centers (the southeast Asian mainland, Southwest Asia, Central America,lowland and highland Soumerica, and equatorial Africa) at more or less thesame time? Agriculture developed slowly among populationst had anextensi

2、ve knowledge of plants and animals. Changing fromting and gatheringto agriculture had no immediate advantages. To start with, it forced thepopulation to abandon the nomads life ande sedentary, to developmethods of storage and, often, systems of irrigation. Whileter-gatherersalways had the option of

3、moving elsewhere when the resourwere exhausted,this became more difficult with farming. Furthermore, as thearchaeologicalrecord shows, the se of health of agriculturalists was worsent of theircontemporaryter-gatherers.農(nóng)業(yè)是如何獨(dú)立地在世界的多個中心（東南亞大陸、西南亞、洲、南美的高地與低地以及赤道非洲地區(qū)）幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)展起來的呢？在那些熟知動植物的人類中農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展得相當(dāng)緩慢。從打獵

4、和它會迫使人們放棄游牧生活，轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檗r(nóng)耕并沒有顯而易見的好處。首先，下來去發(fā)明方法，并且發(fā)展出通常所需的灌溉系統(tǒng)。狩獵者往往可以在資源耗盡的時(shí)候遷到它處，對于耕作者來說就沒這么容易。而且，考古學(xué)差。顯示，農(nóng)民的健康狀況要比同時(shí)代狩獵者Traditionally, it was bevedworldwide population crisis.t the transition to agriculture was the result of aIt was arguedt onceter-gathers hadoccupied the whole world, the population sta

5、rted to grow everywhere and foodbecame scarce; agriculture would have been a solution to this problem. We know,however,t contemporaryter-gatherer societies control their population ina variety of ways. The idea of a world population crisis is therefore unlikely,although population prere mighve arise

6、n in some areas.帶來的結(jié)果。有人認(rèn)為一旦傳統(tǒng)上認(rèn)為向農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)變是世界性狩獵者遍及全世界，開始增長，食物變得匱乏，此時(shí)農(nóng)業(yè)就是解決這個問題的一個方法。但是，眾所周知，同時(shí)代狩獵者具有很多種控制的方法。因此世界性的想法就不太可能成立了，雖然在某些地區(qū)可能會存在壓力。Climatic changes at the end of the glal period 13, 000 years ago have beenproed to account for the emergence of farming. The temperature increaseddramatically in

7、a short period of time (years rathern centuries), allowing fora growth of theting-gathering population due to the abundance of resour.There were, however, fluctuations in the climatic conditions, with theconsequent wet conditions were followed by dry ones, sot theavailability of plants and animals o

8、scillated brusquely.有人提出冰河時(shí)代末期，也就是 13000 年前的氣候變化是農(nóng)業(yè)的原因。短時(shí)期內(nèi)（以年而不是以世紀(jì)為）溫度急劇上升使得食物資源豐富，狩獵者增加。但是，氣候條件存在波動，造成干濕交替，以致可以獲取的動植物數(shù)量忽高忽低。It would appeart the instability of the climatic conditions led populationsthad originally been nomadic to settle down and develop a sedentary style of life,which ledurn to

9、population grownd to the need to increase the amount offood available. Farming originatedhese conditions. Later on, it became verydifficult to change because of the significant expanof these populations. Itcould be argued, however,t these conditions are not sufficient to explaheorigins of agricultur

10、e. Earth had experienced previous periods of climatic change,and yet agriculture had not been developed.似乎是氣候條件的不穩(wěn)定性造成了那些原本放牧的人下來，逐漸發(fā)展出了定居的生活方式，這也反過來造成增長以及所需食物量的增加。在這些條件下，農(nóng)業(yè)誕生了。后來，由于的急劇膨脹，這種生活方式就難以再變回去了。但是，可以說這些條件并以解釋農(nóng)業(yè)的。先前地球經(jīng)歷了多個氣候變化的時(shí)期，但是也沒有發(fā)展出農(nóng)業(yè)。It is archaeologist Steven Mithen s thesis, brillia

11、ntly developed in his book Theprehistory of the Mind (1996),t approximay 40,000 years ago thespelizations of the mind: technical, natural history (geared to understandingthe behavior and distribution of natural resour), solelligence, and thelinguistic capacity. Cognitive fluidity explains the appear

12、ance of art, religion, andsophisticated speech. Once humanssessed such a mind, they were able tofind an imaginative solution to a situation of severe economic crisich as thefarming dilemma described earr. Mithen proes the existence of four mentalelements to account for the emergence orming (1) the a

13、bility to develop toolst could be usedensively to harvest and pros plant resour;(2) thetendency to use plants and animals as the medium to acquire sol prestige ander;(3)the tendencytodevelop “solrelationships” withanimalsstructurally similar to those developed with people specifically, the ability t

14、othink of animals as people (anthropomorphism) and of people as animals (totemism); and (4) the tendency to manipulate plants and animals.考古學(xué)家有一個觀點(diǎn)，這在他的思維的40000 年前，人類的思維形成了認(rèn)知一書中有地闡述，該觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為性，即對各種特化的思維加以整合：技術(shù)史、博物學(xué)（以理解自然資源的行為和分布）、社交智能以及語言能力。認(rèn)識性解釋了藝術(shù)、以及復(fù)雜的。一旦人類擁有了這樣的思維，他們就可以找到解決嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)，例如先前所述的業(yè)困境的心理：（1）打的具

15、有創(chuàng)造力的方法。提出存在四種可以解釋農(nóng)業(yè)造集中用于收割以及加工植物資源的工具的能力；（2）將動植物作為獲取社會聲望和權(quán)力段的趨勢；（3）與動物發(fā)展出與人類結(jié)構(gòu)相似的“社會關(guān)系”的趨勢尤其是把動物當(dāng)做人（神人同形同性論）以及把人當(dāng)做動物（圖騰（4）馴化動植物的趨勢。）；The factt some societies domesticated animals and plants, discovered the useof metal tools, became literate, and developed a se should not make us fett others develop

16、ed pastoralism or horticulture (vegetable gardening) butremained illiterate andow levels of productivity; a few entered the modernperiod asting and gathering societies. It is anthropologically important toinquireo the conditionst made some societies adopt agriculture whileothers remainedter-gatherers or horticulturalists. However, it should be keptin mindt many societiest knew of agriculture more or less consciouslyavoided it. Whether Mithens explanation is satisfactory is open to contention,