翻譯英語(yǔ)翻譯基礎(chǔ)講義

1、翻譯（MTI）英語(yǔ)翻譯基礎(chǔ)講義主講：1一、基本要求（一）中文文化、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、法律等方面的知識(shí)（二）英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的基本功（三）較強(qiáng)的英漢、漢英轉(zhuǎn)換能力二、內(nèi)容（題型）（一）詞語(yǔ)翻譯 英譯漢 15 個(gè)（英文術(shù)語(yǔ)、縮略語(yǔ)或是專(zhuān)有名詞）15 分，30 分鐘詞語(yǔ)翻譯 漢譯英 15 個(gè)（中文術(shù)語(yǔ)、縮略語(yǔ)或是專(zhuān)有名詞）15 分，30 分鐘（二）英漢互譯 英譯漢（兩段或是一篇文章，250-350 單詞，60 分，60 分鐘）英漢互譯 漢譯英（兩段或是一篇文章，150-250 單詞，60 分，60 分鐘）總體比三級(jí)筆譯（60 分鐘 350-400 單詞）要低。“信、達(dá)、雅”三大要求文化背景（社科類(lèi)文章）三、詞

2、匯復(fù)習(xí)策略主要范疇：政治、社會(huì)、文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)、環(huán)境等）、China Daily 等、人文知識(shí)、語(yǔ)言學(xué)、文學(xué)類(lèi)、翻譯理對(duì)策：各大、論等方面的詞匯四、英漢互譯策略主要范疇：政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、記敘文、散文、文言文等等對(duì)策：需要掌握基本翻譯理論和技巧散文選很重要側(cè)重學(xué)校復(fù)習(xí)對(duì)英語(yǔ)國(guó)家有所了解，特別是熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題五、考點(diǎn)（一）定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯（二）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的翻譯2（三）語(yǔ)態(tài)的翻譯（四）代詞的翻譯（五）形容詞和副詞的翻譯（六）增詞與減詞（七）主謂搭配（一）定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯定語(yǔ)？中文定語(yǔ)的位置和英文定語(yǔ)的位置1定語(yǔ)從句的前置合譯法：On the whole, such aonly if the child can be

3、acan be drawn wicertain degree of confidence, butmed to have had the same attitude towards the test as theothers with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack ofrelevant information which theysessed.長(zhǎng)難句翻譯首先要斷句，主要抓連接詞，如句中的 with, but, only if, with whom, and, by,which；然后進(jìn)行翻譯，

4、一部分一部分翻譯，保留原句的標(biāo)點(diǎn)；第三步重讀，只看譯文。要想得高分背單詞，掌握中英文語(yǔ)言的知識(shí)點(diǎn)。On the whole 譯為“整體上來(lái)說(shuō)”。such acan be drawn 知識(shí)點(diǎn)為語(yǔ)態(tài)，把語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，翻譯為“得出這種結(jié)論”，在譯文中盡量不出現(xiàn)“被”。a certain degree of confidence 為“一定程度的自信，一定程度的把握”。第二個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)介詞 with，英文中的介詞翻譯為動(dòng)詞，例句：He went to Beijing by plane. By 翻譯為“坐，乘，搭”。英文的介詞還可以譯為方位詞，例句：There is a book on the desk

5、. On 翻譯為“上”。要點(diǎn)：介改動(dòng)。With 譯為“需要，通過(guò)，根據(jù)，憑借”。such acan be drawn wi握”。certain degree of confidence 譯為“得出這種結(jié)論需要一定程度的把廢話(huà)與主句的關(guān)系。中文的語(yǔ)序：先出主語(yǔ)+廢話(huà)+主句。英文語(yǔ)序：廢話(huà)+主語(yǔ)+主句或主語(yǔ)+主句+廢話(huà)。英文一般開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山，中文比較迂回。例句：高度重視兩國(guó)之間的雙邊關(guān)系。翻譯：China is a major develo world and attaches great importance to the bilateral relationship bet一個(gè)發(fā)展中的大國(guó)，cou

6、ntryhen the UnitedSes and China (口譯角度). As a major develocountryhe world, China attachesgreat importance to the bilateral relationship bet角度).n the United Ses and China (筆譯3but only if the child can be amed/ to have had the same attitude /towards/ the test/as the others /with whom he is being compar

7、ed. 知識(shí)點(diǎn)：can be amed 轉(zhuǎn)換成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。譯為“但是只要假設(shè)這個(gè)孩子對(duì)于測(cè)試的態(tài)度和與之相比較的其他孩子的態(tài)度一樣”。and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which theysessed.by=because of，注意否定轉(zhuǎn)移，because 和 by 引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)不轉(zhuǎn)移，引導(dǎo)短語(yǔ)需要否定轉(zhuǎn)移。They 代詞翻譯要指明要點(diǎn)，在句中指的是 the others。譯為“并且只要他沒(méi)有因?yàn)槿鄙賱e的孩子所擁有的相關(guān)信息而受到懲罰”。2定語(yǔ)從句的前置合譯法與后置分譯法：關(guān)系詞的翻譯很重要。短前長(zhǎng)后短

8、的定語(yǔ)從句需要前置合譯法，長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句需要后置合譯法。定語(yǔ)從句小于等于八個(gè)單詞需要前置，大于八個(gè)單詞需要后置合譯法。有多個(gè)從句循環(huán)套用時(shí)，從句長(zhǎng)度 1+2 約=從句 3 時(shí)，1 和 2 放在一起，3 單獨(dú)翻譯；從句長(zhǎng)度 2+3 約=1 時(shí)，從句 2 和 3 放在一起，1 單獨(dú)翻譯。Behavioristggestt the child who is raised in an environment where there aremany stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate response will experie

9、ncegreaterellectual development.首先斷句，抓連接詞。關(guān)系代詞和人稱(chēng)代詞要指明要點(diǎn)。Behavioristggestt“行為主義者認(rèn)為”。 the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli“孩子生長(zhǎng)在有許多刺激的環(huán)境里”。which develop his or her capacity forappropriate response，his 和her 翻譯為“其”，“這些刺激培養(yǎng)了其適當(dāng)反應(yīng)的能力”。will experience greater的智力提高”。ellect

10、ual development，will 前缺少主語(yǔ)，“孩子就會(huì)有更大譯文：行為主義者認(rèn)為，如果孩子有許多刺激的環(huán)境里，而這些刺激又培養(yǎng)了其適當(dāng)反應(yīng)的能力，那么這個(gè)孩子就會(huì)有更大的智力提高。為了讓句子更加通順，在不影響句意的情況下，可以適當(dāng)增加虛詞。2定語(yǔ)從句的前置合譯法與后置分譯法：The Greeks amedt the structure of language had some connection with thepros of thought, which took roots in Europe long before people realized how diverselan

11、guages could be.斷句，在t, which, before, how 出斷句。Some 指的是“某些”。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句采用后置合譯法，關(guān)鍵要判斷清楚關(guān)系詞指代的是什么，which 指的是前面的一句話(huà)，譯為“這種觀(guān)點(diǎn)或論點(diǎn)”。整句翻譯為“希臘人認(rèn)為語(yǔ)言的結(jié)構(gòu)和思維的過(guò)程之間存在著某些聯(lián)系，而這種觀(guān)點(diǎn)在人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言的多樣性之前就已經(jīng)在歐洲植根很久了?！?筆譯中限定性定語(yǔ)從句可采用前置或后置翻譯法，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句采用后置合譯法?？谧g中一般都采用后置合譯法，不存在限定和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。例如：He is a man who is handsome.他是一個(gè)帥哥。He is a man,

12、who is handsome.他是一男的，他很帥?？谧g需翻譯出he, man handsome 三個(gè)詞的意思。3定語(yǔ)從句的溶合變譯法；This amption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature; actually,aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earnmoren the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rathern

13、work.斷句 This amption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature;/actually, /aside from abnormally lazy people,/ there would be very few who/ wouldnot want to earn moren the minimum, /and who /would prefer to do nothing/rathern work.rathern 譯為“而不是”，fallacy“謬論”。This amption rests on

14、 the fallacy of theinherent laziness in human nature“這一假設(shè)是基于這樣一種謬論：人性中存在著天生的懶惰”。英譯漢時(shí)，一個(gè)句子如果翻譯出來(lái)不通順，最簡(jiǎn)單的方法就是重新斷句。這句話(huà)在 fallacy 處斷開(kāi)。Actually“實(shí)際上”，aside from 同 besides，abnormally“極其，相當(dāng)”，actually, aside from abnormally lazy people“事實(shí)上除了特別懶的人之外”。中心詞+定 1，定 2，定 3and定 n，多個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾一個(gè)中心詞稱(chēng)為并列套用，總體采用后置合譯法，關(guān)系詞只翻譯一次

15、。there would be very few who would not want to earn moren the minimum, and whowould prefer to do nothing rathern work. very few.not 是重點(diǎn)，弄清楚 not 修飾的是 very few 還是 people。該句譯為“沒(méi)有多少人愿意掙只比最低生活費(fèi)多的錢(qián)，也很少有人愿意無(wú)所事事而不去工作?！盫ery few 和后面的 not 是并行關(guān)系，not 應(yīng)該放在very few 之前。后置定語(yǔ)比前置定語(yǔ)重要，very few 比 not 重要。溶合變譯法：循環(huán)套用、并列套用。

16、定語(yǔ)從句翻譯練習(xí)：1. Prior to the twentieth century, /women in novels were stereotypes /of lacking anyfeaturest made them unique individuals /and were also subject to numerousrestrictions /imed by the male-dominated culture.5Prior to=before“在之前”，類(lèi)似的詞組inferior to /superior to /junior to 比年輕/senior to 比年長(zhǎng)。中文很少

17、用“使”“被”“當(dāng)”，“使”改用“讓”，“當(dāng)”之時(shí)”。Subject tong“屈服于”，object tong“改用“在做”譯文：二十世紀(jì)之前，小說(shuō)中的婦女是這樣一種固有的模式：她們?nèi)鄙倭艘恍┳屍涑蔀楠?dú)立的特征，她們還要屈服于主導(dǎo)的文化所強(qiáng)加給她們的種種。2. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere innature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, mostcommonly

18、with oxygen, for which is a strong affinity.Aluminum 鋁，affinity 親和句 Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenthcentury，原因 because nowhere in nature is it found free, 原因 owing to its always beingcombined with other elements, 同位語(yǔ) most commonly with oxygen, 定語(yǔ)從句 forwhich is a strong affinity.定語(yǔ)從句只有在

19、特殊情況下才可以放在句首。for which ithas a strong affinity 中 which 和 it 分別指代的是“氧”和“鋁”。模糊翻譯法不能常用。長(zhǎng)句有標(biāo)點(diǎn)英譯漢：首先找出從句間的邏輯關(guān)系，然后判斷哪個(gè)從句最重要，哪個(gè)不重要，最后把最不重要的句子先譯，最重要的部分最后翻譯。譯文：鋁經(jīng)常和其他元素相結(jié)合，最通常的是和氧結(jié)合，因?yàn)檫@兩種物質(zhì)之間有很強(qiáng)的親和力，所以在自然界找不到游離態(tài)的鋁，鋁直到十九世紀(jì)才為人類(lèi)所發(fā)現(xiàn)。3. They (the poor) are thedestroys the old muscle- their way out of poverty.to e

20、xperience technological progress /as a curse /whicher jobs/t previous generations used as a means to fight循環(huán)套用定語(yǔ)從句：中心詞+定 1+定 2（句首譯法）。定語(yǔ)從句的句首譯法：將定語(yǔ)從句完全置于句首，調(diào)整全句語(yǔ)序。（我不能用）。Previous 后介詞用on，muscle-遠(yuǎn)離先行詞er job 體力勞動(dòng)，mental-er job 腦力勞動(dòng)。Which譯文：以往幾代人使用舊時(shí)的體力勞動(dòng)作為來(lái)擺脫貧困，而科技進(jìn)步又摧毀了這種勞動(dòng)，所以窮人們是首先體會(huì)到科技之苦的。4. The numb

21、er of the young peopleabout one in four.he United Ses who cant read is incredible短句翻譯原則：再短的句子也要有逗號(hào)哦。翻譯方法：剝洋蔥。先翻譯不重要的部分，后重要部分。斷句 The number of the young people /incredible /about one in four.he United Ses /who cant read /is6事實(shí)與評(píng)論的關(guān)系：中文先事實(shí)后評(píng)論，英文先評(píng)論后事實(shí)。譯文：在，沒(méi)有閱讀能力的年輕人的數(shù)量大約是四分之一，這簡(jiǎn)直令人難以置信。4. The number

22、of the young peopleabout one in four.he United Ses who cant read is incredible短句翻譯原則：再短的句子也要有逗號(hào)哦。翻譯方法：剝洋蔥。先翻譯不重要的部分，后重要部分。事實(shí)與評(píng)論的關(guān)系：中文先事實(shí)后評(píng)論，英文先評(píng)論后事實(shí)。斷句 The number of the young people /incredible /about one in four.he United Ses /who cant read /is譯文：在，沒(méi)有閱讀能力的年輕人的數(shù)量大約是四分之一，這簡(jiǎn)直令人難以置信。例句：我對(duì)來(lái)訪(fǎng)表示熱烈的歡迎。（先事

23、實(shí)后評(píng)論）I warmlye Obamas visit.（先評(píng)論后事實(shí)）3evi, it is often said, keeps one informed abourrent events, allowing one tofollow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series ofprograms which are both instructive and entertaining.斷句：evi, it is often said, /keeps one informed ab

24、ourrent events, /allowingone to follow the latest developments in science and politics, /and offers an endlessseries of programs /which are both instructive and entertaining.句型 Its said 人們說(shuō)/guested 人們猜測(cè)/sup據(jù)ed 人們推測(cè)/thought 人們認(rèn)為/reported據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì) according to s統(tǒng)計(jì)”）istics（能翻譯成“據(jù)”常見(jiàn)的只有兩個(gè)，“據(jù)”和“據(jù)it is often sa

25、id 前后都有逗號(hào)，為語(yǔ)。語(yǔ)表示觀(guān)點(diǎn)時(shí)，需提到句首翻譯。中英文的差異長(zhǎng)短差異，中文為短句語(yǔ)言，用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，英文是長(zhǎng)句，不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)；動(dòng)靜差異，中文用動(dòng)詞，多用強(qiáng)勢(shì)動(dòng)詞，英文名詞，多用弱勢(shì)動(dòng)詞；強(qiáng)勢(shì)動(dòng)詞：有感彩。弱勢(shì)動(dòng)詞，沒(méi)有感彩。如：我憎恨你。我戴了塊手表。我支持你。I support you.（口譯）I give you my support.（筆譯）四大規(guī)律：一、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)渡。在漢譯英的過(guò)程中，若出現(xiàn)強(qiáng)勢(shì)動(dòng)詞譯為英語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用強(qiáng)勢(shì)動(dòng)詞，要找弱勢(shì)動(dòng)詞對(duì)強(qiáng)勢(shì)動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行過(guò)渡。判斷英譯漢謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)渡兩大要7求：句子中出現(xiàn)有主次關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞，且主要?jiǎng)釉~發(fā)生變體；直譯時(shí)不通順，翻譯強(qiáng)勢(shì)動(dòng)詞。我買(mǎi)了一臺(tái)

26、車(chē)。I bought a car. I made a purchase of a car.譯文：人們常說(shuō)，通過(guò)電視可以了解有關(guān)于當(dāng)前的大事，可以掌握科學(xué)和政治的發(fā)展，電視還了許許多多既有教育意義又有性的。6. Taking his cue from Ibsens A Dolls House, in which thee, Nora, leaves homebecause she resents her husbands treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warnedt Nora would need money to support he

27、rself; she mussurvive.ve economic rights to斷句 Taking his cue from Ibsens A Dolls House, /in which/ thee, /Nora, /leaveshome /because she resents her husbands treating her like a child,/ the writer Lu Xunwarned/t Nora would need money to support herself; /she musve economicrights to survive.分詞位于句首先找主

28、語(yǔ)再翻譯，Taking his cue from 邏輯主語(yǔ) the writer Lu Xun (作家)。Ibsens A Dolls House或單引號(hào)。的玩偶之家。的時(shí)候書(shū)名首字母大寫(xiě)，加雙引號(hào)代詞的間隔翻譯法：若有多個(gè)代詞同時(shí)指代同一事物或人物，奇數(shù)個(gè)譯為代詞，偶數(shù)個(gè)譯為具體。 in which thee, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husbandstreating her like a child。her husband 譯為“自己的丈夫”。譯文：作家從的玩偶之家一書(shū)中得到啟示，在那本書(shū)中女主人公離家出走是因?yàn)樗骱拮约旱恼煞驅(qū)?/p>

29、待她像對(duì)待小孩兒一樣，作家警告說(shuō)才能養(yǎng)活自己，要有經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)利才能生存。要有錢(qián)7. With theof a burst activity, the lactic acid level is highhe body fluids,leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted, via oxidativemetabolism, by the livero glucose, which is then sent (in part ) back to the musclesflycogen resynthesis.斷句：With theof a burst activity, /the lactic acid level is highhe bodyfluids,/ leaving the large animal vulne