公共管理國外名著選讀考點

1、名詞解釋：5*4Glass ceilingexists over women and minorities that allows them to think they can advance into management levels where in reality they are discriminated against. Thus only a disproportionate, small percentage of woman and minorities make it into management roles.Affirmative action was created

2、 to give certain grouping of people preference over others to compensate for past discrimination opponents of affirmative action.Principal agent theory: When individual are not always informed adequately, they have not the technical skills to make decisions that will serve their best interests. Othe

3、rs have the competence and information to make decision on behalf of the principal in the principles interests.Strategic management: is an approach to managing an organization that emphasizes long-term thinking and, as the term states, managing strategically instead of reactively or intuitively.Publ

4、ic personnel management is the management of a system whereby public agencies recruit, compensate, and discipline their employees. The system is normally characterized by a watchdog differentiation between the structures that perform personnel tasks and structures that protect employees rights and i

5、nsulate the process from politics.The compliance audit is the simplest and most common form of scrutiny of p public agencies. An auditor checks whether financial transactions undertaken by a public agency comply with relevant financial laws and regulations.A balance budget would be one in which reve

6、nues and expenditures for the coming year are equal, without the need to borrow to make up for a deficit or funds shortfall.EEO: Equal employment opportunity was intend to create a level playing field by giving everyone and equal chance at education and employment.Strategic planning is the all impor

7、tant first step in strategic management. It identify the effects of current decision on future operation.Leadership: The action of who, whether elected, appointed, or emerging by group consensus, directs, coordinates, and supervises the work of others for the purpose of accomplishing a given task.簡答

8、題5*6The four central issues in organization behavior:Social pressure cause individual group member to conform.Educative work teams do not just happen, they must be built and nurtured.Making major changes in a government agency requires broad scope strategies that are similar to military tactics and

9、strategies than to organization theory.If an organization is to be become and remain effective, its members must engage in generative learning, learning that enhance our capacity to create.The tenets of classical organization theory:Organization exist to accomplish production-related and economic go

10、als(2 ) there is one best way to organize for production, and that way can be found through systematic, scientific inquiry.(3 ) Production is maximized through specialization and division for labor.(4 ) People and organization act in accordance with rational economic principles.Four conditions for s

11、uccessful team building:Interdependence(2 ) Leadership(3 ) Joint decision(4 ) Equal influenceThe key purpose of the budgetary process:Control over public money and accountability to public authority.(2 ) Predictability and planning(3 ) Relating expenditure to revenue(4 ) Varying spending to suit the

12、 economy(5 ) using the budget as a lever for efficiency.Four over-arching principles define the IGR:(1) Constitutional government(2 ) Formal federalism(3 ) the diversity of government(4) Pervasive democracyMeasurement for evaluating the productivity agency:(1) a comprehensive set of scrutiny mechani

13、sms designed to examine performance and productivity(2 ) Detect and expose fraud or lack of compliance with financial mandates.(3 ) Assesses and evaluate broader issues to do with program effectiveness.Main purposes of codes of ethics:Codes of ethics aid in the formation of a professional consensus.

14、Codes of ethics provide a point of reference when a public administrator is faced with a dilemma.Codes of ethics provide a basis for educating members.Four models of government that underlie current public sector reform proposal:(1) Market government(2 ) Participative government(3 ) Flexible governm

15、ent(4 ) Deregulated governmentThe new public management:(1) Privatization of many government activities(2 ) Downsizing of public bureaucracies(3 ) and emphasis on government making policy rather than delivering services(4 ) Greater use of nonprofits in service delivery(5 ) Deregulation(6 ) Reduced b

16、ureaucratic complexity(7 ) the decline of the politically neutral career public service(8 ) and emphasis on measuring reporting and rewarding performanceHierarchy of ethics:Personal moralityProfessional ethicsOrganizational ethicsSocial ethics翻譯：3*10Chapter1Public administration refers to two distin

17、guishable but closely related activities:(1)a professional practice (vocation, occupation, field of activity) and (2) an academic field which seeks to understand, develop, criticize, and improve that professional practice as well as to train individuals for that practice. The simple meaning of the t

18、erm is quite direct: it refers on the one hand to the administration or management of matters which have principally to do with the society, polity and its subparts which are not essentially private, familial, commercial, or individualistic, and on the other hand to the disciplined study of such mat

19、ters. In this simplest meaning public administration has to do withmanaging the realm ofgovernmented and other public activities. This simple definition conveys the essence of public administration and probably covers the vast majority of activities and concerns of contemporary public administration

20、.公共管理涉與兩種明顯不同但又緊密聯(lián)系的活動：職業(yè)領(lǐng)域(職業(yè)、工作、活動領(lǐng)域)致力于了解，發(fā)展、批評和提高這種職業(yè)培訓(xùn)的學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域。這個術(shù)語的 簡單含義是非常直接的：一方面，它指主要與社會、政治組織、以與其 分支有關(guān)的事務(wù)，而這些分支基本上不是私人家庭、商業(yè)和個人的。另 一方面，它指對這些事物的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)研究。就其最簡單的意義來說，公共管 理涉與政府和其他公共活動的管理。這個簡單的定義表達了公共管理的 本質(zhì)，也可能包含了當(dāng)代公共管理的大部分問題和活動。Chapter?The term administration state” is intend to convey several realities

21、 of contemporary government: that a great deal of the societys resources are spent on the salaries and functions of public administration; that public administration are crucial to the operation of contemporary government; that, as a whole, they are politically powerful and that the nation has decid

22、ed on a course of attempting to solve its problem and achieve its aims through the use of administrative action.“行政型國家”這一術(shù)語是表達當(dāng)代政府的若干現(xiàn)實。大量的社會資源被浪 費在了公共行政部門所開銷的薪酬和行政活動中。公共部門的管理者對當(dāng)代 政府的運作是至關(guān)重要的；作為一個整體，公共部門的管理者同時擁有行政權(quán)力；國家通常采用行政的方法試圖來解決他們遇到的問題，以與實現(xiàn)相應(yīng) 的目標(biāo)。ChaptersThe system of federalism was established

23、by the constitution, James Bryce explains:it has long been agreed that the only possible form of government for American is a federal one. The chief deter native to a federal system of government is a unitary system, as in France or Japan, where there are no state government and all significant powe

24、r lies with the national government. Such system may be good for getting things done and for focusing accountability. They avoid overlap and duplication levels of government or complex system of federal state financial relations. But non-unitary federal system offer great strengths in terms of enhan

25、cing diversity of recognizing the variances among aspiration, values and resources that people hold in different communities and corners across this nation, Our system of federalism places significant democratic governments in every city and crossroads and, by so doing, the potential government is r

26、educed.聯(lián)邦制度是在憲法的基礎(chǔ)上建立的。詹姆斯布萊斯解釋說：一直以來，一 致認為，對美國來說唯一可能政府的形式是聯(lián)邦政府。聯(lián)邦政府系統(tǒng)主要采 用的是一個單一的系統(tǒng)，如法國和日本，沒有州政府，所有重要的權(quán)力是在 國家政府手中。這種系統(tǒng)可能的好處就是做實事和重點問責(zé)制。他們避免重 疊和復(fù)雜聯(lián)邦國家財政制度的關(guān)系。但非單一的聯(lián)邦系統(tǒng)可以加強多樣性方 面的優(yōu)勢，承認全國各個不同地區(qū)人民所擁有的愿望，價值和資源以與民族 的差異性。我們聯(lián)邦制度讓偉大的XX政府滲透到每一個城市和國家的每一 個角落，并通過這樣做，使出現(xiàn)一個偏遠和反應(yīng)遲鈍的獨裁政府的潛在風(fēng)險 降低。ChaptersPerformance

27、 Management consists of six phases.The organization specifies clear and measurable objectives.Management selects and uses performance indicators to measure the organizations progress in attaining its objectives.The performance of each employees （or team） is evaluated regularly.Performance incentives

28、 are used to help motivate employees to meet the organizations objectives.Financial and human resources are coordinated and budgeted in a manner that focuses resources on organizational objectives.The organizations progress is assessed at the end of each budget cycle, and goals are re-set to continuously improve performance over successive budget cycles.績效管理包括六個階段（1）該組織確定明確和可衡量的目標(biāo)（2）管理者選擇和使用績效指標(biāo)來衡量該組織在實現(xiàn)其目標(biāo)的進展情況（3）每個員工或團隊的表現(xiàn)定期評估（4）績效獎勵