測繪專業(yè)英語

1、Geomatics is a relatively new scientific term created by Pollock and Wright in 1969, with the intention of combining the terms geodesy and geoinformatics. It includes the tools and techniques used inSurveying and Mapping,Remote Sensing (RS),Cartography,Geographic Information Systems(GIS), Global Nav

2、igation Satellite Systems(GNSS, i.e.,GPS, Glonass,Galileo,Compass),Photogrammetry, Geography, Geosciences, Computer Sciences, Information Science and various spatial observation technologies, land development and environmental sciences, etc. 測繪學是一種相對較新的科學術語由波洛克和賴特在1969年提出，目的是將大地測量學與地理信息學結合起來。 它包括的工具

3、和技術應用于測繪、遙感(RS)、地圖學、地理信息系統(tǒng)(GIS)、全球?qū)Ш叫l(wèi)星系統(tǒng)(GNSS,即。、GPS、Glonass、伽利略、北斗),攝影測量、地理學、地球科學、計算機科學、信息科學和各種空間觀測技術、土地開發(fā)、環(huán)境科學等。 Surveying may be defined as the technology and science of the study of earths shape and size, as well as making measurements of the relative positions of natural and man-made features o

4、n, above or below the earths surface, and representing these information in analog forms as contoured maps or sections, paper plan or chart, or as figures in report tables, or in digital form as a three dimensional mathematical model stored in the computer. 測量的技術和科學可以定義為研究地球的形狀和大小,以及測量位于地球外表上或者低于或者高

5、于地球外表的自然的或人造的物體的相對位置,并將這些信息以模擬形式的波狀外形的地圖、剖面圖、論文方案、圖表、數(shù)據(jù)報告表中呈現(xiàn)或以數(shù)字形式存儲在計算機三維數(shù)學模型中。 Surveys are the technologies of measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects, measuring angles between lines or the direction of lines, and determining the elevations of the points. After the actual meas

6、urements of surveys, mathematical calculations are made to determine the distances, angles, directions, locations, elevations, areas, and volumes from surveying data. Then much surveying information is portrayed graphically in forms of the construction maps, profiles, cross-sections and diagrams.測繪學

7、是測量物體之間的水平和垂直距離,測量直線之間的角度或直線的方向,測量點位的高度的技術。 在實際測量后,需要根據(jù)測量數(shù)據(jù)進行數(shù)學計算來確定距離,角度,方向,位置,海拔,地區(qū)和體積。 然后測量信息就以地圖、剖面圖、橫斷面圖和圖表等圖形形式描繪出來。 The equipments available and methods applicable for measurements and calculations have changed tremendously in the past decade. Traditional equipments for measurements: Optical

8、(electronic) Theodolite, Tapes, Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM), levels, etc. Modern equipments: Aerial photogrammetry, satellite observation, Remote Sensing (RS), inertial surveying, and laser ranging techniques, etc. At the same time, the relatively easy access to computers of all size facil

9、itates the rigorous processing and storage of large volumes of data.可用的設備和適用于測量和計算的方法在過去十年發(fā)生了巨大變化。 傳統(tǒng)的測量設備:光學電子經(jīng)緯儀、磁帶、電子測距(EDM)、水準尺等。 現(xiàn)代設備:航空攝影測量、衛(wèi)星觀測、遙感(RS)、慣性測量,激光測距技術,等等。 同時,電腦的相對廣泛應用促進了嚴格處理和存儲大量數(shù)據(jù)的過程。 With the development of these modern data acquisition and processing systems, the duties of the

10、 surveyors have expanded beyond the traditional tasks of the field work of taking measurements and the office work of computing and drawing. Surveying is required not only for conventional construction engineering projects, mapping, and property surveys, but is also used increasingly by other physic

11、al sciences, such as geology, geophysics, biology, agriculture, forestry, hydrology, oceanography and geography, etc. 隨著現(xiàn)代數(shù)據(jù)采集和處理系統(tǒng)的開展,測量員的職責已經(jīng)大大超出了傳統(tǒng)的野外測量工作和內(nèi)業(yè)計算和繪圖工作。 測量不僅適用于傳統(tǒng)的建筑工程工程、地圖學和土地權屬調(diào)查,也越來越多的適用于其他物理科學,如地質(zhì)、地球物理、生態(tài)學、農(nóng)學、林業(yè)學、水文、海洋、地理等。 The essential work of surveying is to determine accurate

12、ly the position of the features on the surface of the Earth (horizontal surveying), and the elevations of the features (vertical surveying), or a combination of both. Although different surveys are for different purposes, the basic operations include: measurements (fieldwork), computations and mappi

13、ng (office work). From another point, the work of surveying is either to determine the locations (three-dimensional coordinates) of ground features and drawing all kinds of maps, or to mark out the designed buildings or structures in maps at their proposed positions.測量的根本工作是確定地球上物體的準確位置(水平測量)和高度(垂直測

14、量),或兩者的結合。 雖然不同的調(diào)查是為了不同的目的,根本操作包括:測量(野外),計算和繪圖(內(nèi)業(yè))。 從另一個角度,測量的工作是確定地球表現(xiàn)上物體的位置(三維坐標)和繪制各種地圖,或在地圖上的建筑物、構筑物中標定他們的位置。 Surveying operations include: (1) design of surveying procedures and selection of equipments; (2) acquisition and storage of data in the fields; (3) reduction or analysis of data in the

15、office or in the filed; (4)preparation of maps or other displays in the graphical or numerical forms needed for the purpose of survey; (5) layout of monuments and boundaries in the fields, as well as providing control surveying for construction. 測量操作包括:(1)測量過程的設計和測量儀器的選擇;(2)野外數(shù)據(jù)的采集和存儲;(3)在辦公室或野外分析和處

16、理數(shù)據(jù);(4)準備測量所需的地圖或其他以圖形或數(shù)字形式的呈現(xiàn)的圖形;在野外埋設標石和邊界,進行施工控制測量。 Performance of these tasks requires a familiarity with the uses of surveying equipments and techniques, knowledge of fundamentals of the surveying process, and knowledge of various means by which data can be prepared for presentation.Definitions

17、 of control surveying and detail surveying: (1) Control surveying is referred to the measurements of control points, which are well spaced in the form of network and play controlling roles in survey area. (2) Detail surveying is referred to the work of measuring the terrain features around each cont

18、rol point. 這些任務的完成需要熟練使用測量設備和技術,測量過程的根底知識和在地圖上展繪數(shù)據(jù)的各種知識。控制測量和碎部測量的定義:(1)控制測量的測量控制點,以網(wǎng)絡的形式分布在測區(qū)并在測區(qū)起控制作用。(2)碎部測量是測量每個控制點周圍的地形特征。The work of surveying should follow some basic procedures or rules: (1) Control surveying should be firstly carried out, and then detail surveying. (2) The work of surveying

19、 should be conduced from the whole to the parts. (3) High-precision surveying controls the low-precision surveying. (4) Each step of surveying work has a check. These basic procedures or rules can help to divide surveying area into different map units, reduce the error accumulation, ensure the preci

20、sion of mapping, and speed up the mapping process.測量工作應該遵循根本的程序和規(guī)那么:(1)控制測量應首先進行,然后進行碎部測量。(2)測量的工作應該是從整體到局部。(3)高精度等級測量控制低精度等級測量。(4)步步要檢核。 這些根本的程序或規(guī)那么可以把測量區(qū)域劃分為不同的地圖單元,減少誤差積累,保證了地圖的精度,加快制圖過程。 Surveys have many different branches, such as geodetic surveying, plane surveying, engineering surveying, top

21、ographic surveying, cadastral surveying, mine surveying, etc. 1. Geodetic surveying Geodetic surveying is referred to the measurement and representation of the Earths shape and size, gravity field and geodynamic phenomena (such as polar motion, Earth tides and crustal motion), and establishment of c

22、ontrol networks of large areas for other surveys. 調(diào)查有很多不同的分支,如大地測量、平面測量,工程測量,地形測量、地籍測量、礦山測量學等。1、大地測量學 大地測量是測量和表征地球的形狀和大小,重力場和地球動力學的現(xiàn)象(如極移、地球潮汐和地殼運動),建立用于其他大面積測量的控制網(wǎng)絡的學科。 In geodetic surveying, large areas of the Earths surface are involved and the true shape of the Earth must be taken into account,

23、and the stations are normally long distances apart, and more precise instruments and surveying methods are required for this type of surveying. In geodetic surveying, the shape of the Earth is thought of as a spheroid, although it is not really a spheroid in a technical sense. 在大地測量學中，由于地球外表的大局部地區(qū)都有

24、涉及，所以地球的真實形狀必須考慮進去,由于站點之間的分隔距離較遠,所以需要更精密的儀器和測量方法。 在大地測量學中，地球的形狀被認為是一個球體,雖然在理論意義上并不是一個球體。Therefore, distances measured on or near the surface of the Earth are not along straight lines or planes, but on a curved surface. Widely spaced and permanent monuments are used as the basis for computing lengths

25、 and distances between relative positions. allowances are made for the earths minor and major diameters from which a reference spheroid is developed. These basic points with permanent monuments are called geodetic control points, which support the production of consistent and compatible reference co

26、ordinates for other surveying and mapping projects. 因此,在地球外表或者地球附近所測的距離并不是沿直線或平面的,而是在一個曲面上。 廣泛放置的永久標石可以作為計算長度和相對點位之間距離的根底。參考橢球面是根據(jù)地球的大小半徑的容許差來建立的。 這些帶有永久標石的根本點被稱為大地控制點,為其他的測量工作提供固定坐標和相對坐標。Plane surveying The type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered a plane, or in which

27、the curvature of the earth can be disregarded without significant error, generally is called plane survey . The term is used to designate survey work in which the distances or areas involved are of limited extent. 平面測量在這種測量中地球平均外表被認為是一個平面,或在沒有較大誤差的情況下地球曲率可以被忽略,這種測量通常被稱為平面測量。這種測量都用于指定的距離和面積在有限范圍內(nèi)的測量工

28、作。 With regard to horizontal distances and directions, a level line is considered mathematically straight, the direction of the plumb line is considered to be plane angles. In plane surveying, formulas of plane trigonometry , algebra , and analytical geometry are used to make computations. For small

29、 areas, precise results may be obtained with plane surveying methods, but the accuracy and precision of such results will decrease as the area surveyed increases in size. 對與水平距離和方向,水平線在數(shù)學上被認為是直的,鉛垂線的方向被認為是平面角。 在平面測量中，平面三角公式、代數(shù)、解析幾何是用來計算的。 對小區(qū)域,平面測量方法可以獲得精確的結果,但結果的準確度和精度將隨著測區(qū)的面積增大而降低。 There are close

30、 cooperation between geodetic survey and plane survey. The geodetic survey adopts the parameters determined by measurements of the earth, and its own results are available to those who measure the earth. The plane surveys are generally connected to the control points of the geodetic surveys.大地測量和平面測

31、量之間有密切的聯(lián)系。 大地測量采用參數(shù)取決于所測量的地球平面,并且測量結果可被其他測量地球的人使用。平面測量通常與大地測量的控制點有關。3. Topographic surveying Topographic surveys are made to determine the configuration ( relief ) of the surface of the earth, locate the natural and artificial features thereon, and produce maps, plans or sections to suitable scales.

32、 Many natural and artificial features such as relief,hydrography, vegetation , road ,trails , buildings, canals and boundary lines have to be represented by conventional symbols in a topographic map.3 .地形測量 地形測量是用來確定地球外表形狀,確定自然和人工物體的位置,并生成地圖,選定平面圖和區(qū)域圖的適宜的比例尺。 許多天然和人工物體,比方地貌、水文、植被、道路、小徑、建筑物、運河和邊界線必須由

33、傳統(tǒng)的地形圖符號在地形圖中表示。 Topographic maps have height information either as spot heights or as contours, and their scales are different ranges. Topographic maps have a multitude of uses, such as navigation , recreation , geographical and geological study, military, exploration , etc. 地形圖上有點位高度表示的高程信息和以等高線表示

34、的高程信息,他們的比例尺范圍不同。 地形圖有多種用途,如導航、娛樂、地理和地質(zhì)研究、軍事、勘探等。4. Engineering surveying Engineering surveys are referred to all the surveys required in design, construction and management stages of engineering constructions. For example, in the stage of survey and design, large-scale topographical maps or plans a

35、re required as a basis for design, then the proposed position of any new item of the construction must be marked out on the ground both in plane and height, these operations generally termed setting工程測量 工程測量是指建筑設計、工程建設和工程建設的管理階段的所有測量工作。 例如,在勘察設計階段,大比例尺的地形圖或設計作為設計的根底,并且提出任何新的建設工程的點位必須在平面上放樣出平面位置和高度,這

36、些操作通常稱為放樣。 setting out , and finally, as-built surveys and deformation monitoring are often required. The design and construction of new routes, e.g. roads, and railways, the calculations of the areas and volumes of land are also the aspects of engineering surveys. 放樣,最后竣工調(diào)查和變形監(jiān)測通常是必需的。 新路線的設計和施工,如公

37、路,鐵路,計算區(qū)域大小和土方量也屬于工程測量。 5. Cadastral surveying Cadastral surveys are referred to the work of making measurements and plotting the measurements to produce plans of property boundaries for legal purposes. In many countries the registrations of ownership of lands are based on such plans.地籍測量 地籍測量是指進行測量

38、和繪制符合法律用途的合法邊界。 在許多國家登記的土地的所有權是基于這樣的平面圖。 6. Mine Surveying Mine surveying is concerned with measurements of surface and underground mines, obtaining data in digital form and making graphical representation for prospecting mineral deposits, constructing mines and exploiting minerals. A few centuries

39、ago, mine surveying is extensively developed for the determination of the boundaries of the mining claims. The early period of mine surveying may be considered as the art of running underground traverses. 礦山測量學 礦山測量學是測量外表和地下礦山、以數(shù)字形式獲取數(shù)據(jù),使圖形標繪勘探礦藏,礦山建設和開采礦產(chǎn)。 幾個世紀前,礦山測量學廣泛開展是為了采礦勘界的目的。 礦山測量學的早期可能被視為布設

40、地下導線。 However, as it developed, mine surveying included, apart from techniques of mine surveying, the mine surveying instrumentation, the geometry of mineral resources, study of tectonics, etc. All these aspects of mine surveying are made for the precision of geological exploration, as well as the s

41、afety and efficiency in working a mine. As the progress has been made in the methods of mine surveying, the mine surveyors are using the gyro-theodolite, high-precision theodolites and optical range finders to solve of the problems of orientation and construction of reference networks. 然而,隨著它的開展,礦山測

42、量學,除了礦山測量技術、礦山測量儀器,礦產(chǎn)資源的幾何構造和技術研究等。礦山測量的所有這些方面構成地質(zhì)勘探精度,以及礦井工作的平安性和效率。 礦山測量學方法的進步,礦山測量員使用陀螺經(jīng)緯儀、高精度經(jīng)緯儀和光學測距儀來解決定向和參照網(wǎng)絡的建設等問題。 Self-adjusting levels and lasers have recently become very popular to give lines and grades and check on the directions of mines, and provide control for such operations as min

43、e shaft equipment, laying railway tracks, installing conveyors, putting through pipelines and others. Moreover, new techniques and instruments are made for plotting mine graphics and preparing mine plans and longitudinal and transverse sections.自動安平水準儀和激光水準儀最近變得非常流行在施工方樣和坡度以及檢核礦井方向等方面,并為礦井設備操作提供控制,鋪

44、設鐵軌,安裝輸送機,放樣管道和其他事物。 此外,新技術和儀器是用來鋪設井筒和繪制礦井平面圖和縱和橫向斷面圖的。 The earliest surveys were for the purpose of establishing the boundaries of land, and such surveys are still important work of many surveyors. Every construction project of any magnitude is based to some degree upon measurements taken during th

45、e progress of a survey and is constructed about lines and points established by the surveyors. Aside from land surveys, practically all surveys of private and public natures are of assistance in the conception, design, and execution of engineering works.最早的調(diào)查是為了建立土地的邊界,這樣的測量工作仍是測量員的重要工作。 任何規(guī)模的建設工程都是

46、在某種程度上基于測量以及測量員所放樣的點線。 除了土地調(diào)查,幾乎所有的私有和公共性質(zhì)調(diào)查是概念、設計、工程和執(zhí)行工作的輔助設備。1.4 Developments of Surveying1. Surveying techniques Historically,distanceswere measured by different means, for instance tapes made of steelorinvar were pulled taut to reduce sagging and slack to measure horizontal distances. Additiona

47、lly, attempting to measure up a slope, the surveyors might have to use increments less than the total length of the tape. Horizontal angles were measured using a compass, which would provide a magnetic bearing. This type of instrument was later improved, with more carefully scribed discs providing b

48、etter angular resolution, as well as through mounting telescopes withreticlesfor more-precise sighting atop the disc. 從歷史上看,距離測量的方式有很多,例如使用拉緊的鋼尺或銦瓦尺減少下垂和松弛來測量水平距離。 此外,為了測量斜坡,測量員可能使用增量法而不是總長度的鋼尺。 使用帶有磁軸承的羅盤測量水平角度。這種類型的儀器后來有所改善,更仔細地刻劃度盤從而提供更好的角分辨率,以及通過望遠鏡的十字刻劃絲來更精確的瞄準度盤的頂部。 High-accuracy transits or t

49、heodolites were used for this work, and angles between objects were measured repeatedly for increased accuracy. Historically, the simplest method for measuring heights was using air pressure as an indication of height with an altimeter(basically abarometer). But surveying requires greater precision.

50、 A variety of means, such as precise leveling (also known as differential leveling), have been developed to do this. With precise leveling, a series of measurements between two points are taken using a level instrument and a leveling rod. 高精度經(jīng)緯儀被用于這項工作,通過增加物體之間角度測量次數(shù)來增加準確性。 測量高度的歷史上,最簡單的方法是使用帶有空氣壓力的

51、高度計指示高度(本質(zhì)上是一個氣壓計)。但測量需要更高的精度。各種手段,如精密水準測量(也稱為微分水準),已經(jīng)開發(fā)出來。精密水準測量,兩點之間的測量工作通過一系列儀器和水準尺進行。 Triangulationis another method of horizontal location was widely used in the past years. As long as they are visible from one of the original objects, with the triangulation method, distances and directions bet

52、ween objects at great distance from one another can be determined. A more modern instrument is aTotal Station, which is a theodolite with an Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM). Since its introduction, total station has made the technological shift from being optical-mechanical device to being ful

53、ly electronic。三角測量是過去被廣泛應用的一種測量水平位置的方法。只要他們從最初的對象是可見的,三角測量方法,兩個較遠物體之間的距離和方向可以確定。 更現(xiàn)代的儀器是全站儀,它是一個經(jīng)緯儀與電子測距儀(EDM)的組合。 全站儀引入以來,全站儀技術已經(jīng)從光學機械設備完全轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡娮拥摹?Modern Total Stations no longer require a reflector or prism (used to return the light pulses) to measure distances, they are fully robotic and can even

54、e-mail point data to the office computer. With the advancement of satellite positioning technology, the speed and precision of surveying are greatly increased by using Global Positioning System (GPS). Because GPS systems do not work well in areas with dense tree cover or constructions, Total Station

55、s are still used widely along with other types of surveying instruments. Now robotic-guided Total Stations allow surveyors to gather precise measurements without extra surveyors to look through and turn the telescope or record data. 現(xiàn)代全站儀不再需要一個反射器或棱鏡(用于返回光脈沖)來測量距離,他們完全自動化甚至可以以電子郵件的方式發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)點到辦公室的電腦。 隨著

56、衛(wèi)星定位技術的開展,測量的速度和精度大大增加通過使用全球定位系統(tǒng)(GPS)。 因為GPS系統(tǒng)在茂密的樹木覆蓋的地區(qū)或建筑密集區(qū)工作性能不好,全站儀仍與其他類型的測量儀器一同廣泛使用。 現(xiàn)在智能全站儀允許測量員在沒有額外的測量員進行檢核、調(diào)整棱鏡和記錄數(shù)據(jù)的情況下，進行精確測量。Chapter 2 Datums of Surveying 2.1 Geoid and reference ellipsoid 2.2 Map projection 2.3 Datums and coordinate system2.1 Geoid and reference ellipsoid 大地水準面和參考橢球面

57、The Earths physical surface is a reality upon which the surveying observations are made and points are located. However, due to its variable topographic surface and overall shape, it cannot be defined mathematically and so positions cannot be computed on its surface. It is for this reason that in su

58、rveys of limited extent, the Earth is treated as flat and plane trigonometry used to define position.地球的物理外表是一個測量觀測地形和放樣點位的真實外表。 然而,由于其變化的地形外表和整體形狀,它不能按照數(shù)學方法定義,所以點位也不能在其外表計算。 正是因為這一原因,在調(diào)查范圍有限的情況下,地球唄認為是平的,平面三角用來定義點的位置。 If the area under consideration is of limited extent, orthogonal projection of th

59、is area onto a plane surface may result in negligible distortion. Plane surveying techniques could be used to capture field data and plane trigonometry used to compute position. However, if the area extended to a large area beyond limitation and treated as a flat surface the effect of the earths cur

60、vature will produce unacceptable distortion.如果考慮到測區(qū)的面積是有限的,這一地區(qū)的正交投影在平面上可能產(chǎn)生的變形是可以忽略不計的。 平面測量技術可以用來捕獲野外數(shù)據(jù)和平面三角測量用于計算點的位置。 然而,如果測區(qū)面積擴大到超出一定限制的區(qū)域,被當作一個平面，由于地球曲率的影響將產(chǎn)生不可接受的變形。 Therefore, a mathematical model of the earth is needed to represent horizontal positions and elevations on maps. As such, it is