chapter4增詞與減詞技巧

1、Appetizer 11.這個(gè)教授教得很爛。 誤 The professor teaches badly. 12.北京申奧成功的消息令我們熱血沸騰。 誤 Beijings winning the bid for the Olympics makes our blood boil. 13.別聽他們胡說八道，根本就沒那回事。 誤 Dont listen to their babbling. Nothing of the sort. 14.我們這兒的人都覺得他有婚外戀。 誤 Pepple around here all feel that he has affairs outside his own

2、 marriage. 15.別看別人不把她當(dāng)回事，在家里她可是父親的掌上明珠。 誤 Although other people never take her seriousy, she is the pearl on her fathers hand at home. 111.正 The professor is so terrible. 注：有人認(rèn)為第二句的意思是“這個(gè)教授很可怕”，其實(shí)不然。英語中 terible 意思很靈活，例如：feel terrible 指身體“不舒服”； The food is terrible 則是說食物“難吃極了”。而第一句純屬中文式的表達(dá)。 12. 正 Bei

3、jings winning the bid for the Olympics makes us excited. 注：make ones blood boil 是指“激怒某人”，而非“使人激動(dòng)”。英語中“使人激動(dòng)”的說法除了 make one excited，還有較為口語化的 make ones spine tingle。 13. 正 Dont be fooled by their babbling. Nothing of the sort. 注：原文中的“聽”不能用 listen to 來表示，因?yàn)?listen to 指“聽”的動(dòng)作，而原文中的“別聽”不是不讓他“聽”，而是勸告他“不要聽信

4、”，因此，用 not be fooled by 才更達(dá)意。 214. 正 Pepple around here all feel that he is leading a double life. 注：affair 本身就指“私通”或“曖昧關(guān)系”，當(dāng)然是“婚外”的事，所以 outside ones own marriage 無疑是多此一舉了。英語中“有婚外戀”的地道說法應(yīng)該是 lead a double life。 15. 正 Although other people never take her seriousy, she is the apple of her fathers eye a

5、t home. 注：中英文常用不同的喻體表明相同的喻義，“掌上明珠”與 the apple of ones eye 就是一個(gè)很好的例子。這種情況我們一般應(yīng)尊重各國文化和習(xí)俗，翻譯時(shí)取目的語的固定說法，而不必直譯，這有助于將意思更有效地傳達(dá)給讀者。the apple of ones eye 源自圣經(jīng)舊約，當(dāng)時(shí)人們用 apple 指人的瞳孔。盡管瞳孔現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)用 pupil 來表示，不再是 apple 了，但這一用法卻延續(xù)了下來。 3第四章 英漢翻譯中的增詞法與減詞法4一、為了語法上的需要而增詞時(shí)態(tài)要求補(bǔ)充原文因語法省略的詞二、為了表達(dá)清晰和自然而增詞增加動(dòng)詞 形容詞 副詞名詞 量詞 三、為了增加背

6、景文化知識(shí)四、名詞復(fù)數(shù)翻譯的增詞法語氣詞范疇詞概括性的詞承上啟下的詞5一、為了語法上的需要而增詞時(shí)態(tài)要求漢語表示時(shí)態(tài)的詞：著，了，過等 The English language is in very good shape. It is changing in its own undiscoverable way, but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a tree.6補(bǔ)充原文因語法省略的詞Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.從別人的失敗中吸取教訓(xùn)比從自己

7、的失敗中吸取教訓(xùn)更好end7二、為了表達(dá)清晰和自然而增詞增加動(dòng)詞 形容詞 副詞 名詞 量詞語氣詞范疇詞概括性的詞承上啟下的詞8增加動(dòng)詞In every Chinese city, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants. 在中國，我們每到一個(gè)城市就遛大街、逛商店、游公園、看演出、吃名菜。In the evening, after the banquet, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting

8、of the final communiqu. 晚上在參加宴會(huì)、出席音樂會(huì)、觀看乒乓球表演之 后，他還得起草最后公報(bào)。 I forgot my key 我忘了帶鑰匙。why二、為了表達(dá)清晰和自然而增詞9增加形容詞The war made a man of him. 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)把他鍛造成一個(gè)堂堂的男子漢。Deflation has now reached unprecedented level.通貨緊縮已經(jīng)發(fā)展到了空前嚴(yán)重的地步。end10增加副詞The crowds melted away.人群漸漸散開了As he sat down and began talking, words poured o

9、ut.他一坐下來就講開了，滔滔不絕地講的沒完。11增加名詞不及物動(dòng)詞賓語隱含在動(dòng)詞后面抽象名詞后增加名詞具體名詞表示抽象概念時(shí)，名詞后增加名詞 在形容詞前加名詞12不及物動(dòng)詞賓語隱含在動(dòng)詞后面First you borrow, then you beg.頭一遭借錢，下一遭就討飯Day after day he came to his worksweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.他每天來干活掃地，擦地板，收拾房間。13形容詞This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.這部打字機(jī)真是物美價(jià)廉。He is a complicated ma

10、nmoody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak.他是一個(gè)性格復(fù)雜的人喜怒無常，反復(fù)多變，有些猶豫寡歡。14To persuadeTo prepareBackwardTenseArrogantMadantagonistic說服準(zhǔn)備落后緊張自滿瘋狂敵對(duì)PersuasionPreparationBackwardnessTensionArroganceMadnessantagonism說服工作準(zhǔn)備工作落后狀態(tài)緊張局勢(shì)自滿情緒瘋狂行為敵對(duì)態(tài)度抽象名詞后增加名詞15具體名詞表示抽象概念時(shí)，名詞后增加名詞He allowed the father to be over

11、ruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty.他讓法官的職責(zé)戰(zhàn)勝父子的私情，而判決他兒子有罪。16增加表示名詞復(fù)數(shù)的詞增加重迭詞表示復(fù)數(shù)增加數(shù)詞或其他詞表示復(fù)數(shù)Flowers bloom all over the yard朵朵鮮花開滿了庭院The lion is the king of animals.獅是百獸之王17The ASIAN countries have designated 1992 as “Asian Tourism Year”, and are cooperating in a drive to convince th

12、e worlds pleasure-and-culture-seekers of their attractions. 亞洲幾個(gè)國家將1992年指定為“亞洲旅游年”，攜手合作發(fā)起一場(chǎng)宣傳攻勢(shì)，旨在讓世界各地的那些獵奇探勝的游客確信，他們這些國家也有許多引人入勝的旅游景觀。 18增加量詞 數(shù)詞與可數(shù)名詞直接連用有些動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)作名詞19數(shù)詞與可數(shù)名詞直接連用A tractorA bikeA full moonA mouthA bad dreamA red sun rose slowly from the calm sea一輪紅日從風(fēng)平浪靜的海面冉冉升起。A stream is winding its

13、 way through the valley into the river.一彎溪水蜿蜒流過山谷，匯合到江里去了。20增加語氣詞的、呢、吧、啊、呀等Dont take it seriously. Im just making fun of you.不要認(rèn)真嘛！我只不過和你開個(gè)玩笑罷了。As for me, I didnt agree from the very beginning.我呢，從一開始就不贊成。21增加概括性的詞 Sino-British links have multipliedpolitical, commercial, educational, cultural, defen

14、se, science and technology.中英兩國在政治、商務(wù)、教育、文化、國防和科技方面的聯(lián)系進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)了。The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.22增加承上啟下的詞Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days, sort of fashion.不錯(cuò)，我喜歡中國菜。現(xiàn)在很多人喜歡中國菜，這種情況算是有點(diǎn)趕時(shí)髦吧。23三、為了增加背景文化知識(shí)揭示背

15、景、介紹習(xí)俗及闡釋典故Pumpkin-eater養(yǎng)不活老婆的人Swan song辭世之作，歸天之作Waterloo滑鐵盧24Exercises 1. Inflation was and still is the No.1 problem for that country. 2.Your packing is not as good as your competitors.3.Men and nations working apart created these problems, men and nations working together must solve them. 4. He s

16、eized the chance for peace between them.5. I like your policies of first come, first served.251.通貨膨脹過去是，現(xiàn)在仍然是該國的首要問題。2.貴方的包裝不如貴方競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者的包裝好。3.人與人之間以及國與國之間離心離德產(chǎn)生了這些問題：人與人之間以及國與國之間同心同德必定能解決這些問題。人民和國家分開工作制造了這些問題，必須共同解決。4.他抓住了實(shí)現(xiàn)他們和解的機(jī)會(huì)。(他趁機(jī)使他們言歸于好。）5.我喜歡你們執(zhí)行的先到先接待的政策。26賓語代詞Any excuse will serve if one has n

17、ot a mind to do it.如果不想干， 總會(huì)找到借口。We assure you of our reciprocation your courtesy at any time.貴行的好意我方保證隨時(shí)回報(bào)。27減詞技巧：物主代詞He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.他聳聳肩，搖搖頭，兩眼看天，一句話不說。28省略It非人稱的it強(qiáng)勢(shì)句中的it It was just growing dark, as she shut the garden gate.她關(guān)上園門時(shí)，已是

18、暮色蒼茫了。It was with some difficulty that he found the way to his own house.他費(fèi)了不少勁才找到了回家的路。29省略連詞He looked gloomy and troubled.他看上去有些憂愁不安。Because departure is not easy we made it brief.告別這件事難得很，我們就做得簡(jiǎn)單一些。充分體現(xiàn)出漢語是意合的語言30省略冠詞China is changing, and the changes in China, if they continue, may profoundly ch

19、ange the world.中國在發(fā)生變化，這種變化如果持續(xù)下去，就可能真正(徹底)（深刻）地改變?nèi)澜纭?1前置詞Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共場(chǎng)所不準(zhǔn)吸煙。On the 13th of May, 1956, I became a civilian again.1956年5月13號(hào)，我又是一個(gè)老百姓了。32從修辭的角度英語重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的短語University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.報(bào)考大學(xué)的人，有工

20、作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的優(yōu)先錄取。Domestic lighting circuits should be at least two in number.家用照明電路至少用該是兩條。33Homework1.He glanced at his watch; it was 7:15.2.She felt the flowers were in her fingers, on her lips, growing in her breast.3.In my childhood I learned a great deal about Russia.4. It is only shallow people who ju

21、dge by appearance.Domestic lighting circuits should be at least two in number.343.兒童時(shí)代，我就聽到許多關(guān)于俄國的事情。4只有淺薄的人才會(huì)以貌取人。35More examples:此時(shí)魯小姐卸了濃妝,換幾件淡雅衣服,遽公孫舉目細(xì)看，真有沉魚落雁之容,閉月羞花之貌. By this time Miss Lu had changed out of her ceremonial dress into an ordinary gown, and then Ju looked at her closely, and he

22、saw that her beauty would put the flowers to shame.在漢語中從幾個(gè)方面同時(shí)形容或說明同一事物時(shí)，在譯文中刪減一些詞，只翻譯出其中一兩個(gè)方面倒可以使譯文形象更為生動(dòng)地表達(dá)出來36她的朋友們聽到她家中的困難情況之后，主動(dòng)伸出援助之手。After her friends heard about her family difficulties, they offered her an helping hand英語中大量使用抽象名詞，概括力強(qiáng)；漢語則相對(duì)比較具體，常常以實(shí)的形式表示虛的觀念，以具體的形象表達(dá)抽象的內(nèi)容漢譯英時(shí)，把漢語整個(gè)名詞詞組譯成英語中

23、抽象名詞即可，否則就有畫蛇添足之嫌 37美華大酒店坐落在幽靜的湖濱區(qū)，俯瞰西子湖，景色得天獨(dú)厚譯文Meihua Grand Hotel is located in a tranquil lake-side area, overlooking the West Lake, and has a unique scene.譯文Overlooking from West Lake, Meihua Grand Hotel which is located in the sequestered area of Hubin, has advantaged scenery. 參考譯文Situated in t

24、he quiet neighborhood of Hubin Area with a spectacular view overlooking the West lake38酒店餐飲服務(wù)豐富齊全，中西兼有譯文The hotel offers an extensive range of dining experiences, both eastern and western譯文The catering service of hotel is all ready with Chinese food and western food. 參考譯文：The hotel offers a variety

25、of catering service in both Chinese and Western styles.39帶桑拿蒸汽浴室的豪華套房和按相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建造的殘疾人專用房譯文luxury flats with sauna bathrooms and special rooms for the handicapped following by some correlative standards. 譯文deluxe suites with sauna and steam baths as well as special rooms built for the disabled according

26、to related standards. 參考譯文deluxe suites with sauna bath, and special guest rooms for the handicapped designed to the relevant standards.40The effects are particularly uncertain with goods which are not produced at all domestically. 如果產(chǎn)品根本不是本國制造，其影響就更加無法確定。41 Omission deletes the words but not the me

27、anings. When omission is used, we must make sure that we can deliver the original meanings to the target reader . 42Exercises:1. I knew it quite well as I know it now.2. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 3. This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.4.The Americans and the Japanese c

28、onducted a completely secret exchange of messages.5. There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. 436. The lion is the king of animals. 7.In catching up with and surpassing the worlds advanced levels, time is the key factor. Time means life, time means speed, time means strength.8. We m

29、ust actively introduce new techniques, equipment, technologies and material.441. I knew it quite well as I know it now. 我當(dāng)時(shí)就知道的同現(xiàn)在一樣清楚。 (語法增加）2. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下來就講開了，滔滔不絕地講個(gè) 沒完。（增加副詞）3. This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 這部打字機(jī)真是價(jià)廉物美。 （形容詞前增加名詞） 454.The

30、 Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages. 美日雙方在完全保密的情況下相互交換了信 件。（解釋性增加）5. There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. 一排排的房屋，都是他從來沒有見過的。6. The lion is the king of animals. 獅子是百獸之王.467.In catching up with and surpassing the worlds advanced levels, t

31、ime is the key factor. Time means life, time means speed, time means strength.趕超世界先進(jìn)水平， 關(guān)鍵是時(shí)間。時(shí)間就是生命，時(shí)間就是速度，時(shí)間就是力量。8. We must actively introduce new techniques, equipment, technologies and material.我們必須積極采用新技術(shù)，新設(shè)備、新工藝、新材料。47課后練習(xí) 1. Tariffs may be used simply to obtain revenue. In some developing cou

32、ntries, revenue tariffs provide an important part of the governments income. 48 征收關(guān)稅可能只是為了獲得收入.有些發(fā)展中國家,財(cái)政關(guān)稅在其政府收入中是很重要的一部分.49 Often, however, tariffs are protective, and are designed to carry out a particular economic policy. They may help to reduce a balance of payments deficit or to protect an inf

33、ant industry against strong international competition from older corporations.50 然而,關(guān)稅又經(jīng)常具有保護(hù)性質(zhì),用來貫徹一項(xiàng)特定的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策.這類關(guān)稅有助于減少國際收支逆差,或保護(hù)新生工業(yè)在國際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中頂住來自老資格公司的強(qiáng)大挑戰(zhàn).51 A revenue tariff will always provide some protection, and a protective tariff will produce some revenue. Therefore, it is difficult to distingu

34、ish between revenue and protective tariffs from economic evidence alone.52 財(cái)政關(guān)稅總能提供某種保護(hù),一項(xiàng)保護(hù)關(guān)稅會(huì)產(chǎn)生一定的收入.因此,但就經(jīng)濟(jì)效益而言,很難區(qū)分財(cái)政關(guān)稅和保護(hù)關(guān)稅.53 When a tariff is imposed on an import, the direct impact on price is to raise it by the amount of the tariff. Market factors, however, can modify this effect. Hence, th

35、e final price increase due to a tariff may be less than, equal to, or more than the amount of the tariff.54 對(duì)某一進(jìn)口商品征收關(guān)稅時(shí),對(duì)價(jià)格的直接影響就是把價(jià)格提高到加上稅額的水平.然而,市場(chǎng)的因素可以緩和這種影響.所以,因關(guān)稅而引起的最終的商品提價(jià)可能低于稅額,或與稅額相等,或者高于稅額.55 In many cases, though, the final price increase is reasonably close to the amount of the tariff.

36、In contrast, the impact of a quota on price is much harder to predict.56An import quota is a type of protectionist trade restriction that sets a physical limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported into a country in a given period of time. Quotas, like other trade restrictions, are used to

37、benefit the producers of a good in a domestic economy at the expense of all consumers of the good in that economy.57Critics say quotas often lead to corruption (bribes to get a quota allocation), smuggling (circumventing a quota), and higher prices for consumers.In economics, quotas are thought to b

38、e less economically efficient than tariffs which in turn are less economically efficient than free trade, however free trade may not result in socially efficient distribution of wealth58不過,在許多情況下,最終的提價(jià)合理地接近稅額.對(duì)比之下,配額對(duì)價(jià)格的影響更加難以預(yù)測(cè).59 The effects are particularly uncertain with goods which are not prod

39、uced at all domestically.60如果產(chǎn)品根本不是本國制造,其影響就更加無法確定.61 For instance, many countries do not have their own car industry, so that an import quota can cause a considerable shift in automobile prices.62例如,許多國家沒有汽車工業(yè),所以一向進(jìn)口配額會(huì)使汽車價(jià)格出現(xiàn)相當(dāng)大的波動(dòng).63 2. Letters of Credit for the importation of goods form foreign

40、countries into Canada are frequently required by the supplier to be established in his favor; sometimes these are for surprisingly small amounts, obviously where the importer is little known to the exporter, otherwise ordinary bill for collection or open account procedure whole be followed.64 辦理從外國向

41、加拿大進(jìn)口貨物時(shí),供貨人往往要求開立以他為受益人的信用證;有時(shí)信用證的金額小得驚人,尤其當(dāng)進(jìn)口商不大為出口商所了解時(shí)更是如此,不然的話就地采取普通的票據(jù)托收或者開帳戶的方式來解決.65 Many Canadian importers are therefore familiar with these instruments. The Canadian importer, when faced with such a request, applies to his bank for the facility.66 因此許多加拿大進(jìn)口商對(duì)這些支付方式很熟悉.加拿大進(jìn)口商碰到這種要求時(shí)便向自己的銀行

42、申請(qǐng)信貸便利.67 As the banks undertaking will be replacing that of the importer, the bank will treat this as an application for credit and will give consideration to setting up a line of credit in the same way as if it were an application for a loan. If the line is granted or has already been arranged, th

43、e importer completes an Application for Commercial Credit in which he gives full details of the Credit requires.68 由于銀行承諾將取代進(jìn)口商的承諾,銀行將此視為申請(qǐng)信貸,而且會(huì)考慮設(shè)立一個(gè)信貸額度,就和申請(qǐng)一筆貸款一樣.如果這種額度已經(jīng)提供或者安排妥當(dāng),進(jìn)口商便辦理商業(yè)信貸申請(qǐng)手續(xù),向銀行提供他所需信貸的詳細(xì)要求.69 Normally, the Credit will be irrevocable, that is once it has been received by or

44、advised to the beneficiary it cannot be retracted or changed without the beneficiarys consent, and the opening bank must meet any drafts presented provided the terms of the Letter of Credit have been complied with.70 在通常情況下,信用證是不可撤銷的,就是說,一旦信用證被受益人收到或者通知給他,未經(jīng)受益人同意該信用證是不能收回或者更改的,而且提示的任何匯票,只要符合信用證的條款,開

45、征銀行都必須照樣解付.71 3. It is Shell companies policy to promote a management style of direct involvement of employees in decisions affecting their jobs. Staff are encouraged to discuss the objectives of the unit in which they work before these are finally established.72Policy 名詞 n.1.政策, 方針 The government must make new policies to reduce unemployment.政府必須制定減少失業(yè)的新政策。2.