(完整word版)專四語法之獨立主格

1、 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（Nominative Absolute Structure/ AbsoluteConstruction）由名詞或代詞主格+ -ing 分詞、-ed 分詞、形容詞、副詞或介詞詞組等成分組成， 通常在句中起狀語從句的作用。它多見于文學(xué)體裁，能使句子結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，形象具體，描述生動。I. 如果獨立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)表示時間、原因、條件等，在翻譯時，根據(jù)具體的情況可加適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞如“因為”，“由于”，“當(dāng)”，“之后”，“如果”，“只要”等，然后譯成狀語從句。 例如：1）The meal over，we began to work again.吃完飯后，我們又開始工作了。2）Weather permit

2、ting, the sports meeting will be held onFriday.如果天氣允許的話，運動會將在星期五舉行。3）4）5）There being no coffee left, they had to make do with tea.因為沒有咖啡了，他們只好用茶湊合。The president assassinated, the whole country was indeep sorrow. 總統(tǒng)遭暗殺了，國人都沉浸在深深的悲痛中。All flights having been canceled because of thesnowstorm, we decided

3、 to take the train. 因為暴風(fēng)雨的緣故，所有的航班都取消了，我們于是決定坐火車。6）With academic categories being what they are, thehistorian rarely tangles with psychologists. 由于各學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域往往自成一體，歷史學(xué)家很少會與心理學(xué)家發(fā)生糾葛。(與 3“介詞 with 或 without+名詞+分詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞詞組”一致)7）He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他走進房間，耳朵都凍紅了。更多的例句： 1)2)3)The d

4、ay being fine (=As the day was fine), we decided togo swimming. 由于天氣晴朗,我們決定去游泳.It being a holiday (=As it was a holiday), all the shopswere shut. 由于這天是假日, 所有商店都關(guān)門了.Were playing golf this afternoon weather permitting(=if the weather permits.)要是天氣允許, 我們今天下午去打高爾夫球.4)5)We explored the caves, Peter actin

5、g as guide.由彼得當(dāng)向?qū)? 我們探察了那些洞穴.There being ice on the road, I told the driver to slowdown.路上有冰, 我讓司機開慢點.6)7)John having run a red light, the police arrested him.約翰由于闖紅燈被警察逮捕了.That being the case, we d better make some changes inthe plan. 要是情況是那樣, 我們還是把計劃改一改.注意：1. 獨立主格與狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換 :當(dāng)狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時，

6、可用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。如：1) Class being over (/ Class over), the students soon left theclassroom.下課后，學(xué)生很快離開了課室。=After class was over, the students soon left the classroom.2)There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.工作都談完了，我宣布會議結(jié)束。= Since there is no further business, I declare th

7、e meetingclosed.3)It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 現(xiàn)在是圣誕節(jié)，政府機關(guān)關(guān)門了。= Because it was Christmas, the government offices were closed. 2. 不能省略 being (having been) 的情形：在下列三種情況下，獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的 being（或 having been）不能省略。(1) 獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因為是星期天，我們?nèi)チ俗龆Y拜。(2

8、)在 There being+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因為沒有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。(3)當(dāng)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中 being done 表示“正在被做時”，being 不可省略。3. 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有所有格形式 The chief-editor arriving, we beganthe meeting. 主編來了，我們開始開會。(比較動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。)II. 獨立結(jié)構(gòu)表伴隨狀況時，常常用來對句子的意思加以補充說明或與之比較，翻譯時可直接已成漢語中的獨立句或并列句。 如：He sat at the ta

9、ble, head down, and pen in position,ready to begin the letter.他坐在桌前，低著頭，拿著筆， 準備開始寫信。She was sitting at her desk, her head slightly loweredover a pile of documents. 她坐在桌前，頭埋在一堆文件里。We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.我們加倍努力， 一個人干兩個人的活。更多的例句：1)He rushed into the room, his face covered w

10、ith sweat.他滿臉是汗地沖進房間. (表伴隨情況或具有解釋性的作用)2)There are two doors, one leading to the bedroom, theother to the study. 由兩扇門, 一扇通向臥室,一扇通向書房.(同上)3)He entered the house, his nose red with cold.他走進屋子, 鼻子凍得通紅. (這類結(jié)構(gòu)無須用 being, 可在名詞或代詞后直接加形容詞、某些副詞, 如: away, on, over, up等或介詞短語) 4)He pulled on his shirt, wrong side

11、 out.他套上襯衫,把它穿反了. (同上)III英語中“介詞 with 或 without+名詞+分詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞詞組”短語相當(dāng)于一個獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。如果作狀語 , 可譯成狀語從句或并列從句 ; 如果作定語, 常譯成“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)放在它所修飾的詞的前面。 如：b)c)d)The war was over without a shot being fired.一槍也沒放，戰(zhàn)爭就結(jié)束了。I wouldnt dare go home without the job finished.工作沒干完， 我不敢回家。A body with a constant force acting on it mov

12、es at aconstant speed. 受恒力作用的物體做等速運動。更多的例句：I cant go out with all these dishes to wash.有這許多碟子要洗, 我出不去了.All afternoon he worked with the door locked. = Allafternoon he worked. The door was locked.整下午他都在工作，房門緊閉。With John away, we ve got more room. = John is away,so weve got more room. 約翰走了，我們有更多的空間了。with 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作獨立主格的省略形式：通常不用物主代詞或冠詞，即，在“名詞（或代詞）+介詞短語”構(gòu)成的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. 史密斯小姐走進了課室，手里拿著一本書。