DCDC級聯(lián)變換電路設(shè)計與實(shí)現(xiàn)英文文獻(xiàn)和翻譯

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)專心-專注-專業(yè)精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè) DC - DC converter (DC / DC) converter is widely used in remote and data communications, computer, office automation equipment, industrial instrumentation, military, aerospace and other fields related to the national economy all walks of

2、 life.Divided by the size of the rated power, the DC / DC can be divided into 750W, 750W 1W and 1W to the following three categories. In the 1990s, the growth rate of the DC / DC converter in low power range greatly improved, 6W of 25WDC/DC converter growth rate, this is because they are used extens

3、ively for DC measurement and test equipment, computer display systems, computers and military communications systems.By the low-power high-speed microprocessors, DC / DC converter to the direction of the power development is an inevitable trend, so the faster growth rate of 251W 750W DC / DC convert

4、er, which it is used services of medical and laboratory equipment, industrial control equipment, telecommunications equipment, multi-channel communication and transmission equipment, DC / DC converter in the field of remote and digital communications has broad application prospects. DC / DC converte

5、r will transform a fixed DC voltage to a variable DC voltage, this technique is widely used in the trolley bus, subway, trains, electric cars continuously variable transmission and control, while making the above control has accelerated stable respond quickly to performance, and at the same time rec

6、eive the effect of saving energy. DC chopper instead of the rheostat savings 20% to 30% of the energy. DC chopper can not only play the role of the regulator (SMPS), can also play a role effectively suppress the noise of the grid side harmonic current. DC / DC converter has been commercialized, the

7、module uses high-frequency PWM technology, the switching frequency is about 500kHz, the power density of 0.31W/cm3 1.22W/cm3. With the development of the LSI, the power supply module to achieve the miniaturization is necessary to continuously improve the switching frequency and a new circuit topolog

8、y. At present, some companies have already developed and produced the second zero-current switching and zero voltage switching power supply module, power density has dramatically increased.The rapid development of the electronics industry has greatly promoted the development of the switching power s

9、upply. The high-frequency switching power supply miniaturization technology has become the mainstream of modern electronic devices, power supply system. In the field of electronic devices, usually to rectifier called a power DC / DC converter will be called the secondary power supply. Once the role

10、of the power supply is single or three phase AC mains to transform a nominal 48V DC power supply. In power electronic devices using a traditional phased power supply has been replaced by high-frequency switching power supply, high frequency switching power supply (also known as the switch type Recti

11、fier SMR) MOSFET or IGBT high frequency work. The switching frequency is generally controlled within the range of 50kHz 100kHz, high efficiency and miniaturization. In recent years, the switching regulator power capacity continues to expand, stand-alone capacity has been expanded to from 48V/12.5A,

12、48V/20A 48V/200A, 48V/400A. A wide range of electronic equipment used in the IC power supply voltage varies, the electronic power supply system, the use of high frequency high power density DC / DC isolated power supply module from the intermediate bus voltage (typically 48V DC ) transform into a va

13、riety of DC voltage, can greatly reduce the wear and tear, easy maintenance, installation and compatibilizer is very convenient. General can be directly installed in the standard control panel, the requirements of the secondary power supply is a high power density. Because of the growing capacity of

14、 electronic devices, power capacity will continue to increase. DC / DC switching power supply for its high efficiency, high integration features in portable electronic products in a wide range of applications. With the development of integrated circuit technology, the structure is complex, but the b

15、etter performance of the peak current the mode PWMDC / DC switching power converters has become the market mainstream. Classification and direction of development of switch mode power supplies The switch mode power supplies is the use of modern power electronics technology, to control the ratio of t

16、he switching transistor to turn on and off to maintain a stable output voltage power supply. Switch mode power supplies can be divided into the AC / AC power supply, DC / DC power supply, AC / DC power supply and DC / AC power supply, the most widely used DC / DC switching power supply. DC / DC swit

17、ching power supply is divided into inductive switching power supplies and capacitor switching power supply. A. Inductive switching power supply Inductive switching power supply inductance as the main energy storage components to provide a continuous current to the load can be done through the differ

18、ent topologies of buck, boost, and negative pressure function. Inductive switching power supply with very high conversion efficiency, the energy loss of its work include: 1) internal or external MOSFET conduction losses, mainly with the duty cycle of MOSFET on-resistance; 2) dynamic loss including t

19、he power MOSFET turns on the switching losses and drive MOSFET switched-capacitor power loss with the input voltage and switching frequency; 31 static loss, with Ic internal leakage current. The load current is large, the above losses are relatively small, so the inductive switching power supply can

20、 reach 95% efficiency. These losses will be relatively larger affect the conversion efficiency decreases, but the load. The drawback of the inductive switching power supply power program as a whole larger (mainly inductors and capacitors), the output voltage ripple in the PCB layout to be extra care

21、ful to avoid the If the EM (Electro Magnetic Interference). Increase the switching frequency can effectively reduce the size of inductors and capacitors and output voltage ripple. B. Capacitive switching power supply - the charge pump The charge pump is to use capacitors as energy storage components

22、. The internal switch control charge and discharge of the capacitor array. In order to reduce EMI and ripple due to switching, many design uses a dual charge pump structure. The charge pump boost, buck, and negative pressure function can be completed. Because of the charge pump circuit structure wit

23、hin reason, when the output voltage and input voltage into a certain multiple of the relationship, such as 2 times or 1.5 times the maximum efficiency of up to 90%. But the efficiency will vary with the ratio between the two will be as low as 70%, should make use of the charge pump is the best conve

24、rsion working conditions. Due to the limitations of the storage capacitor, the output voltage is generally no more than three times the input voltage, output current does not exceed 300mA. The charge pump characteristics between LDOs (10wdropout the regulator) and inductive switching power supply wi

25、th high efficiency and relatively simple peripheral circuit design, EMI and ripple center, but the output voltage and output current limit. The switched-mode power supplies, known as energy efficient power supply, it represents the direction of development of the power supply, DC / DC power supply h

26、as become a mainstream product. The worlds leading leading semiconductor companies have increased investment in performance power management integrated circuit design and launch new products. In recent years, the switched-mode power supplies, the rapid development towards the higher level of integra

27、tion, improve efficiency, improve control accuracy, and small lightweight. 1. Higher level of integration. Early switching converter power supply system to the discrete components. 1990s, the late emergence of the PowerIC by the control chip, the power switch and inductor-capacitor components. Easil

28、y achieve a significant reduction in power conditioning, remote control functions, as well as size, weight, power integrated circuits conform to modern portable electronic devices demand for electricity, and therefore has been widely used and rapid development. Integrated switching power supply in t

29、he communications industry, industrial automation, automotive manufacturing, aerospace technology and other fields to become the mainstream of the power supply design, represents the direction of development of power supply, known as energy-efficient power. Development today, the power IC controller

30、 chip control circuit and power switch integrated with, only a small amount of external inductance, capacitance components can easily constitute a switching power supply. Can be expected with the inductor integrated on the chip technology is maturing, the integration of switching power supply system

31、 will be higher. 2. To improve power conversion efficiency. Improve power conversion efficiency means lower power consumption. The switching losses of the switching converter include: 1) switching device turns on, current flows through the switch on-resistance, resulting in conduction losses; 2) swi

32、tching devices in the conduction cut-off between the conversion, the gate-source switch capacitor charging and discharging due to switching losses. Aimed at reducing these two losses, the development of synchronous rectification and soft switching technology. Synchronous rectification MOSFET in plac

33、e of a rectifier diode, the MOSFET on-resistance is very low, only a few dozen Q-chat, the conduction losses of the rectifier element is greatly reduced, to improve the conversion efficiency. Synchronous rectification technology is particularly suitable for application in low voltage, high current s

34、ituations. Switch topologies in PWM (Pulse.Width Modulation): the power switch turns on, the moment of shutdown, the use of auxiliary switch caused by the main switch zero voltage or zero current turn on or off in the non-switching time circuit PWM method is still work Therefore, the main circuit vo

35、ltage, current amplitude remains the same as the conventional PWM converter. Another advantage of this technology is its zero-voltage zero-current switching conditions from the input voltage and load changes.Characteristics of the voltage waveform overlap, so that the switching loss is approximately

36、 zero, the current transformation process, thereby enhancing the power conversion efficiency of the system. The soft-switching technology for high switching frequency applications. In addition, low-power standby, remote shutdown, light load automatically reduce the switching frequency and other meas

37、ures to improve the conversion efficiency. 3. Improve control accuracy. Switching converter control the development of the voltage and current dual-loop feedback control, which based on the average current control PWM control technology to achieve precise control of the average inductor current, has

38、 been successfully used in power factor from the initial voltage single-loop feedback control correction circuit. In addition, the charge control technology. 4. Small lightweight. Switching power supply is smaller and smaller. With the improved integration of external components, switching power sup

39、ply needed is less and less: With the improvement of the switching frequency, the system inductance, capacitance component values decrease, inductance, capacitance element occupied by the volume decrease. In addition, the topology of multi-channel power output by the same input power. Multi-output p

40、ower supply can be parallel or serial. Single-input multi-output DC / DC converter can be effective in reducing the whole volume is to achieve machine performance optimization measures. Generally speaking, the current switching converter development of technology trends: high-frequency technology, t

41、he soft-switching technology, the PFC (Power Factor Correction) technology, modular technology, and low output voltage technology. 直流-直流變換器(DC/DC)變換器廣泛應(yīng)用于遠(yuǎn)程及數(shù)據(jù)通訊、計算機(jī)、辦公自動化設(shè)備、工業(yè)儀器儀表、軍事、航天等領(lǐng)域，涉及到國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的各行各業(yè)。按額定功率的大小來劃分，DC/DC可分為750W以上、750W1W和1W以下3大類。進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)90年代，DC/DC變換器在低功率范圍內(nèi)的增長率大幅度提高，其中6W25WDC/DC變換器的增長率

42、最高，這是因?yàn)樗鼈兇罅坑糜谥绷鳒y量和測試設(shè)備、計算機(jī)顯示系統(tǒng)、計算機(jī)和軍事通訊系統(tǒng)。由于微處理器的高速化，DC/DC變換器由低功率向中功率方向發(fā)展是必然的趨勢，所以251W750W的DC/DC變換器的增長率也是較快的，這主要是它用于服務(wù)性的醫(yī)療和實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備、工業(yè)控制設(shè)備、遠(yuǎn)程通訊設(shè)備、多路通信及發(fā)送設(shè)備，DC/DC變換器在遠(yuǎn)程和數(shù)字通訊領(lǐng)域有著廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。 DC/DC變換器將一個固定的直流電壓變換為可變的直流電壓，這種技術(shù)被廣泛應(yīng)用于無軌電車、地鐵、列車、電動車的無級變速和控制，同時使上述控制具有加速平穩(wěn)、快速響應(yīng)的性能，并同時收到節(jié)約電能的效果。用直流斬波器代替變阻器可節(jié)約2030的電能。

43、直流斬波器不僅能起到調(diào)壓的作用(開關(guān)電源),同時還能起到有效抑制電網(wǎng)側(cè)諧波電流噪聲的作用。 DC/DC變換器現(xiàn)已商品化，模塊采用高頻PWM技術(shù)，開關(guān)頻率在500kHz左右，功率密度為0.31W/cm31.22W/cm3。隨著大規(guī)模集成電路的發(fā)展，要求電源模塊實(shí)現(xiàn)小型化，因此就要不斷提高開關(guān)頻率和采用新的電路拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)。目前，已有一些公司研制生產(chǎn)了采用零電流開關(guān)和零電壓開關(guān)技術(shù)的二次電源模塊，功率密度有較大幅度的提高。電子產(chǎn)業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展極大地推動了開關(guān)電源的發(fā)展。高頻小型化的開關(guān)電源及其技術(shù)已成為現(xiàn)代電子設(shè)備供電系統(tǒng)的主流。在電子設(shè)備領(lǐng)域中，通常將整流器稱為一次電源，而將DC/DC變換器稱為二次電

44、源。一次電源的作用是將單相或三相交流電網(wǎng)變換成標(biāo)稱值為48V的直流電源。目前，在電子設(shè)備中用的一次電源中，傳統(tǒng)的相控式穩(wěn)壓電源己被高頻開關(guān)電源取代，高頻開關(guān)電源(也稱為開關(guān)型整流器SMR)通過MOSFET或IGBT實(shí)現(xiàn)高頻工作，開關(guān)頻率一般控制在50kHz100kHz范圍內(nèi)，實(shí)現(xiàn)高效率和小型化。近幾年，開關(guān)整流器的功率容量不斷擴(kuò)大，單機(jī)容量己從48V/12.5A、48V/20A擴(kuò)大到48V/200A、48V/400A。 因?yàn)殡娮釉O(shè)備中所用的集成電路的種類繁多，其電源電壓也各不相同，在電子供電系統(tǒng)中，采用高功率密度的高頻DC/DC隔離電源模塊，從中間母線電壓(一般為48V直流)變換成所需的各種直

45、流電壓，可以大大減小損耗、方便維護(hù)，且安裝和增容非常方便。一般都可直接裝在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)控制板上，對二次電源的要求是高功率密度。因?yàn)殡娮釉O(shè)備容量的不斷增加，其電源容量也將不斷增加。 DCDC開關(guān)電源以其高效率、集成度高的特點(diǎn)在便攜式電子產(chǎn)品中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。隨著集成電路技術(shù)的發(fā)展，結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜但性能更好的峰值電流模式PWMDCDC開關(guān)電源變換器已經(jīng)成為市場的主流。 開關(guān)式電源的分類及發(fā)展方向 開關(guān)式電源是利用現(xiàn)代電力電子技術(shù)，控制開關(guān)晶體管開通和關(guān)斷的時間比率，維持穩(wěn)定輸出電壓的一種電源。開關(guān)式電源可分為ACAC電源、DCDC電源、ACDC電源和DCAC電源，應(yīng)用最廣泛的就是DCDC開關(guān)式電源。DCDC開

46、關(guān)式電源分為電感式開關(guān)電源和電容式開關(guān)電源。 1電感式開關(guān)電源 電感式開關(guān)電源是利用電感作為主要的儲能組件，為負(fù)載提供持續(xù)不斷的電流，通過不同的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)可以完成降壓、升壓和負(fù)壓的功能。電感式開關(guān)電源具有非常高的轉(zhuǎn)換效率，其工作時主要的電能損耗包括：1)內(nèi)置或外置MOSFET的導(dǎo)通損耗，主要與占空比和MOSFET的導(dǎo)通電阻有關(guān)；2)動態(tài)損耗，包括功率MOSFET同時導(dǎo)通時的開關(guān)損耗和驅(qū)動MOSFET開關(guān)電容的電能損耗，主要與輸入電壓和開關(guān)頻率有關(guān)；31靜態(tài)損耗，主要與Ic內(nèi)部的漏電流有關(guān)。 在負(fù)載電流較大時，上面的損耗都相對較小，故電感式開關(guān)電源可以達(dá)到95的效率。但是在負(fù)載變小時，這些損耗就會相對變大而影響轉(zhuǎn)換效率。電感式開關(guān)電源的缺點(diǎn)是電源方案的整體面積較大(主要是電感和電容)，輸出電壓的紋波較大，在PCB布板時必須格外小心以避免EM If ( Electro Magnetic Interference)。提高開關(guān)頻率可以有效的減小電感和電容的體積及輸出電壓紋波。 2電容式開關(guān)電源電荷泵 電荷泵是利用電容作為儲能組件內(nèi)部的開關(guān)管數(shù)組控制電容的充放電。為減少由于開關(guān)造成的EMI和紋波，很多設(shè)