Phonetics語言學(xué)方面教學(xué)課件

1、Chapter 2 Phonetics & Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)Main Contents of the Lecture：I. Phonetics語音學(xué)II. Phonology音系學(xué)Revision1. The major branches of linguistics2. Some important distinctions in linguistics歷時(shí)語言學(xué)共時(shí)語言學(xué)Main Contents of the Lecture：I. Phonetics語音學(xué)2.1 PhoneticsThree Branches of phonetics 1. Articulatory ph

2、onetics 2. Acoustic phonetics 3. Auditory phonetics2.2 Phonetics2.2.1 Articulators and their functions;2.2.2 Voiced and voiceless sounds;2.2.3 Nasal and oral sounds;2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds2.2.5 Variations of sounds2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds English con

3、sonants English vowels 2.2.5 Variations of sounds Liaison Elision and assimilation 2.1 PhoneticsThree Branches of phonetics 1. Articulatory phonetics 2. Acoustic phonetics 3. Auditory phoneticsPhonetics -A branch of linguistics which studies the speech sounds that occur in all h

4、uman languages.Language is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound. Linguists are not interested in all sounds, but in speech sounds-sounds that convey meaning in human communication. Three branches of phonetics Articulatory phoneticsAuditory phoneticsAcoustic phoneticsThree b

5、ranches of phonetics Articulatory phonetics 發(fā)音語音學(xué)Three branches of phonetics Acoustic phonetics 聲學(xué)語音學(xué)Three branches of phonetics Auditory phonetics 聽覺語音學(xué)語音學(xué)的三大分支: 發(fā)音語音學(xué); 聲學(xué)語音學(xué)； 聽覺語音學(xué).Three branches of phonetics Articulatory phonetics-from the speakers point of view, study of “how speech sounds are p

6、roduced”.Articulatory phonetics發(fā)音語音學(xué)： 研究語音的發(fā)生。Acoustic phonetics- deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. Acoustic phonetics聲學(xué)語音學(xué)： 研究語音的物理特征。Auditory phonetics-from the hearers point of view, “how speech sounds are perceived by the listener.”Auditory phonetics聽覺語音學(xué)或感知語音學(xué)： 研究語音的

7、感知。Our primary interest will be in articulatory phonetics.Branches of phoneticsSpeech SpeechProduction Perception(speaker A) (speaker B) A three-step process of speech sounds Speech transmission2.2 Phonetics2.2.1 Articulators and their functions;2.2.2 Voiced and voiceless sounds;2.2.3 Nasal and oral

8、 sounds;2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds2.2.5 Variations of sounds2.2 Phonetics2.2.1 Articulators and their functions; (Speech organs 發(fā)音器官)The diagram of speech organs(發(fā)音器官示意圖)The diagram of speech organsLipsTeethTeeth ridge (alveolar)齒齦The diagram of speech organs4. Hard palate5. Soft

9、palate (velum)6. Uvula 小舌The diagram of speech organs7. Tip of tongue8. Blade of tongue 舌面9. Back of tongue 舌背The diagram of speech organs10.Vocal cords11. Pharyngeal cavity 咽腔12. Nasal cavity Speech organs: three important areas Pharyngeal cavity - the pharynx(咽); the throat; The oral cavity - the

10、mouth; Nasal cavity - the nose. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)國際音標(biāo)I PA- A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). IPA音標(biāo) 國際音標(biāo)是一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的、 被國際上廣泛接受的 語音描述系統(tǒng)。IPA音標(biāo) 由1888年國際語音協(xié)會(huì) (International Phonetic Association) 的語言學(xué)家便制

11、定，是一套可國際通用的語音符號(hào)。I PA- The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter to represent one speech sound.IPA音標(biāo)制定原則是“一個(gè)音位，一個(gè)符號(hào)； 一個(gè)符號(hào)，一個(gè)音位”， 即“一音一符”?！癘ne symbol per phoneme”2.2.2 Voiced & Voiceless sounds2.2.2Voiced soundsVoiced(濁音): Sounds produced with causing vibration of the vocal cords.2.2.2 Voicel

12、ess soundsVoiceless（清音） : Sounds produced without causing vibration of the vocal cords.2.2.3 Nasal and oral soundsNasal sounds-Sounds produced in the way the air escapes through the nose as well as the mouth.2.2.3 Nasal and oral soundsOral sounds-Sounds produced in the way the air escapes only throu

13、gh the mouth.These phonetic features permit the classification of all speech sounds into four classes: voiced, voiceless, nasal ,and oral.One sound must choose two of these features ,as shown by the examples in Table 1.Table1. Classes of speech sounds Oral NasalVoiced b d g m n Voiceless p t k2.2.4

14、Classification of English speech sounds English consonants English vowels Classification of English speech sounds - English speech sounds are generally classified into two large categories: Vowels; Consonants VowelsThe most common view is that vowels are sounds in which there is no obs

15、truction to the flow of air as it passes from the larynx (喉) to the lips.Note: The essential difference between these two classes is that in the production of the former the airstream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is someho

16、w obstructed.International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)國際音標(biāo) 漢字注音雷人 “世博雙語”成網(wǎng)絡(luò)搞笑對(duì)象 “古的貓寧”“古的阿夫特怒”“古的衣服寧” 這種注音法被坊間稱作是“最雷人英語”。專家們也表示，用這樣的方式學(xué)外語并不可取。 “坎挨海爾撲油” “有什么需要幫助您的嗎？”Can I help you? “杰絲特眸悶特，普立斯” “請(qǐng)您稍等” “俺么搔瑞，挨坎翁累絲鼻科額累偷英格歷史” “對(duì)不起，我只能講簡單的英語” 連幾乎全世界人人會(huì)說的“再見”也有了對(duì)應(yīng)中國漢字“白白”。 有網(wǎng)民戲謔地評(píng)論說：“這種句子如果真的完全按照中文讀下來，其難度甚至?xí)?/p>

17、比直接讀英語還要高?！背鲎廛囁緳C(jī)們的“漢字英語”: “為爾啊右勾英”、 “忽太兒”、 “維爾抗姆”“為爾啊右勾英”（你想去里）“忽太兒”（賓館）“維爾抗姆”（歡迎）華東師大對(duì)外漢語教授潘文國建議說，上海市民見到外賓不妨大大方方地用中文向他們打一聲招呼：“你好！”事實(shí)上，許多外國游人都會(huì)入鄉(xiāng)隨俗禮貌地回一聲“你好！”如果我們能教在上海生活、游覽的外賓學(xué)會(huì)“儂好”“謝謝儂”“再會(huì)”等三句吳儂軟語，這樣極其濃郁的方言文化，或許還會(huì)給每一個(gè)世博國際友人留下難忘的印象，讓他們把“儂好”帶向全世界。English曾看過一個(gè)幽默，也是說的小學(xué)生給英語單詞“English”標(biāo)注漢字的事，30年后，大家都兌現(xiàn)了

18、自己的諾言。“應(yīng)給利息” “因果關(guān)系” “英國里去”“硬改歷史” “應(yīng)該累死” “陰溝里洗”標(biāo)注“應(yīng)給利息”的同學(xué)當(dāng)了銀行家；標(biāo)注“因果關(guān)系”的 成了哲學(xué)家; 標(biāo)注“英國里去”的 成了海外華僑; 標(biāo)注“硬改歷史”的 成了政治家;標(biāo)注“應(yīng)該累死”的 成了富士康員工;而標(biāo)注“陰溝里洗”的 卻成了菜販子。Example:我的小學(xué)和初中生活是在農(nóng)村度過的。初中一年級(jí)時(shí)才開英語課。對(duì)于一個(gè)農(nóng)村孩子來說，學(xué)英語是一件別扭拗口的事情，卻又如同劉姥姥進(jìn)了大觀園一切覺得新鮮。第一節(jié)課，“聰明”的我就發(fā)明了便捷而“有效”的學(xué)習(xí)方法漢字諧音標(biāo)注法。至今還記得老師那節(jié)課老師教的五個(gè)單詞：我分別標(biāo)注為： 肉死、半個(gè)、碰

19、、敗的、幣（此處的省略號(hào)只有我自己知道，代表此處拖長音）。 玫瑰花、書包、鋼筆、床、蜜蜂老師還教了一句課前師生問候語：我標(biāo)注為： 狗得貓鈴踢扯、 狗得貓鈴死就等它！Good morning teacher 和 Good morning students (老師，早上好！同學(xué)們，早上好！)幾節(jié)課下來，我因記憶力超常（其實(shí)并非記憶力超常，而是我的漢字標(biāo)注法幫助的結(jié)果）和課堂發(fā)言踴躍被老師在全班同學(xué)面前“狠狠”地表揚(yáng)了N次。同學(xué)們因?yàn)榱w慕、崇拜的原因，紛紛向我請(qǐng)教，也因此成了我的“粉絲”?！耙恢Κ?dú)秀不是春，百花齊放春滿園！”后來，我把學(xué)習(xí)方法傳給了幾個(gè)死黨級(jí)的“粉絲”。沒料想，死黨又傳給了死黨的死黨

20、，就這樣一傳十、十傳百，我的“漢字諧音標(biāo)注法”如星星之火在全班燎原，甚至有些“粉絲”竟然把它發(fā)揚(yáng)光大： 課本上出現(xiàn)了諸如 “爺死(yes)、爸死(bus)、 媽死(mouse)、奶死(nice)” 等慘不忍聽、令人發(fā)怵的笑話級(jí)的標(biāo)注。毛澤東詼諧英語： 三塊肉喂你馬吃英語是當(dāng)今世界上主要的國際通用語言之一，毛澤東以戰(zhàn)略家的眼光清楚地認(rèn)識(shí)到了掌握英語的重要性，早在1955年他就對(duì)人說過：“英語將來是世界語言，要學(xué)一點(diǎn)，會(huì)有好處的。”當(dāng)時(shí)住處與毛澤東的住處窗對(duì)窗的曾志后來回憶說：“主席不知從哪里弄來兩本初中英文（第二和第三冊(cè)），有時(shí)就坐在窗前大聲地念英文，他讀音不準(zhǔn)，又夾帶很重的湖南腔，念起來十分可

21、笑（我在教會(huì)學(xué)校學(xué)過一點(diǎn)英文，所以知道英語該怎么個(gè)讀法），他在那邊愈是認(rèn)真地讀，我在這邊愈是笑得厲害，可主席并不介意，依然旁若無人般地在那里念他的湖南英語。” 就是在這種不斷“出丑”的磨礪中，毛澤東學(xué)會(huì)了一些英語單詞和短句。到了延安后，陸續(xù)有外國記者來訪，這給他創(chuàng)造了接觸純正英語和學(xué)習(xí)英語的機(jī)會(huì)。據(jù)美國著名記者史沫特萊回憶：“在會(huì)話方面，他和我一樣糟。為了補(bǔ)助他的湖南方言，他向我的秘書學(xué)普通話，向我學(xué)英語。他也學(xué)唱英文歌，但他的嗓子是平板單調(diào)的，因此毫無成績?！?1939年，斯諾第二次訪問延安，把一本有他親筆簽名的著作西行漫記（Red Star Over China）送給毛澤東。毛澤東當(dāng)即回了

22、一張便條，上面只有一句話：“三塊肉喂你馬吃”。斯諾一頭霧水，在下方打了個(gè)問號(hào)。 待讀過一遍，他才恍然大悟，原來是英語“Thank you very much（非常感謝）”的中文音譯。斯諾禁不住被毛澤東這一幽默詼諧的“創(chuàng)舉”逗得大笑起來，并在后邊再打了兩個(gè)感嘆號(hào)。1946年8月6日下午，毛澤東在延安窯洞前半山坡平臺(tái)上的一個(gè)小石桌旁，會(huì)見了美國女記者斯特朗。他談笑風(fēng)生，縱論天下。交談中，毛澤東把身子向后一仰，開懷地得出結(jié)論：“美國反動(dòng)派是” 于是，由“紙（paper）”和“老虎（tiger）”這兩個(gè)單詞組合，臨時(shí)造出的一個(gè)英語中沒有的復(fù)合詞“paper-tiger”就出現(xiàn)了，這實(shí)際上是硬譯。毛澤東

23、高興地笑了，用帶著濃重湖南腔的英語說：“拍拍-太根兒！”“paper-tiger”后來便隨著毛澤東的著名論斷，在全世界廣泛流傳了，它也成了毛澤東最喜歡說的一個(gè)英語單詞。II. Classifications of IPA 元音（Vowels）IPA 輔音（Consonants）II. Learning IPA 前元音 單元音 中元音元音 后元音 雙元音 合口雙元音 集中雙元音單元音The Pure Vowels前元音（The Front Vowels）中元音（The Central Vowels）后元音（The Back Vowels）雙元音The Diphthongs合口雙元音 （The C

24、losing Diphthongs） 集中雙元音 （The Centering Diphthongs） 半 元 音The Semi-Vowels/w/ /j/Classification of consonants English consonants may be classified according to two dimensions:The place of articulation (發(fā)音部位)The manner of articulation (發(fā)音方法)英語輔音的 發(fā)音部位; 發(fā)音方法；The place of articulationbilabial: p, b, m, w

25、;labiodental: f , v;dental: W, T;alveolar: t, d, s, z, n, l, r;palatal: F, V, tF, dV, j ;velar: k, g, N; glottal: h.1. bilabial (雙唇音)Speech sounds produced using both upper and lower lips, both lips are articulators.1. bilabial (雙唇音)bi- two; twice; double.labial 唇音1. bilabial (雙唇音) p, b, m, w2. labi

26、odentals (唇齒音)Speech sounds produced with the upper teeth and the lower lip.2.labiodentals (唇齒音)They are represented by the symbols f and v respectively.3. Dental (齒音)or interdentals :speech sounds produced with the lip of the tongue between the upper and lower teeth.The place of articulationdental:

27、 , 4. alveolar(齒齦音) Speech sounds produced with the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge.4. alveolar(齒齦音) t, d, s, z, n, l, r;5. palatal(腭音)Speech sounds produced with the back of the tongue at the hard palate.5. palatal(腭音)F, V, t , d , j ;6. velar(軟腭音)Speech sounds produced with the back

28、 of the tongue against the soft palate or velum.6. velar(軟腭音) k, g, 7. glottal(喉音)one sound that is produced without the active use of the tongue and other parts of the mouth.7. glottal(喉音) h雙唇音唇齒音齒音齒齦音腭音軟腭音喉音The manner of articulationThe manner of articulationstops/plosives: p, b, t, d, k, g;fricat

29、ives: f, v, s, z, W, T, F, V, h;affricates: tF, dV; liquids: l(lateral), r; nasals: m, n, ; glides/semivowels: w, j. 1. stops/plosives（爆破音）Speech sounds produced by some form of complete stopping of the airstream (very briefly) and then letting it go abruptly.1. stops/plosives（爆破音）p, b；t, d；k, g2. F

30、ricatives (摩擦音):Speech sounds produced by blocking the airstream, and having the air push through the narrow opening in the mouth with friction.2. fricatives (摩擦音):f, v, s, z, h93. affricates(塞擦音/破擦音):Speech sounds produced by stopping the airstream from the lungs, and then slowly releasing it with

31、friction.3. affricates(塞擦音/破擦音): tr, dr4. liquids(流音)Speech sounds produced when there is some obstruction of the airstream in the mouth, but now enough to cause any real friction.4. liquids(流音) l, r 5. nasals: （鼻音）Speech sounds produced when the velum is lowered and the airstream is allowed to flow

32、 out through the nose.5. nasals: （鼻音） m, n, 6. glides(滑音)Speech sounds produced with little or no obstruction of the airstream in the mouth.6. glides(滑音) Semivowels w, jThe place of articulationBilabial;Labiodental;Dental or interdental;Alveolar;Palatoalveolar;Palatal;Velar;Uvular;Glottal.The descri

33、ption of English consonantsPlacemannerVoic-ingBila-bialLabio-dentalDentalAlveo-larPalatalVelar Glottal Stops or plosivesVL p t k VD b d g Frica-tivesVL f W s F hVD v T z V Affri-catesVL(tF )tFVD(dV)dVNasalsVDmn N LiquidsVDl, rGlides VDw j Consonant phones of EnglishClassification of vowels - English

34、 vowels can be divided into two large categories:Monophthongs or pure/single vowelsDiphthongs or gliding vowels Monophthongs or pure/single vowels-According to which part of the tongue is held highest in the process of production, the vowels can be distinguished as:front vowels: I:, I, e, Z, A, B;ce

35、ntral vowels: E:, E, Q;back vowels: u:, u, C:, C, B:. Diphthongs/gliding vowels ei, ai, aU, EU, Ri, iE, ZE, UE.Classification of vowels - English vowels can be divided into two large categories:Monophthongs(單元音) or pure/single vowelsDiphthongs (雙元音) or gliding vowels Monophthongs or pure/single vowe

36、ls-According to which part of the tongue is held highest in the process of production, the vowels can be distinguished as:front vowels: I:, I, e, Z, ;central vowels: :, , Q;back vowels: u:, u, C:, C, a:. According to the shape of the lips orthe degree of lip rounding Rounded (圓唇元音); Unrounded(非圓唇元音)

37、According to the shape of the lips orthe degree of lip rounding rounded: u:, u, C:, C;unrounded: I:, I, e, Z, A, B, E:, E, Q, B:. According to the length of the vowels long: I:, E:, u:, C:, B:short: I, e, Z, A, E, Q, B, u, C. Diphthongs/gliding vowels ei, ai, aU, EU, Ri, iE, ZE, UE.2.2.5 Variations

38、of sounds Liaison Elision and assimilation Liaison(連音)The phenomenon of the linking of words in speech, in particular when the second word begins with a vowel, is called liaison. Liaison(連音)The phenomenon of the linking of words in speech, in particular when the second w

39、ord begins with a vowel, is called liaison. Liaison(連音)Whats your name? My name isHow did you like it? Liaison(連音) Congratulations education individual graduation Liaison(連音)He is a student.That is a right answerIll be back in half an hour Liaison(連音)ImanEnglish boy.Itis

40、anold book.Let me havea lookatit.Ms Black worked inanoffice. Liaison(連音) I calledyou halfanhourago.Putiton, please.Please pickitup. Liaison(連音)Notatall.黃曉明是因?yàn)樗x音好像普通話的“鬧太套”，所以被無聊網(wǎng)友大肆嘲笑。 Liaison(連音)I looked forit hereand there. Thereis a football underit. Liaison(連音)Nota

41、tall.黃曉明是因?yàn)樗x音好像 普通話的“鬧太套”，所以 被無聊網(wǎng)友大肆嘲笑。 2.2.5 Variations of sounds Elision and assimilation Elision (省音)Elision: Under certain circumstances some sounds may disappear. The loss of a sound or sounds in speech like these is called elision. ElisionElision: it tells us when a soun

42、d is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. Elisione.g. sign, design, paradigm, there is no g sound; but the g sound is pronounced in their corresponding forms signature, designation, paradigmatic. Assimilation(同化)Sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can c

43、ause changes in sounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables. Assimilation(同化)音的同化也是一種連讀的現(xiàn)象， 兩個(gè)詞之間非常平滑的過渡， 導(dǎo)致一個(gè)音受臨音影響而變化。Assimilation Regressive assimilation（逆同化） Progressive assimilation（順同化）Regressive assimilation（逆同化） a following sound influences a preceding sound, making the two sounds similar. Eg: think Progressive assimilation （順同化） a preceding sound influences a following sound, making the two sounds similar.Progressive assimilation （順同化） the preceding sounds bring about the changeEg: maps; cats; dogsAssimil