ASTM水質(zhì)分析報(bào)告指導(dǎo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)D5901

1、Designation: D 596 01An American National StandardStandard Guide for Reporting Results of Analysis of Water 水質(zhì)分析報(bào)告指導(dǎo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)This standard is issued under the firmed designation D 596; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the

2、yen of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon( e )indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.Scope 范圍This guide provides guidelines f

3、or reporting inorganic and organic results of analyses of drinking water, waste water, process water, ground water, and surface water, and so forth, to laboratory clients in a complete and systematic fashion. 該指 導(dǎo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提供了對(duì)飲用水、廢水、處理水、地下水、地表水等等的無(wú)機(jī)物和有機(jī)物 分析結(jié)果報(bào)告的指導(dǎo)方針，提供給實(shí)驗(yàn)室客戶一個(gè)完整和系統(tǒng)的格式。The reporting of bact

4、erial and radiological data are not addressed in this guide.該指導(dǎo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)沒(méi)有不適用水中細(xì)菌的和放射性的數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)告。The commonly used data qualifiers for reviewing and reporting information are listed and defined.列出和定義了用于復(fù)查和報(bào)告的一般的數(shù)據(jù)限定詞。Clientand laboratory specific requirements may make use of other qualifiers. 客戶和實(shí)驗(yàn) 室的特殊要求可能使用其它

5、的數(shù)據(jù)限定詞。This guide does not preclude the use ofother data qualifiers該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)沒(méi)有排除使用其它合格的數(shù)據(jù)限定詞。This guide discusses procedures for and specific problems in the reporting of low level data, potential errors (Type I and Type II), and reporting data that are below the calculated method detection limit and abov

6、e the analyte.該指導(dǎo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)討論 報(bào)告程序和報(bào)告中特殊的問(wèn)題，像低水平的數(shù)據(jù)，潛在的錯(cuò)誤(類型I和類型R) 和在計(jì)算方法發(fā)現(xiàn)限度以下和在分析物之上的報(bào)告數(shù)據(jù)。Referenced Document滲考文件ASTM Standards.D 933 Practice for Reporting Results of Examination and Analysis ofWater-Formed DepositsD 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bia

7、s of Applicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on WaterD 3856 Guide for Good Laboratory Practices in Laboratory practices Engaged in Sampling and Analysis of WaterD 4210 Practice for Interlaboratory Quality Control Procedures and a Discussion on Reporting Low-level DataD 4460 Practice for Calculation

8、 of Precision Limits Where Values arc Calculatedfrom Other Test MethodsD 4840 Guide for Sampling Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD 5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Management Activities: Development of Data Quality ObjectivesD 6091 Practice for 99 %/95%Interlaboratory D

9、etection Estimate (IDE) for Analytical Methods with Negligible Calibration Error;E 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with SpecificationsTerminology 術(shù)語(yǔ)Definitions 定義一For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to Terminology D1129.該操作規(guī)程中的術(shù)語(yǔ)定義，參考術(shù)

10、語(yǔ)D 1129。Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard.該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)特定的術(shù)語(yǔ)定義：surrogate替代m- compounds that are similar to analytes of interest in chemical composition and behavior, separation, and measurements,but that are not normally found in environmental samples. 一種在化學(xué)成份、作用、分離和度量類 似被分析物的化合物，但通常在環(huán)境中的樣品的找不到。N

11、ote 1 These compounds are added to blanks, standards, samples, or spiked samples prior to analysis to confirm the proper operation of the analytical system.那 些化合物在分析前被加入空白、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、樣品或是峰值樣品以確定分析操作系統(tǒng)的 正確操作。Type I error-a statement that a substance is present when it is not 某一種物質(zhì)不存在，認(rèn)為該物質(zhì)存在的一種情況。沁 re 11 err

12、or-a statement that a substance was not present (was not found) when the substance was present.Significance and Use意義和作用The proper use of analytical data requires adequate documentation of all inputs, that is, the source and history of the sample, laboratory performing the analysis, method of analys

13、is, date of analysis, precision and bias of the measurement, and related quality assurance information.數(shù)據(jù)分析的正確要求所有足夠的輸入文件， 也就是試樣的來(lái)源和歷史、實(shí)驗(yàn)室分析、分析方法、分析日期、測(cè)量的精度和偏 差和相關(guān)的質(zhì)量保證措施。1n order to have defensible data, the report must be complete and accurate, providing adequate information to evaluate the qualit

14、y of the data and contain supporting information that documents sampling and analysis procedures.為取得可 信的數(shù)據(jù)，報(bào)告必須完全和精確，提供充足的信息用于評(píng)價(jià)數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量和包含取 樣檔案和分析程序的支持信息。This guide contains some of the common data qualifiers or flags commonly used by laboratories following the Good Laboratory Practices, the Governmen

15、t Contract program, or found in the commercial laboratories. Examples of these qualifiers are the use of (E) for estimated value, (U) for analyzed for but not detected, and (B) for analyte was found in the blank (see 8.11). The qualifiers included in this guide should help the laboratory and its cus

16、tomers to better understand each other by using standardized qualifiers.該指導(dǎo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包含一些通常數(shù)據(jù)限定詞或是標(biāo)記，這 些通常是實(shí)驗(yàn)室按照優(yōu)良的實(shí)驗(yàn)室操作規(guī)程要求，或是政府合同項(xiàng)目或是商業(yè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。例如限定詞(E)為估計(jì)值，(U)為分析的但沒(méi)有探測(cè)到的值，(B)為建 立在表格(見(jiàn)8.11)上的分析值。該指導(dǎo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中限定詞的使用有助于實(shí)驗(yàn)室和客 戶相互之間更好的溝通理解。Practice D 933 is a comprehensive practice for reporting water-formed constituent

17、s such as metal oxides, acid anhydrides, and other操作規(guī)程 D 933 是一個(gè)對(duì)水成分分析報(bào)告普遍的操作規(guī)程，如金屬氧化物、酸酊和其它的。Sample Documentation 試樣文件Information regarding the source and history of the sample to be included in the analytical report should define the sample and include the following, as appropriate:分析性的報(bào)告中包含關(guān)于試樣來(lái)源

18、和歷史的信息，報(bào)告應(yīng)定義試樣 和包括以下內(nèi)容，如下：Laboratory performing analysis,實(shí)驗(yàn)室資格分析，Name and address of organization or person requesting analysis1求分析的 機(jī)構(gòu)或人的姓名和地址Specific location of sampling and complete identification of sample, 說(shuō)明取 樣地點(diǎn)和試樣完成鑒定Date and time of sampling,取樣日期和時(shí)間Sample identification number, andW樣鑒定數(shù)量Sa

19、mpling method, treatment, and preservation取樣方法、處理和保存In addition to the information in 5.1, the following information should be included as appropriate:除5.1節(jié)的信息外，還應(yīng)包括以下信息：Identification of sampling organization and individual sampler, 取樣機(jī)構(gòu)和 個(gè)人的鑒定Pressure and temperature of system sample取樣系統(tǒng)的壓力和溫度Flow

20、 rate of water in a stream, outfall, pipe, and so forth.小溪、排水口、管 道等等取樣處水的流速Copies of sampling Logs with signatures,簽名了 的取樣記錄復(fù)印件Chain-of-custody forms with signatures (see Guide D 4840),簽名了 的試樣 接收表(見(jiàn)D 4840)Results of field measurements, an姬位測(cè)量成果Description information (color, odor, and so forth)clear

21、ly presented. 描述信 息(顏色、氣味等等)清晰可見(jiàn)The information about the sample documented in the report should be complete enough to provide direct unabridged links to underlying documents (such as chain-of-custody records and field logs) and information (such as name of sampler, lot numbers of the sample bottles

22、, and preservatives底報(bào)告中有關(guān)試樣信息的證明文件應(yīng)足夠提供與文件（例如野外記錄和送樣簽收單）和信息（例如取樣人姓名、試樣瓶編號(hào)和防腐劑處理）的直接聯(lián)系。Analysis Documentation 分析文件The laboratory system shall provide enough information to the user or reviewer so that all of the events that could influence the quality of the data can be reconstructed. The user may no

23、t need to have the information communicated directly to them, but it must be available upon request. Such information should describe how effectively all procedures were carried out and how processes were controlled so that they meet industry and government standards for performance.實(shí)驗(yàn)室應(yīng)為用戶和 復(fù)查者提供充足

24、的信息，因而所有影響數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量的事件都能被重建。用戶可能沒(méi)有必要掌握與那些時(shí)間直接相聯(lián)系的信息，但要求就應(yīng)能獲得。此類信息應(yīng)描述怎樣執(zhí)行有效的程序及怎樣控制過(guò)程，使成果符合工業(yè)和政府標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。As described in Guide D 3856, the test method of analysis should be specified in the analytical report for each determination performed on a sample. A reference of sufficient definition or a copy of the test

25、 method should be provided to the requester of the analytical services.如指導(dǎo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)D 3856中描述的，試驗(yàn)方法的分析應(yīng)在報(bào) 告分析中明確說(shuō)明在每個(gè)試樣上的目的。充足的定義參考或是試驗(yàn)方法的副本應(yīng)提供給客戶。The report should note any deviation from the specified test method. Whenever a choice is allowed, the rational for selecting a given method should be documented

26、.報(bào)告應(yīng)明確說(shuō)明任何與試驗(yàn)方法的偏離。任何一種給定方法的選 擇，其合理性都應(yīng)記入文件。The precision, bias, and detection limit of each analytical test method should be disclosed as part of either the test method or the analytical report. Consult Guide D 3856 for the quality control system from which estimates of precision and bias could be m

27、ade, or review the procedure for determining single-operator precision of a test method as provided in Practice D 2777 for guidance. The procedure used to derive the detection limit should be identified along with any specific definitions associated with the derivation. Practice D 4210 is one of man

28、y sources for computing singlelaboratory method detection Limits. Practice D 6091 provides an estimate of the detection level achievable by multiple laboratories on single sample. 任何實(shí)驗(yàn)方法 分析的精度、偏差和探測(cè)限度都應(yīng)公開(kāi)作為實(shí)驗(yàn)方法或是報(bào)告分析的一部分。質(zhì)量控制系統(tǒng)中精度和偏差的估計(jì)參考指導(dǎo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)D 3856,或是參考指導(dǎo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) D2777中單項(xiàng)操作精度的確定程序。用于引出探測(cè)限度的程序應(yīng)與任何有關(guān)出處 的明確的

29、定義確定。操作規(guī)程D 4210是許多計(jì)算單項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)方法探測(cè)限度的來(lái)源。 操作規(guī)程D 6091提供通過(guò)在同一試樣上多項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)相乘的探測(cè)限度水平估計(jì)。The date and time on which each determination is performed should be recorded, as should other time-critical processessuch as extractions, storage times, drying times, and so forth.每項(xiàng)決斷完成的日期和時(shí)間應(yīng)記錄，同樣還有其它進(jìn)程 的關(guān)鍵時(shí)間，例如提取、儲(chǔ)存時(shí)間、干燥時(shí)間等等。

30、The analytical reports should clearly specify the form in which multi-atomic analytes, such as nitrate and orthophosphate,are reported.分析報(bào)告應(yīng)明確說(shuō)明多 原子分析物形式，像硝酸鹽和正磷酸鹽都應(yīng)報(bào)告。If a sample is prepared for analysis in a nonstandard manner or in a manner different from the routine batch procedures (that is, sp

31、ecial cleanup procedures or dilution required prior to analysis) then the report should clearly present the deviation and the reason why the deviation was required.如果以非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方式或是不同于常規(guī) 的一批程序(也就是，在分析前特別的清洗程序或是稀釋)采取試樣，報(bào)告中應(yīng) 明確說(shuō)明偏離以及偏離的原因。If a sample is diluted prior to analysis, the sample dilution values s

32、hould be reported from which the ratios can be determined and the reason for the dilution documented.如果試樣在分析前被稀釋，稀釋值應(yīng)從比率的確定報(bào)告以及在文件 中說(shuō)明稀釋的原因。Documentation of Quality 質(zhì)量文件Each sample analysis may have different quality needs based on the use of the data or the Data Quality Objectives (See Practice D 5

33、792). This information should be determined before sampling and analysis. Based on the information, an analytical report may include the following information, as appropriate: 每試樣分析可能有不同的基于數(shù)據(jù)用處和數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量客體（見(jiàn)操作規(guī)程D 5792）的質(zhì)量要求。該要求應(yīng)在取樣和分析前確定?；谠撔畔?，分析報(bào)告可能包括以下信息，如下：Amount recovered and percent recovery of any

34、surrogate compounds with laboratory control limits,回收實(shí)驗(yàn)室控制極限的替代化學(xué)物的數(shù)量和百分?jǐn)?shù)，Results of corresponding check samples or blank spikes with laboratory control limits,檢查試樣的結(jié)果或者實(shí)驗(yàn)室控制極限的表格中峰值Results of analysis of duplicate samples or duplicate matrix spike samples and the percent difference with laboratory

35、control limits, 副本試樣或是峰值試樣源的分 析結(jié)果和不同百分含量與實(shí)驗(yàn)室的控制極限Recoveries of any matrix spikes (and matrix spike duplicates) with laboratory control limits,任何峰值(或峰值副本)的改過(guò)與實(shí)驗(yàn)室的控制極限Results of all blanks,所有空值的結(jié)果Results of any reference samples run during sample analysis with laboratory control limits,試樣分析期間的任何參考試樣的結(jié)

36、果與實(shí)驗(yàn)室控制極限Calibration and tuning data, an成1J度和校準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)Chromatogram or charts.色譜或圖表Reporting Data 數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)告Report data in accordance with the customer and laboratory agreement. In the absence of a specific agreement, report the data in accordance with laboratory policy or government mandated requirements, if a

37、ppropriate.數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)告與用戶和實(shí)驗(yàn)室協(xié) 議一致。沒(méi)有明確的協(xié)議，數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)告與實(shí)驗(yàn)室規(guī)程或政府要求一致，如果適合。Compound specific analysis may require tentative identification without verification.特殊的化合物分析可能需要假設(shè)的未經(jīng)查證的判斷。The criteria foridentification and a copy of the chromatogram or other instrument output should be included in the report.辨別的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和色譜的副本

38、或是其它的輸出手段應(yīng)在報(bào)告里 包括。Upon reques儂要求， the quality documentation found in Section 7 should be included in the report章節(jié)7里的質(zhì)量文件應(yīng)包括在報(bào)告中。Any deviation from the established method or standard operating procedure(SOP)任何與已確定的方法或是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操作程序的偏離，must be reported to thecustomer 必須向客戶報(bào)告。 Reasons for the deviation and th

39、e expected impact on the data should be giver離的原因和在數(shù)據(jù)上預(yù)期的影響應(yīng)給定。The analytical procedure酚析程序, method,方法，or SOP used to report the values shall he specifie獻(xiàn)者用于報(bào)告的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操作方法Note 2 If there is no deviation from the contract or agreed upon procedure,如果 沒(méi)有偏離與合同或是協(xié)議的程序 ,then reference to the document may be su

40、fficient. 參考文件可能足夠。In cases where the customer desiresa summary of the data to be transmitted to them, the laboratory will keep sufficient records on file to reproduce the data.在客 戶想將數(shù)據(jù)總結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)換的地方，實(shí)驗(yàn)室將在重生成數(shù)據(jù)上保留充分的記錄文件。Detection limits should be reported in accordance with Laboratory policy, established

41、procedures, or regulatory requirement探測(cè)界限報(bào)告應(yīng)與實(shí)驗(yàn)室政策 致，確定的程序或是調(diào)整的要求。These polices and procedures must be clearlyidentified and understood by all personnel reporting the analysis.所有分析報(bào)告人員 對(duì)那些政策和程序必須明確的辨別和理解。Results reported below laboratoryestablished detection limits may be reported upon customer requ

42、est as discussed in Section 10.在實(shí)驗(yàn)室確定的探測(cè)界限下的結(jié)果報(bào)告應(yīng)基于在10節(jié)中討論的客戶要求。Note 3 Some commercial laboratories establish their detection limits based on what their average laboratory can achieve over an extended period of timer 些商業(yè) 實(shí)驗(yàn)室確定他們的探測(cè)界限是基于他們相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)時(shí)期里的一般實(shí)驗(yàn)室能達(dá)到的。Agiven laboratory may achieve lower compound

43、specific values than the averages 些 商業(yè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室可能低于復(fù)合的特殊值而達(dá)不到平均水平。Report blank data results and, where appropriate, actual data from the equipment在適當(dāng)?shù)牡胤綀?bào)告無(wú)效數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果，實(shí)際上數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自儀器。Blanksshould not be subtracted from the sample results unless required by the test method. 除非測(cè)試方法需要，無(wú)效數(shù)據(jù)不能從實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果中刪除。The customer should

44、determine, with advisement form the laboratory, if blank subtraction is necessary orrequired. (See Section 10)如果刪除無(wú)效數(shù)據(jù)是必須或是必要的(見(jiàn)章節(jié)10),由實(shí)驗(yàn)室建議，客戶決定是否刪除。Recording direct measurement test results should be reported by recording all digits that are known plus one that may be subject to change on repeated

45、 analysis 己 錄直接測(cè)量測(cè)試結(jié)果應(yīng)記錄所有的數(shù)字，數(shù)字要估讀一位。When calculatingresults from test data, rounding should be performed only on the final result, not upon the intermediate values employed in the calculation 計(jì)算測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果時(shí)， 數(shù)據(jù)湊 整只能在最終結(jié)果，而不能在計(jì)算的中間值中取整。Frequently, replicate determinations are made.頻繁的做重復(fù)過(guò)程。 When replica

46、te results are obtained, useful information is now available that is lost if the results of these replicates are not reporte街獲得重復(fù)過(guò)程結(jié)果時(shí)，就能取得那些丟 失的有用的信息，如果那些重復(fù)結(jié)果沒(méi)有報(bào)告。It is important that a reportinglaboratory establish a consistent protocol for reporting replicate data.實(shí)驗(yàn)室建立可 靠的報(bào)告重復(fù)過(guò)程數(shù)據(jù)的草案是重要的。1n orde

47、r to arrive at a coherent protocolfor this purpose, a number of issues and options should be evaluated了 止匕目的制定 連貫的草案，大量的問(wèn)題和選項(xiàng)應(yīng)評(píng)估。Replicate Types 重復(fù)類型一 Replication may be performed at different levels.重復(fù)過(guò)程應(yīng)在不同的水平上完成。Replication may occur at the point ofsampling, at the sample preparation step, the pr

48、epared sample analysis step, or at some other point in the analytical process!復(fù)可能發(fā)生在取樣、試樣準(zhǔn)備階段、準(zhǔn) 備試樣分析階段或是在其它的一些分析過(guò)程階段。Different types of replicatesmay be handled differently and should not be mixed.不同類型的重復(fù)過(guò)程可能有 不同的操作，不能將它們混在一起。The type of replicate should be made clear to the user用戶應(yīng)被清楚的告知重復(fù)過(guò)程的類型。Re

49、porting Replicate Averages 報(bào)告重復(fù)平均數(shù)一Replicate results may be reported separately or as an average重復(fù)過(guò)程結(jié)果應(yīng)單獨(dú)或以平均數(shù)報(bào)告。Whenaverage results are reported, several factors are consider1 ed艮告平均結(jié)果，要考慮 幾項(xiàng)因素。Documentation 文件一 The data users should know when thereported results is an average of replicate的報(bào)告結(jié)果是重復(fù)過(guò)

50、程的平均數(shù)試，數(shù)據(jù)用戶應(yīng)知道。Averages of different numbers or replicates have different quality(precision) leading to different conclusions about data validity.不同數(shù)量或是重復(fù)的 平均數(shù)有不同的質(zhì)量(精度)要求，產(chǎn)生不同的關(guān)于數(shù)據(jù)合法性的結(jié)論。For this reason, the number of replicates used in a reported average should be reported with the averaged result

51、s.因?yàn)檫@種原因，平均數(shù)報(bào)告里應(yīng)報(bào)告重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)量及平均結(jié) 果。Criteria 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Criteria must be established as to when a result is part of a replicate set.當(dāng)結(jié)果是重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)的一部分，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)必須確定。For example, when adilution is performed on a sample prior to analysis, the original result and the diluted result may both be within the quantitative range of th

52、e analytical method例如, 當(dāng)在 分析前稀釋試樣時(shí)，試樣的原始值和稀釋值都應(yīng)在分析方法規(guī)定的數(shù)量范圍里。Although the dilution step produces a value that is not a true replicate, the added value of reporting an average of these values may be warranted管稀釋產(chǎn)生一個(gè)值，該 值不是重復(fù)試驗(yàn)的真實(shí)值，這些附加值的平均值應(yīng)準(zhǔn)許報(bào)告。Selection for Averaging平均值選擇一Analytical results may be

53、produced within four discrete ranges分析結(jié)果可能產(chǎn)生在四個(gè)離散等級(jí)里。Each of theserangesis affected by sample dilution or concentration.每一等級(jí)受稀釋或濃縮的影 響。 Replicates may be generated within different ranges for the sample analysM于 試樣分析，重復(fù)試驗(yàn)可能產(chǎn)生在不同的等級(jí)里。The four discrete ranges are listedas follows in increasing order o

54、f size四個(gè)離散等級(jí)如下所歹!J:(1)Below a limit of detection, where the analyte cannot be said to be present with confidence above a set leve探測(cè)極限以下，在設(shè)定的水平下能肯定的說(shuō)被分析物 不存在。Between a limit of detection and a Limit of quantitation where the analyte can be said to be present with a preset limit of confidence but the

55、concentration value does not meet a preset criteria.在探測(cè)極限和定量極限之間，被分析物在預(yù)先設(shè)定的極 限下能被肯定的說(shuō)存在，但濃縮值沒(méi)有吻合預(yù)先設(shè)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Between a limit of quantitation and the upper limit of the quantitation range ofthe analytical method.分析方法的等級(jí)里，在定量極限和定量上極限間。This is the quantitation range of the analytical method.這是分析方法的定量等級(jí)。This

56、 istypically the highest calibration standard used這是典型使用的最高等級(jí)的較準(zhǔn)標(biāo) 準(zhǔn)。Above the quantitation range of the analytical method.分析方法的定量等級(jí)以 上。It is important to first establish which of the ranges found in 8.10.2 is applicable to each replicate!先按8.10.2(適用每一重復(fù)試驗(yàn))確定等級(jí)是重要的。 Replicates should not be averaged

57、across ranges復(fù)試驗(yàn)不能跨級(jí)。The followingselection criteria for averaging should be followed 以下平均數(shù)的選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)遵循：Select and average only replicates that fall within the quantitation range of the analytical method選擇和平均僅當(dāng)重復(fù)試驗(yàn)落在分析方法定量等級(jí)里。1f noneexist, then如果沒(méi)有任何一個(gè)存在，然后，Select and average only replicates that fall a

58、bove the quantitation range of the analytical method選擇和平均僅當(dāng)重復(fù)試驗(yàn)落在分析方法定量等級(jí)以上。If noneexist,如果沒(méi)有任何一個(gè)存在，then,然后，Select and average only replicates that fall between a Limit of detection and a limit of quantitation.選擇和平均僅當(dāng)重復(fù)試驗(yàn)落在探測(cè)極限和定量極限問(wèn)。Ifnone exist如果沒(méi)有任何一個(gè)存在，then然后，Select and average only replicates t

59、hat fall above the established limit of detection選擇和平均僅當(dāng)重復(fù)試驗(yàn)落在確定的探測(cè)極限以上。Note 4 References to range refer to ranges adjusted for sample concentration or dilution.參考對(duì)試樣濃縮和稀釋的等級(jí)判定。Exclusion of Data數(shù)據(jù)剔除一Individual values may be excluded from an average for other data quality reasons由于其它數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量原因，個(gè)別數(shù)值可能超出 平

60、均值。All data should be reported with an appropriate number of significant figures. 所有報(bào)告數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)包含適當(dāng)數(shù)量的有意義數(shù)據(jù)。Significant figures represent the precision or the degree of quantitative uncertainty in the result. 有意義位數(shù)代表結(jié)果的精度或是可靠度。Too many figures in a result indicate a smaller relativestandard deviation in t