高考英語英語語法系列之動(dòng)詞不定式知識(shí)點(diǎn)分析

1、高考英語 英語語法系列之動(dòng)詞不定式知識(shí)點(diǎn)分析【知識(shí)梳理】不定式由“ to十動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成，其否定形式是“not to do 。不定式可以帶賓語或狀語構(gòu)成不定式短語，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化.不定式可作主語、賓語、 狀語、表語和定語，但不能單獨(dú)作謂語.不定式的邏輯主語有時(shí)用“ for十名詞或代詞賓格” 構(gòu)成。(1)不定式的用法：作主語不定式短語作主語時(shí)，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情況下，尤其是在疑問句和感嘆句中， 往往放在謂語之后，而用先行代詞it作形式主語。例如：To serve the people is my great happiness.為人民服務(wù)是我的最大幸福。It

2、is right to give up smoking. 戒煙是對的。不定式作主語常見句型如下：It is + adj (easy, important, difficult)+ 不定式It is + n (a pity, a pleasure, one s duty, a shame) + 不定式It takes/needs/requires +some time (hours, months, days, patience )+ 不定式It s important for us to learn English well.我們學(xué)好英語很重要。It s my duty to teach yo

3、u how to be a useful person.教你如何做一個(gè)有用的人是我的職責(zé)。It requires patience to be a good teacher.當(dāng)個(gè)好老師需要耐心。作賓語不定式短語作賓語時(shí)，位于及物動(dòng)詞之后?？梢灾苯佑貌欢ㄊ阶髻e語的動(dòng)詞很多，常見的有：agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish等。例如：I offered to help her, but

4、 she refused.我提出幫助她，但她拒絕了。He pretended not to hear me.他假裝沒聽見我(的聲音) 。I don t want to sound like I m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager s plan is unfair.我不想聽起來象在說別人壞話，但經(jīng)理的計(jì)劃是不公平的。如果還帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語。往往把不定式賓語放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之后，而用 it作形式賓語。常用 動(dòng)詞有 feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。例如：I find it interesting t

5、o work with him.我發(fā)現(xiàn)與他共事很有趣。We feel it our duty to help others.我們認(rèn)為幫助別人是我們的責(zé)任。Science and technology has made it possible for man to fly in space.科學(xué)技術(shù)已經(jīng)使人類能夠遨游太空了。下列動(dòng)詞后可接疑問詞+不定式：teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find out 、advise、know等 例如：Can you teach me how to use the computer?你能教我使用電腦嗎？I do

6、n t know what to do next.我不知道下一步怎么辦。作賓語補(bǔ)足語不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語位于賓語之后，表示賓語的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常用于以下動(dòng)詞之后：ask, tell,advise, allow, enable, expect, force, get, like, order, teach, want, invite, wish, beg等。例如：He asked me to do the work with him,他要我與他一起干。You should get more people to help you.你應(yīng)該多找些人幫你。The teacher expected every

7、one to study hard,老希望每個(gè)人者 B 努力學(xué)習(xí)。汪思：a.在 see, watch , look at , notice, observe , have, let , make, hear, listen to , feel ,help等詞后的補(bǔ)足語中，不定式不帶to 。例如：I often hear him sing the song .我經(jīng)常聽見他唱這只歌。The teacher usually made the students recite the text.老師通常讓學(xué)生背頌課文。Would you please help me （to） repair my bik

8、e?請幫我修理自行車好嗎？但是這些句子如果變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，就必須帶to。例如：He is often heard to sing the song .人們常聽到他唱這只歌。The students were usually made to recite the text.學(xué)生們常被要求背頌課文。b.不定式動(dòng)詞在介詞but , except , besides后面時(shí)，如果這些介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do的各種形式，那么，這些介詞后的不定式不帶to ,否則要帶to .如：She could do nothing but cry. 她只是哭。What do you like to do besides s

9、wim?除了 游泳你還喜歡干什么?c.主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than 后省to。Why not、had better 、would rather 、can t but等詞后省 to。如：He could not but walk home. 他只好走回家。注意：e,常用帶不定式作賓補(bǔ)的幾種情況：主語 + ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb.to do sth.主語 + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider / ima

10、gine / consider / feel+ sb. + to be/ tohave done主語 + call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.作定語不定式作定語位于所修飾的名詞之后。例如：I have some books for you to read . 我有一些書給你看。We have a lot of homework to do today.今天我們有很多作業(yè)要做。He hasn t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.他沒有

11、信守定期給父母寫信的諾言。注意：a.作定語的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作 的地點(diǎn)、工具等，不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。例如:.他在找房子住。.沒有什么可擔(dān)心的。.請給我一把刀用。He is looking for a room to live in There is nothing to worry about Please give me a knife to cut with但是，不定式所修飾的名詞是time , place或way ,不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上要省去。例如:He had no money and no place to live.他沒有錢，也

12、沒有房子住。b,當(dāng)作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式既可以用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，也可用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，但其含義有所不同.試比較：Have you anything to send?你有什么東西要寄嗎 ?（不走式to send的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是 you）Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要（我或別人）寄的東西嗎?（不定式to be sent 的 動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是已被省略的me或someone else）c.下歹U詞語后常接不定式作定語：chance、 wish、 right 、courage need、 promise time、opportunity 、

13、way、 the first 、 the second 、 the last 、 the only 等。He is always the first to come and the last to leave.他總、是第個(gè)至U,最后個(gè)走。 作狀語，表示目的、原因、結(jié)果或條件 例如：I came here to see you .（目的）我來是看你的。We were very excited to hear the news .（原因）聽到那消息我們很激動(dòng)。He hurried to the school to find nobody there.（結(jié)果）他匆忙趕到學(xué)校，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有人。To l

14、ook at him, you would like him .（條件）如果你見到，你會(huì)喜歡他的。in order （not） to, so as （not） to用來引導(dǎo)目的狀語 ，在 enough to, t oo to, so as to, such .as to, only to結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式作結(jié)果狀語，其中only to用于表示意想不到的結(jié)果。例如：The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.那個(gè)女孩很熱心，幫助老人下車。In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard. 為

15、了通過考試，他亥U苦努力學(xué)習(xí)。We ran all the way so as not to be late.我們一路跑著，以免遲到。He is too old to do that .他太老了，不能做那件事了。The room is big enough to hold us .房間足夠大，可以容納我們。He hurried to the station only to be told the train had gone.他匆忙趕至U車站，結(jié)果被告知火車已經(jīng)開走了。不定式也可在作表語用的形容詞后面作狀語。例如：I am very glad to hear it .我非常高興聽到這事。The

16、 question is difficult to answer.這個(gè)問題很難回答。作表語：位于連系動(dòng)詞之后。例如：My job is to help the patient.我的工作是幫助病人。Our most important task now is to make a plan.我們現(xiàn)在最重要的任務(wù)是制定一個(gè)計(jì)劃。注：作表語的不定式都帶to ,但當(dāng)主語部分有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，to可以省略。例如：The only thing we can do now is wait and see.我們現(xiàn)在唯一能做的事就是等著看。作獨(dú)立成分例如：To tell the truth , I don t a

17、gree with you. 說實(shí)話，我不同意你的觀點(diǎn)。不定式與疑問詞 who, which , when, where, how, what等連用，在句中起名詞作用，可 充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語等.例如：He didn t know what to say.（賓語）他不知道說什么。How to solve the problem is very important.（主語）如何解決問題是非常重要的。My question is when to start.（表語）我的問題是何時(shí)開始。注意：在與why連用時(shí)，只用于 why或why not開頭的簡短疑問句中，后面緊跟的動(dòng)詞 不定式不帶to.例如：W

18、hy not have a rest?為什么不休息一下呢？ 不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)for/ of sb to do sth以it為形式主語或形式賓語引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，如果其前的形容詞是指行為的性質(zhì)就用：for sb.to do sth. 。 這種句式中的常用形容詞有：easy, difficult, hard, important, necessary, possible, impossible 等。如果該形容詞是指行為人的性質(zhì)和特征，則用 of sb. to do sth. 。這種句式中的常用形容詞 有：right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever,

19、wise, stupid, cruel, foolish,good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。這種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語等It is necessary for me to learn English well.我學(xué)好英語十分必要。It s difficult for us to master a foreign language.我們掌握一門外語是困難的。It s very kind of you to come to see me.你來看我太好了。It s careless of the boy to make the same mis

20、take again.那個(gè)孩子又犯了同樣的錯(cuò)誤，真是太粗心了。不定式在句中用主動(dòng)式還是被動(dòng)式，多數(shù)情況下是容易判別的，但有時(shí)的確比較復(fù)雜，請注意以下幾點(diǎn)：a.不定式修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式.Have you got a key to unlock the door?(A key unlocks the door.)你有鑰匙開嗎?b.不定式和它前面被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，又和該句主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的 主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式常用主動(dòng)形式.I have got a letter to write. ( I write letter .)我有一封信要寫

21、。He needs a room to live in . ( He lives in a room .)他有一個(gè)房間住。I know what to do . ( I do what .)我知道做什么。(我自己做)但這句如改為下列形式，不定式就得用被動(dòng)形式：I know what is to be done.我知道能做什么。(表示可能性，客觀)這是因?yàn)閣hat is to be done是賓語從句，從句中的主語 what是動(dòng)詞do的動(dòng)作對象。(2)不定式的時(shí)態(tài)不定式的一般形式所表示的動(dòng)作，通常與謂語的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))同時(shí)(或幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生，to do，例如：I saw him

22、go out .我看見他出去了。She wanted to be a doctor when she grew up.她長大了 想當(dāng)醫(yī)生。如果謂語表示的動(dòng)作(情況)發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，這時(shí)不定式就要用進(jìn) 行式。 to be doing 例如：I am very glad to be working with you. 我彳艮高興與你共事。Some students pretended to be reading English when the teacher came in.當(dāng)老師進(jìn)來時(shí)，一些學(xué)生假裝在看書。 如果不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前，就要用完成式。to have d

23、one，例如：I m sorry to have kept you waiting.對不起，讓你久等了。He is said to have left the stage already as he has become an official.據(jù)說他已經(jīng)離開舞臺(tái)了，因?yàn)樗呀?jīng)當(dāng)了官員了。不定式的語態(tài)當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式。to be done / to have been done, 例如：He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.他要求被派到農(nóng)村去工作。It is impossibl

24、e for our hopes to be realized.我們的希望不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)。據(jù)說這本書已經(jīng)被翻譯成英語The book is said to have been translated into English.了。不定式的形式(5)不定式的否定形式不定式的否定形式由not加上不定式構(gòu)成，即：not to do sth, not to be doing sth, not to have done sth例如：Mother told the children not to play football in the street.街上踢足球。In order not to miss the

25、train they got up early.媽媽要孩子們不要在大He pretended not to have seen his friend為了不錯(cuò)過火車，他們很早就起床了。 他假裝沒有看見他的朋友?！纠刑煜隆縄 am sorry toA. have givenyouB. havesomuch trouble.been given(2008江蘇)C. giveD.giving答案：A簡析：be sorry to have done sth 的完成形式，表示先于謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作。變式訓(xùn)練：The promising young man is said to意為“已經(jīng)干了某事而遺憾”，B,

26、被動(dòng)形式，不合題意。to have done是不定式A. have written B. havetwo novels.been writtenC. writeD. writing (A)Tim cannot but his supervisor his project. (2009 A. to askto help安徽)B.him solve the difficultyaskC.heaskinghas indoingD. asked答案：B簡析：but后跟不定式是否帶to,按照“前有do后無to”的原則，如,but watch TV all day.和 They had no choice

27、 / alternative but to give up.They did nothing此外,cannot help but / cannot choose but / cannot butThe question asked by the teacher is very difficult后均不帶to 。A. to be answeredB. answeringC. to answer(2008江蘇)D. to主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式式to doto be done進(jìn)行形式to be doing完成形式to have doneto have been doneanswering答案：C簡析：某些

28、形容詞后跟不定式作狀語時(shí)，只能用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意思。常用的此類形容詞有：easy, difficult, hard, comfortable, nice, good, pleasant, fit,變式訓(xùn)練:Don t you think the picture on the wall pleasantA. to be looked atB. looking atC. to look atat （C）4. I forgot her that my coat buttons need toD. to lookingbe sewn on. （2008安徽）A. remindingD. to hav

29、e 答案：C 簡析：有些動(dòng)詞后跟 了做某事（沒有做）B. remindedremindedC. to remindto do或doing意思大不相同，應(yīng)注意區(qū)別。forget doing sth表示“忘記曾做過某事forget to do sth（已做過）”。指“忘變式訓(xùn)練:Dont you rememberA. seeing the man beforeC. saw the man beforeI didnt know A.whethertohelpD. that ifIshould答案：A 簡析： whether to do sth or notB. to see the man befo

30、reD. to be seen the man before （A） him or not. （2009 浙江）if to helpC. to helphelp是固定搭配，if是否做某事”后不能跟不定式?！鞠迺r(shí)訓(xùn)練】I.基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)- What s the matter with Della?- Well, her parents wouldnt allow her to go to the party, but she still （09江蘇）A. hopes to B. hopes so C. hopes not D. hopes forThe children all turned the

31、famous actress as she entered the classroom.（09全國）A. looked atB. to look atC. to looking atD. look atWe are invited to a party in our club next Friday. （09山東）A. to be held B.held C.being held D.holdingstill remember to the Famen Temple and what I saw there . （09陜西）A to take B to be taken C taking D

32、being takenHe told us whethera picnic was still under discussion. （09四川）A.to haveB.havingC.haveD.hadNobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened toA. be put upB. give inC. be turned onD. go outTom is said abroad, but I don t know what country he studied in.A. to have stud

33、ied B. to study C. to be studyingD. to have beenstudyingThe purpose of new technologies is to makelife easier, it more difficult.A. not makeB. not to make C. not makingThey re not very good, but we like.A.anyway to play basketball with themB.C.to play with them basketball anyway D.D. do not make （09

34、四川二模）to play basketball with them anyway with them to play basketball anyway in my new job.A. expectedB. to expectC. to be expecting D. expectsI ve worked with children before, so I know what D. Having slept12. Having a trip abroad is certainlywhether they will enjoy it. （09A. to seeB. to be seenC.

35、seeingD. seenIt is said in Australia theres more land than the government knowsA. it what to do withB. what to do it withC. what to do with itD. to do what with itShe will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role in making the earth a better place to live. （09汕頭二模）A. to have play

36、edB. to playC. to be playedD. to be playingThe bank is reported in the local newspaper in broad daylight yesterday.A. robbedB. to have been robbed C. being robbed D. having beenrobbedWith the development in science and technology man can make various flowers before their time.A. be bloomed B. bloomC

37、. bloomed D. bloomingThe mother didn t know who for the broken glass.A. blamedB. would blameC. to blame D. be blamedThe project, by the end of 2008, will expand the city s telephone network to over 1,000,000 users. （09 上海二模）A. accomplishedB. being accomplishedC. to be accomplishedD. having been acco

38、mplishedOne learns a language by making mistakes and them.A. correctB. correctingC. correctsD. to correctAnn never dreams of for her to be sent abroad very soon.A. there being a chanceB. there to be a chanceC. there be a chanceD. being a chanceII.能力提升She pretended me when I passed by. （2009重慶）A. not

39、 to seeB. not seeingC. to not seeThere are five pairs, but Im at a loss which to buy. （2009D. having not seen上海）A. to be chosenB. to choose fromC. to chooseIt seems that he has no pen.（2009北京）A. to writeB. to write withC. writingD. for choosingD. writing with Mum, why do you always make me eat an eg

40、g every day?一 enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up. （2009上海）A. GetB. GettingC. To getD. To be getting11.late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm clock. （09常州二模）A. To sleepB. Sleeping C. Sleepgood for the old couple, but it remains 杭州二模）The purpose of new technologies is to make li

41、fe easier, it more difficult. （2008四川）A. not makeB. not to make C. not makingD. do not makeHurry up, he is sure for us. （2009陜西）A. to waitB. to be waitingC. waitingD. being waitedIn order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies arestriving their products more com

42、petitive. （ 2009上海）A. to makeB. makingC. to have make D. having makeHaving a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains whether theywill enjoy it. （2009d匕京）A. to seeB. to be seenC. seeingD. seen- It s a long time since I saw my sister. （2008全國 I）her this week?A. Why not visitB.

43、 Why not to visitC. Why not visitingD. Why don t visitI can t stand with Jane in the same office. She just refusestalking while she works. （2009 江西）A. working stoppingB. to workstoppingC. workingto stopD. to work to stopThe bad weather discouraged us on the picnic and we had no choice butat home. （2

44、009 安徽） A. from goingto stayB. to go stayC. go stayingD. in going to stavRather than abroad, she prefers to university at home aftergraduation from high school. （2009 安徽）A. to study; goB. study; goC. study; to goD. tostudy; to gofinished my homework, I asked my brother interrupt me. （2009安徽）A. Havin

45、g not; not toB. Having not; to notC. Not having; to notD. Not having; not toTom is said abroad, but I don t know what country he studied in. （2009浙江）A. to have studiedB. to study C. to be studying D. to have beenstudyingSite will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role inmaking

46、the eartha better place to live. （2009上海）A. to have playedB. to playC. to be playedD. to beplayingThe man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if whether he was going in theright direction. （2009北京）A. seeingB. having seen C. to have seenD. to seeThere is a new problem involved in the popularit

47、y of private cars roadconditions need. （2009 上海）A. that to be improvedB. which to be improvedC. where improvingD. when improvingAn army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered clearwarningsbefore firing any shots. （2009上海）A. to issueB. being issuedC. to have issuedD. to beissuedIve

48、 worked with children before, so I know what in my new job. TOC o 1-5 h z A. expectedB. to expectC. to be expectingD.expects 40.the project as planned, we ll have to work two more hours a day.A. CompletingB Complete C. CompletedD.Tocomplete答案及解析基礎(chǔ)練習(xí) 1. ABAAA / DABBB 11. ABCBB / BCCBA.答案A她依然想去。不定式位于句

49、尾時(shí)，可省略動(dòng)詞和其后的連帶成分而保留to。.答案B不定式作狀語，表示目的，“轉(zhuǎn)過身來看”。.答案A這里不定式作定語，表示將要發(fā)生的事，且被動(dòng)；現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在，過去分詞表 示已經(jīng)。“下星期五將要舉行的晚會(huì)”。.答案 D remember to do sth記住要做某事（將要做）；remember doing sth記住做過某事（已經(jīng)做過）。這里是“我記得曾經(jīng)被帶去過”，因而選 Do.答案Awhether to do sth不定式短語作主語，“是否去野餐”。 Whether后只能接不定式。.答案D go out vi 熄滅.答案A后半句的studied表明動(dòng)作發(fā)生于過去，因而用to have studied表示過去，曾經(jīng).答案Bbe to do A, not to do B 是為了 A,而不是 B.答案 B to play basketball with them any