第十四章--保險(xiǎn)的翻譯..課件

1、第一節(jié)：保險(xiǎn)專業(yè)英語的文體特點(diǎn)一、保險(xiǎn)專業(yè)英語的語言特色1、經(jīng)濟(jì)文體特色 所謂經(jīng)濟(jì)文體特色是指保險(xiǎn)本身就是一種經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)，涉及了許多貿(mào)易、金融和財(cái)務(wù)等方面的內(nèi)容，因此，在保險(xiǎn)專業(yè)英語中不僅有大量的具有保險(xiǎn)專門意義的特殊詞匯，而且必然會出現(xiàn)大量的金融、經(jīng)濟(jì)詞匯和貿(mào)易術(shù)語。理解、翻譯這些專門性文字要求準(zhǔn)確并符合行業(yè)習(xí)慣。第十四章 保險(xiǎn)的翻譯如：security：在經(jīng)濟(jì)、金融活動(dòng)中可以指債券、股票，也可以指抵押品、擔(dān)保品(如壽險(xiǎn)單等)lend money on security：抵押貸款give sth. as (a) security：以某物作擔(dān)保因此：The mercantile agent ha

2、s the authority to sell goods, consign goods for sale, buy goods or raise money on the security of goods.商務(wù)代理有權(quán)銷售貨物，托運(yùn)貨物，購買貨物以及為了貨物的安全保障而籌集一筆資金（）應(yīng)譯為：商務(wù)代理有權(quán)銷售貨物，委托銷售，購買貨物以及以貨物為擔(dān)保而籌集資金2、法律文體特色保險(xiǎn)專業(yè)英語的法律文體特色是指，有些保險(xiǎn)文獻(xiàn)往往具有法律約束力，甚至本身就是法律文件。法律文體的特色是用詞力求精確、意旨清晰、尊重習(xí)慣傳統(tǒng)。尊重習(xí)慣傳統(tǒng)主要是指在行文中保留古體詞以及使用一些仍保留原貌的外來詞。而通過頻繁

3、使用同義、近義詞來達(dá)到用詞精確、意旨清晰的目的。2.1古體詞的使用在許多保險(xiǎn)合同、保險(xiǎn)條款中(特別是英國的，如倫敦保險(xiǎn)人協(xié)會ABC條款、勞合社雇主責(zé)任條款等)盡管內(nèi)容上發(fā)生了不少變化，但仍然保留著許多舊用詞。如whereas， hereby， herein， hereunto， hereafter， hereinafter，whereby，wherein等等。請看勞合社雇主責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)單的第一條款: Whereas the Assured named in the Schedule herein has made to the Underwriting Members of Lloyds who

4、have hereunto subscribed their Names (hereinafter called the Underwriters) a written proposal and declaration being the date specified in the schedule, which is hereby agreed to the basis of this contract and to be considered as incorporated herein, and has paid to the Underwriters the provisional p

5、remium specified in the schedule based on the estimated amount of wages, salaries and other earnings of employees in the business. 鑒于此表中的被保險(xiǎn)人已經(jīng)向在這里簽署其會員名的勞合社承保人協(xié)會會員(以下簡稱承保人)在此表規(guī)定的日期提交了書面投保申請書，并已經(jīng)依據(jù)雇員的估算工資、薪金和其它收入交納了次表規(guī)定的臨時(shí)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)，且同意以其投保申請書所填各項(xiàng)為訂立本保險(xiǎn)合同的依據(jù)并再此作為本保險(xiǎn)合同的組成部分。2.2外來詞的使用使用外來詞是尊重習(xí)慣與傳統(tǒng)的另一表現(xiàn)。在英文保險(xiǎn)

6、文獻(xiàn)中經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)一些仍保留原貌的外來詞。如:The guiding principle here is the contra proferentem rule, which provides that where there is an ambiguity in the clause it will be construed against the party for drafting the clause.(在這里，指導(dǎo)性的原則就是對方優(yōu)先權(quán)規(guī)則，它規(guī)定，如果條款中有模棱兩可的地方，法庭將做出不利于提出要約一方的解釋。)If there is no consensus ad idem on

7、some essential term of agreement, a valid contract will not be formed. (如果對一些重要的協(xié)議條款沒有一致的意見，那么，就不會形成有效合同。)While strictly speaking, this is not covered, insurers may consider such claims favorably or may make an ex gratia payment.(嚴(yán)格地說，這種情形不在承保范圍之內(nèi)，但保險(xiǎn)人可以通融考慮這些索賠或進(jìn)行道義上的賠付。)2.3同義、近義詞的使用法律文體用詞力求精確、意旨清晰

8、是為了使保險(xiǎn)合同和條款準(zhǔn)確無誤，不出現(xiàn)偏差以防在訴訟過程中因文字的表達(dá)模糊而吃官司。因此我們在一個(gè)句子中經(jīng)常會看到同義、近義詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)。例如:It is the intention of insurance to cover risks which are accidental or fortuitous to the insured.(保險(xiǎn)的目的是向被保險(xiǎn)人承包以外或偶然的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。)Where property is not damaged to the extent but remains in a deteriorated or damaged condition, the questio

9、n of salvage does arise.(當(dāng)財(cái)產(chǎn)沒有全部被損壞，但保持一種惡化或損壞的狀態(tài)時(shí)，施救的問題于是就產(chǎn)生了。)There is in fact a presumption in law that the proposer is applying for a policy in accordance with the insurers usual terms and conditions.(事實(shí)上，法律上有一種推斷，那就是投保人在申請購買保險(xiǎn)時(shí)，要與保險(xiǎn)人的通常條款和條件相一致。)In the event of any claim by ship owners under th

10、e said clause the Assured agree to notify the underwriters who shall have the right, at their own cost and expense, to defend the Assured against such claim.(如果發(fā)生在該條款項(xiàng)下由船主提出索賠，被保險(xiǎn)人同意通知承保人，承保人用自己的費(fèi)用和開支，有權(quán)為被保險(xiǎn)人對這種索賠進(jìn)行辯護(hù)。) 以上各例句中黑體部分單詞意思相近，但近義詞之間也存在著細(xì)微的區(qū)別。如第一句中的“accidental”主要指“偶然的”、“意外的”；Their marriage

11、 was quite accidental. (他們的結(jié)合是偶然的)。“fortuitous”也指偶然發(fā)生的，但多用于“吉利事”；A series of fortuitous circumstances advanced her career. (一系列的幸運(yùn)事使她的事業(yè)一帆風(fēng)順)。為追求細(xì)致、精確和不出現(xiàn)誤差，近義詞和同義詞在這種契約式法律文體中的使用是必要的。3、公關(guān)文體特色在英文保險(xiǎn)文獻(xiàn)中還有一類文字屬于公關(guān)文體，它們主要是保險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)品推介、公司形象推廣以及代理人員招聘和培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃等內(nèi)容。公關(guān)文字的特點(diǎn)通常是要引起公眾注意、爭取好感，說服讀者采取行動(dòng)。例如保險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)品的推介，實(shí)際上就是促銷，其成敗

12、的關(guān)鍵在于讀者閱讀后是否愿意購買，所載信息固然要盡量中肯客觀，不得夸張失實(shí)，但也要發(fā)揮一定的推介促銷作用。試看以下文字: For more than 155 years, New York Life Insurance Companys unwavering financial strength and time-tested investment strategies have provided consistent value and solid financial protection for our clients and their families.(155年來，紐約人壽保險(xiǎn)公司以

13、其穩(wěn)固的金融實(shí)力和久經(jīng)考驗(yàn)的投資策略為廣大客戶及其家人提供了穩(wěn)定的收益和強(qiáng)有力的經(jīng)濟(jì)保障。)Central to our success are our New York Life agents，who are widely recognized as the best-trained professionals in the industry. Our agents have the ability to understand each customers objectives and draw upon New York Lifes products to best address tho

14、se objectives.(紐約人壽成功的關(guān)鍵在于其代理人，他們被公認(rèn)為是業(yè)內(nèi)最訓(xùn)練有素的專業(yè)人員。他們能夠了解每一位客戶的需求并能把紐約人壽的產(chǎn)品與這些需求最佳地結(jié)合起來。)As you seek financial security for yourself and your loved ones, you want the best: A strong and vital company with a competitive product line and a superior sales force that is committed to providing personal a

15、ttention to your individual needs.(當(dāng)你在為你自己和你所愛的人尋求經(jīng)濟(jì)保障時(shí)，你當(dāng)然會選擇最好的保險(xiǎn)公司:一家產(chǎn)品具有競爭力、銷售團(tuán)隊(duì)優(yōu)秀，能為你的需求提供個(gè)性化服務(wù)的，有實(shí)力、有生命力的公司。)Since becoming the first American life insurance company to pay a cash dividend to policyholders in the mid-1800s, New York Life has continued to build a history of innovationenhancing

16、our existing product lines, creating new financial products, and maintaining a diversified portfolio to best accommodate our customers changing needs and lifestyles.(紐約人壽自十九世紀(jì)中葉成為首家向投保人派發(fā)現(xiàn)金紅利的保險(xiǎn)公司以來，一直就不斷創(chuàng)新提升現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品的價(jià)值，創(chuàng)建新的金融產(chǎn)品并保持業(yè)務(wù)的多樣性以適應(yīng)客戶需求和生活方式的變化。)注：以上文字摘錄自紐約人壽保險(xiǎn)公司網(wǎng)站上的公司介紹部分，文中的unwavering financia

17、l strength and time-tested investment strategies，solid financial protection，a history of innovation， the best- trained professionals，strong and vital，a superior sales force等詞顯然都帶有很重的感情色彩，功用自然是推廣公司形象，而且的確起到了好的效果。二、保險(xiǎn)英語句法結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)在保險(xiǎn)專業(yè)英語中不僅有大量的具有保險(xiǎn)專門意義的特殊詞匯，而且由于規(guī)定保險(xiǎn)人、被保險(xiǎn)人權(quán)利和義務(wù)的法律、合同、條款等保險(xiǎn)文獻(xiàn)所表述的內(nèi)容必須準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)密、客

18、觀和規(guī)范，不允許絲毫的引伸、推理；也不需要抒發(fā)和表達(dá)情感，因而在保險(xiǎn)英語中又形成了許多特有的句法結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)。1、陳述句的使用根據(jù)句子使用目的的不同，英語句子可以分為:陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句四大類。保險(xiǎn)文獻(xiàn)有許多是用來描述法律關(guān)系，制定合同條款，規(guī)定人們的權(quán)利和義務(wù)以及陳述案件事實(shí)的專用公文，所以保險(xiǎn)英語的基本句式通常是陳述句結(jié)構(gòu): The primary function of insurance is to act as a risk transfer mechanism.(保險(xiǎn)最基本的職能就是充當(dāng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制。)The subject-matter of insurance can

19、 be any form of property, or an event that may result in the loss of a legal right or the creation of a legal liability.(保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的可以是財(cái)產(chǎn)的任何形式，或者是一個(gè)能夠?qū)е路蓹?quán)利喪失或法律責(zé)任產(chǎn)生的事件。)In all classes of insurance, proposer must disclose previous loss experience and all the facts which he could be reasonably expected to k

20、now.(在所有的保險(xiǎn)種類中，投保人必須公開以前的損失經(jīng)歷和保險(xiǎn)人有理由希望了解的所有事實(shí)。)2、 Where在保險(xiǎn)英語中的特殊用法在保險(xiǎn)英語中， Where經(jīng)常引導(dǎo)狀語從句，但它不是引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語或者表示轉(zhuǎn)折，而可譯為“當(dāng)時(shí)候”，“在.時(shí)”，“如果”，它說明的是事物的狀況，但又不能完全等同于表時(shí)間的when或表?xiàng)l件的if，應(yīng)理解為“in the or a case/situation respect in which”。如:Where a principal has insurable interest, his agent can effect insurance on his behalf

21、.(如果委托人有可保利益，他的代理人可以代表他購買保險(xiǎn)。)Where the sum payable is expressed in words and also in figures, and there is a discrepancy between the two, the sum denoted by the words is the amount payable.(如應(yīng)付金額同時(shí)用大小寫表示而兩者有差異時(shí)，應(yīng)以大寫所表示的金額為準(zhǔn)。) Where the issue is between death by accident and death from natural causes

22、, there is no presumption in favor of accidental death.(在判斷是意外死亡還是自然死亡的問題上，贊成意外死亡時(shí)，不能以假定來決定。)Where an exclusion clause is ambiguous, the contra proferentem rule will apply and it will be construed against the insurer.(如果排外責(zé)任條款模棱兩可，則將使用對方優(yōu)先原則，從而做出不利于保險(xiǎn)人的解釋。)3、綜合復(fù)雜句的使用在保險(xiǎn)英語中，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)由狀語分句和關(guān)系分句以及其它一些分句構(gòu)成的綜

23、合復(fù)雜句，以達(dá)到準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)密和不產(chǎn)生歧義的目的。This may or may not be true，but what can be said with more certainty is that, because insurance is involved, the insured will have access to all the expertise available from insurers, which may improve the risk and thus assist in protecting people.(這種說法有對的一面，也有不對的一面，更確切的說法應(yīng)該是，

24、一旦保了險(xiǎn)，被保險(xiǎn)人將接觸到來自保險(xiǎn)人的所有專業(yè)知識，運(yùn)用這類知識可以減輕風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，從而有助于保護(hù)人民。)在本句的but分句中有主語分句、表語分句，表語分句中又有狀語分句和which引導(dǎo)的關(guān)系分句，增加了該句子的復(fù)雜性，反映了保險(xiǎn)英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)步步為營、層次分明的特點(diǎn)，從而達(dá)到了表述嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，語意嚴(yán)密的效果。4、“It follows that”結(jié)構(gòu)在保險(xiǎn)英語中，為了體現(xiàn)原理和理論的客觀，常常采用“It follows that”結(jié)構(gòu)。It follows that life contracts are not subject to the doctrine or subrogation as they

25、 are not contracts of indemnity.(由此可以推論，壽險(xiǎn)合同不受代位追償原則限制，因?yàn)樗麄儾皇茄a(bǔ)償合同。)It follows that where the parties contract face-to-face, the agreement is unlikely to be void for mistake as to identify.(由此可以推論，當(dāng)雙方面對面訂立合同時(shí)，此協(xié)議不太可能因辨別身份造成的錯(cuò)誤而無效。)It follows that the agent binds the principal by the contract， without

26、 being personally bound by it.(由此可以推論，代理人可以通過合同來約束委托人，而代理人本人不受合同的約束。)5、被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的使用及其特殊含義在保險(xiǎn)英語中，被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的使用是非常頻繁的，而且有的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)形式有時(shí)具有特定的含義，如“it was held that”在敘述、分析案例中，通?？梢岳斫鉃椤胺ㄍフJ(rèn)為，法庭做出裁決”，了解這一現(xiàn)象對閱讀、理解保險(xiǎn)英語文章是有幫助的。There was a case in which settlement had been made? 72, 000 by the insurers, but due to the lapse of

27、time between the claim payment and the recovery from the third party, and due to the fact that the pound sterling had been devalued in the interval, the insurer actually recovered ? 127，000. It was held that the insurers were only entitled to keep? 72，000. (有這樣一個(gè)案例，保險(xiǎn)人支付了72，000英鎊的賠償金。但由于保險(xiǎn)人支付的賠款和向第三

28、方追償存在的時(shí)間差，以及英鎊在此期間的貶值，保險(xiǎn)人實(shí)際上獲得了127000英鎊。根據(jù)判決，僅僅有權(quán)獲得72，000英鎊。) In the case of Geismar v. Sun Alliance (1977). The plaintiff smuggled items of jewellery into UK without declaring them and paying the excise duty. This made them liable to forfeiture. The items were subsequently stolen. It was held that

29、the plaintiff could not recover under his insurance，as this would allow him to profit from his criminal act.(在蓋斯曼訴太陽聯(lián)合保險(xiǎn)公司一案中，原告走私珠寶進(jìn)入英國，沒有報(bào)關(guān)，沒有交納所需的關(guān)稅。據(jù)此可以沒收這些珠寶。后來這些珠寶被偷。法庭做出裁決，原告不能得到保險(xiǎn)賠償，因?yàn)榻o予賠償會使他從犯罪行為中獲利。)當(dāng)然，并非所有語境中的“it was held that”都可譯為“法庭認(rèn)為，法庭做出裁決”，還應(yīng)視其情況而進(jìn)行理解和翻譯，如:In life insurance, it was h

30、eld that the proposer for a life policy was under a duty to examine it when it was sent to her, and retaining the policy for seven months without objection could be a sufficient act of acceptance of the insurers offer.(在人壽保險(xiǎn)中，按規(guī)定，投保人有責(zé)任在保單交付她時(shí)，對保單進(jìn)行查驗(yàn)。如果她保留保單七天而不提出反對意見時(shí)，則被視為對這分壽險(xiǎn)要約的承諾。)被動(dòng)句在保險(xiǎn)英語中的大量使

31、用是保險(xiǎn)英語句法結(jié)構(gòu)的一大特點(diǎn)，是實(shí)現(xiàn)所述內(nèi)容客觀性的重要手段，其實(shí)例不勝枚舉，在翻譯這類句子時(shí)，應(yīng)采取靈活的方式。下面再舉幾例：It is usually stipulated that proof is to be satisfactory to the insurer, which means that reasonably satisfactory proof will be sufficient.(通常規(guī)定，證據(jù)應(yīng)該使保險(xiǎn)人滿意，也就是說應(yīng)該有充足的令人相當(dāng)滿意的證據(jù)。)It is not suggested that insurance alone keeps people in

32、jobs, but it does play a significant role in ensuring that there are not unnecessary economic hardships.(這并不意味著單靠保險(xiǎn)就能使人們保住工作，但它確實(shí)在保證免受不必要的經(jīng)濟(jì)困難方面起著重要的作用。) The vast majority of claims are settled to the satisfaction of insureds, with very few resulting in any real degree of dispute.(大多數(shù)索賠案件處理得令被保險(xiǎn)人滿意，

33、很少有索賠產(chǎn)生真正的爭議。)Because of the link between subrogation and indemnity, an insurer is not entitled to recover more than he has paid out.(由于代位追償和賠償有密切的聯(lián)系，所以，保險(xiǎn)人無權(quán)獲得比支付的賠償金額還要高的索賠金。)第二節(jié) 英語保險(xiǎn)文體的翻譯原則三大原則：準(zhǔn)確通順統(tǒng)一1、“準(zhǔn)確”原則。這是保險(xiǎn)條款翻譯的核心原則?！皽?zhǔn)確”主要指漢英翻譯過程中選詞準(zhǔn)確，信息傳達(dá)確切。這需要譯者具有較好的英語技能與扎實(shí)的保險(xiǎn)業(yè)務(wù)知識。如 underwriter 在壽險(xiǎn)中是核保人，

34、而在非壽險(xiǎn)中是承保人。The sum insured 是保險(xiǎn)金額而不是保證金額。2、“通順”原則?！巴槨敝赣梅蠞h語習(xí)慣的語法和句子結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)源語信息。國內(nèi)的保險(xiǎn)條款往往將保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任、免責(zé)范圍及理賠處理分開，用不同的條目來表示。請看下例： We will pay in addition to any other amount recoverable under this section(a) if you occupy your home the cost of reasonable, alternative accommodation for you, your family and dome

35、stic pets(b) if your home is lent or let rent you would have received but lose while your home is unfit to live in following damage recoverable under this section Any claim payment will not be more than 20% of the sum insured by this section.譯文：發(fā)生本節(jié)所述可恢復(fù)的損害后，在房子不適于居住期間，除了根據(jù)本節(jié)應(yīng)該支付的任何其他金額外，我們將支付(a)如果房主居住在房子內(nèi)為房主、房主的家人以及寵物提供適當(dāng)?shù)淖兺ㄗ∷l(fā)生的費(fèi)用(b)如果房主將房子出借或出租房主本應(yīng)得到卻未能得到的房租任何索賠款項(xiàng)不得多于本節(jié)保證金額之 20%。從形式上看，譯文和原文幾乎是一一對應(yīng)的，也正是這種對應(yīng)使得譯文帶有明顯的翻譯腔，與國內(nèi)通用的條款格式大相徑庭，因而難免讓人費(fèi)解。試改譯如下：在發(fā)